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A systematic literature review of visual feature learning: deep learning techniques, applications, challenges and future directions

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2024年 1-58页

作者： Abdullahi, Mohammed Oyelade, Olaide Nathaniel Kana, Armand Florentin Donfack Bagiwa, Mustapha Aminu Abdullahi, Fatimah Binta Junaidu, Sahalu Balarabe Iliyasu, Ibrahim Ore-ofe, Ajayi Chiroma, Haruna Department of Computer Science Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Zaria Nigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria Department of Computer Engineering Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria College of Computer Science and Engineering University of Hafr Al Batin Hafar Al-Batin31991 Saudi Arabia School of Electronics Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Queen’s University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom

Visual Feature Learning (VFL) is a critical area of research in computer vision that involves the automatic extraction of features and patterns from images and videos. The applications of VFL are vast, including object detection and recognition, facial recognition, scene understanding, medical image analysis, and autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose to conduct extensive systematic literature review (SLR) on VFL based on deep learning algorithms. The paper conducted an SLR covering deep learning algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Autoencoders, and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) including their variants. The review highlights the importance of VFL in computer vision and the limitations of traditional feature extraction techniques. Furthermore, it provides an in-depth analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of various deep learning algorithms for solving problems in VFL. The discussion of the applications of VFL provides an insight into the impact of VFL on various industries and domains. The review also analyzed the challenges faced by VFL, such as data scarcity and quality, overfitting, generalization, interpretability, and explainability. The discussion of future directions for VFL includes hybrid techniques, unsupervised feature learning, continual learning, attention-based models, and explainable AI. These techniques aim to address the challenges faced by VFL and improve the performance of the models. The systematic literature review concludes that VFL is a rapidly evolving field with the potential to transform many industries and domains. The review highlights the need for further research in VFL and emphasizes the importance of responsible use of VFL models in various applications. The review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of computer vision, who can use these insights to enhance their work and ensure the responsible use of VFL models. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to

关键词： computer vision

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Pruning techniques for artificial intelligence networks: a deeper look at their engineering design and bias: the first review of its kind

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第11期84卷 9591-9665页

作者： Mohanty, Lopamudra Kumar, Ashish Mehta, Vivek Agarwal, Mohit Suri, Jasjit S. School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology Bennett University Gr. Noida India Department of Computer Science ABES Engineering College UP Ghaziabad India Stroke Diagnostic and Monitoring Division AtheroPoint™ RosevilleCA United States

Trained Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are challenging to install on edge devices as they are low in memory and computational power. Pruned AI (PAI) models are therefore needed with minimal degradation in performance. This is the first study of its kind where we have characterized three types of PAI paradigms, namely, weight pruning (WP), channel pruning (CP), and hybrid pruning (HP). Further, the study also analyses the risk of bias (RoB) in PAI models, and explainable PAI (XPAI) networks. PRISMA model was adapted for the selection of the best 145 studies. The review had two hypotheses: (i) PAI had bias and (ii) the order of performance for the three PAI is: HP > CP > WP in terms of performance. Thirty-two AI attributes using each of two experts were categorized into four clusters, namely, architecture, optimization, dataset design, and scientific validation. The RoB was analyzed in these PAI studies using AP(ai)Bias 2.0 (AtheroPoint™, CA, USA), which was based on a scoring-and-ranking strategy. This was then compared against the Butterfly model, composed of radial and regional biases, and analyzed using a Venn diagram in three independent bins based on low-moderate and moderate-high cut-offs. Recommendations were laid out for low-bias studies. PAI studies that lack adequate AI attributes were more inclined to the RoB. It has been observed that 19.64%, 21.42%, and 58.92% studies were in low-bias, moderate-bias, and high-bias bins, respectively. Pruning made inference faster and reduced sparsity. We have observed low participation of the PAI studies in the XPAI framework. The study presented the challenges and five-step recommendations for mitigating bias in PAI models. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Risk assessment

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Jamming Power Optimization for Data Freshness in Covert Relay Networks 14

Jamming Power Optimization for Data Freshness in Covert Rela...

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14th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence, ICTC 2023

作者： Sim, Seungmin Kim, Jinwoong Lee, Jemin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Korea Republic of Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9798350313277

In this paper, we analyze covert amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks with a metric for measuring the data freshness, i.e, age of information (AoI), with aid of the cooperative jammer that generates artificial noise (AN) to protect from Warden Willie's surveillance. We first derive lower boundary of covertness, average AoI and formulate an average AoI minimization problem by optimizing the jamming power of the cooperative jammer. Our analysis shows that the optimal jamming power is the minimum value that satisfies the lower boundary of covertness, which varies depending on the prior probability. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： AF age of information Covert communication detection error proability relaying network

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Regression analysis of squeezing-induced hybrid nanofluid flow in Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2025年第1期46卷 193-208页

作者： K.MUHAMMAD M.SARFRAZ Department of Humanities and Sciences School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceNational University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad 44000Pakistan Department of Mathematics Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad 44000Pakistan

This article presents a mathematical model addressing a scenario involving a hybrid nanofluid flow between two infinite parallel *** plate remains stationary,while the other moves downward at a squeezing *** space between these plates contains a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium.A mixture of water-based fluid with gold(Au)and silicon dioxide(Si O2)nanoparticles is *** contrast to the conventional Fourier's heat flux equation,this study employs the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux equation.A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the flow direction,invoking magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)***,the model accounts for Joule heating,which is the heat generated when an electric current passes through the *** problem is solved via NDSolve in *** and statistical analyses are conducted to provide insights into the behavior of the nanomaterials between the parallel plates with respect to the flow,energy transport,and skin *** findings of this study have potential applications in enhancing cooling systems and optimizing thermal management *** is observed that the squeezing motion generates additional pressure gradients within the fluid,which enhances the flow rate but reduces the frictional ***,the fluid is pushed more vigorously between the plates,increasing the flow *** the fluid experiences higher flow rates due to the increased squeezing effect,it spends less time in the region between the *** thermal relaxation,however,abruptly changes the temperature,leading to a decrease in the temperature fluctuations.

关键词： convective boundary condition Darcy-Forchheimer medium hybrid nanofuid Joule heating magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) numerical solution squeezing flow regression analysis

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Inductive Lottery Ticket Learning for Graph Neural Networks

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Journal of computer science & Technology 2024年第6期39卷 1223-1237页

作者： Yong-Duo Sui Xiang Wang Tianlong Chen Meng Wang Xiang-Nan He Tat-Seng Chua School of Data Science University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230027China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at AustinAustin 78712U.S.A School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei University of TechnologyHefei 230009China School of Computing National University of SingaporeSingapore

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have gained increasing popularity, while usually suffering from unaffordable computations for real-world large-scale applications. Hence, pruning GNNs is of great need but largely unexplored. The recent work Unified GNN Sparsification (UGS) studies lottery ticket learning for GNNs, aiming to find a subset of model parameters and graph structures that can best maintain the GNN performance. However, it is tailed for the transductive setting, failing to generalize to unseen graphs, which are common in inductive tasks like graph classification. In this work, we propose a simple and effective learning paradigm, Inductive Co-Pruning of GNNs (ICPG), to endow graph lottery tickets with inductive pruning capacity. To prune the input graphs, we design a predictive model to generate importance scores for each edge based on the input. To prune the model parameters, it views the weight’s magnitude as their importance scores. Then we design an iterative co-pruning strategy to trim the graph edges and GNN weights based on their importance scores. Although it might be strikingly simple, ICPG surpasses the existing pruning method and can be universally applicable in both inductive and transductive learning settings. On 10 graph-classification and two node-classification benchmarks, ICPG achieves the same performance level with 14.26%–43.12% sparsity for graphs and 48.80%–91.41% sparsity for the GNN model.

关键词： lottery ticket hypothesis graph neural networks neural network pruning

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Optimized Consensus for Blockchain in Internet of Things Networks via Reinforcement Learning

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Tsinghua science and Technology 2023年第6期28卷 1009-1022页

作者： Yifei Zou Zongjing Jin Yanwei Zheng Dongxiao Yu Tian Lan Institute of Intelligent Computing School of Computer Science and TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao 266237China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering George Washington UniversityWashingtonDC 20052USA

Most blockchain systems currently adopt resource-consuming protocols to achieve consensus between miners;for example,the Proof-of-Work(PoW)and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant(PBFT)schemes,which have a high consumption of computing/communication resources and usually require reliable communications with bounded ***,these protocols may be unsuitable for Internet of Things(IoT)networks because the IoT devices are usually lightweight,battery-operated,and deployed in an unreliable wireless ***,this paper studies an efficient consensus protocol for blockchain in IoT networks via reinforcement ***,the consensus protocol in this work is designed on the basis of the Proof-of-Communication(PoC)scheme directly in a single-hop wireless network with unreliable communications.A distributed MultiAgent Reinforcement Learning(MARL)algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency and fairness of consensus for miners in the blockchain *** this algorithm,each agent uses a matrix to depict the efficiency and fairness of the recent consensus and tunes its actions and rewards carefully in an actor-critic framework to seek effective *** results from the simulation show that the fairness of consensus in the proposed algorithm is guaranteed,and the efficiency nearly reaches a centralized optimal solution.

关键词： consensus in blockchain Proof-of-Communication(PoC) MultiAgent Reinforcement Learning(MARL) Internet of Things(IoT)networks

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Scheduling a Single-Arm Multi-Cluster Tool With a Condition-Based Cleaning Operation

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2023年第10期10卷 1965-1983页

作者： Qinghua Zhu Hongpeng Li Cong Wang Yan Hou School of Computer Science and Technology Guangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ 07102-1982 USA

As wafer circuit widths shrink less than 10 nm,stringent quality control is imposed on the wafer fabrication processes. Therefore, wafer residency time constraints and chamber cleaning operations are widely required in chemical vapor deposition, coating processes, etc. They increase scheduling complexity in cluster tools. In this paper, we focus on scheduling single-arm multi-cluster tools with chamber cleaning operations subject to wafer residency time constraints. When a chamber is being cleaned, it can be viewed as processing a virtual wafer. In this way, chamber cleaning operations can be performed while wafer residency time constraints for real wafers are not violated. Based on such a method, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions to analytically check whether a single-arm multi-cluster tool can be scheduled with a chamber cleaning operation and wafer residency time constraints. An algorithm is proposed to adjust the cycle time for a cleaning operation that lasts a long cleaning ***, algorithms for a feasible schedule are also *** an algorithm is presented for operating a multi-cluster tool back to a steady state after the cleaning. Illustrative examples are given to show the application and effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： Chamber cleaning multi-cluster tools scheduling semiconductor manufacturing

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A New Profiling-Based Side-Channel Attack on Graphics Processing Units

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Journal of Computing science and engineering 2023年第1期17卷 30-40页

作者： Wang, Xin Zhang, Wei Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University RichmondVA United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Louisville LouisvilleKY United States

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been increasingly used to solve a range of compute-intensive and data-parallel scientific computing problems that can be perfectly parallelized for performance speedups. Particularly, GPUs have recently become popular to host the encryption/decryption algorithms due to its high-throughput computing capability. However, the security issues of moving the cryptographic algorithms onto GPUs have not been studied adequately. Consequently, with absence of any protection strategy, the potential vulnerabilities of GPUs to side-channel attacks (SCAs) may expose the confidential information with high risk. In this paper, we proposed a new profiling-assisted correlationbased side-channel attack (pacSCA) to demonstrate that ignoring security issues and naively moving security services onto GPUs can offer adversaries fatal vulnerabilities to thieve critical information. The results showed that the proposed SCA can rebuild the secure key of the AES-128 algorithm in less than 6 seconds, revealing the urgency of protecting GPUs against side-channel threats. © Copyright 2023. The Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers

关键词： Graphics processing unit

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Securing Cloud-Encrypted Data:Detecting Ransomware-as-a-Service(RaaS)Attacks through Deep Learning Ensemble

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第4期79卷 857-873页

作者： Amardeep Singh Hamad Ali Abosaq Saad Arif Zohaib Mushtaq Muhammad Irfan Ghulam Abbas Arshad Ali Alanoud Al Mazroa School of Computer Information Sciences University of CumberlandsWilliamsburgKentucky40769USA Computer Science Department College of Computer Science and Information SystemsNajran UniversityNajran61441Saudi Arabia Department of Mechanical Engineering College of EngineeringKing Faisal UniversityAl-Ahsa31982Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer SystemsCollege of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan Electrical Engineering Department College of EngineeringNajran UniversityNajran61441Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical Engineering The University of LahoreLahore54000Pakistan Faculty of Computer and Information Systems Islamic University of MadinahMadinah42351Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia

Data security assurance is crucial due to the increasing prevalence of cloud computing and its widespread use across different industries,especially in light of the growing number of cybersecurity threats.A major and everpresent threat is Ransomware-as-a-Service(RaaS)assaults,which enable even individuals with minimal technical knowledge to conduct ransomware *** study provides a new approach for RaaS attack detection which uses an ensemble of deep learning *** this purpose,the network intrusion detection dataset“UNSWNB15”from the Intelligent Security Group of the University of New South Wales,Australia is *** the initial phase,the rectified linear unit-,scaled exponential linear unit-,and exponential linear unit-based three separate Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)models are ***,using the combined predictive power of these three MLPs,the RansoDetect Fusion ensemble model is introduced in the suggested *** proposed ensemble technique outperforms previous studieswith impressive performance metrics results,including 98.79%accuracy and recall,98.85%precision,and 98.80%*** empirical results of this study validate the ensemble model’s ability to improve cybersecurity defenses by showing that it outperforms individual *** expanding the field of cybersecurity strategy,this research highlights the significance of combined deep learning models in strengthening intrusion detection systems against sophisticated cyber threats.

关键词： Cloud encryption RaaS ensemble threat detection deep learning cybersecurity

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Hybrid Recommender System Using Systolic Tree for Pattern Mining

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computer Systems science & engineering 2023年第2期44卷 1251-1262页

作者： S.Rajalakshmi K.R.Santha Department of Computer Science Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringSriperumbudurIndia Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringSriperumbudurIndia

A recommender system is an approach performed by e-commerce for increasing smooth users’*** pattern mining is a technique of data mining used to identify the co-occurrence relationships by taking into account the order of *** work will present the implementation of sequence pattern mining for recommender systems within the domain of *** work will execute the Systolic tree algorithm for mining the frequent patterns to yield feasible rules for the recommender *** feature selec-tion's objective is to pick a feature subset having the least feature similarity as well as highest relevancy with the target *** will mitigate the feature vector's dimensionality by eliminating redundant,irrelevant,or noisy *** work pre-sents a new hybrid recommender system based on optimized feature selection and systolic *** features were extracted using Term Frequency-Inverse Docu-ment Frequency(TF-IDF),feature selection with the utilization of River Forma-tion Dynamics(RFD),and the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)*** systolic tree is used for pattern mining,and based on this,the recommendations are *** proposed methods were evaluated using the MovieLens dataset,and the experimental outcomes conﬁrmed the efﬁciency of the *** was observed that the RFD feature selection with systolic tree frequent pattern mining with collaborativeﬁltering,the precision of 0.89 was achieved.

关键词： Recommender systems hybrid recommender systems frequent pattern mining collaborativeﬁltering systolic tree river formation dynamics particle swarm optimization

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