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Machine-learned wearable sensors for real-time hand-motion recognition: toward practical applications

National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 231-263页

作者： Kyung Rok Pyun Kangkyu Kwon Myung Jin Yoo Kyun Kyu Kim Dohyeon Gong Woon-Hong Yeo Seungyong Han Seung Hwan Ko Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul National University IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering Institute for Electronics and NanotechnologyGeorgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Department of Mechanical Engineering Ajou University George W.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design(SNU-IAMD) Seoul National University

Soft electromechanical sensors have led to a new paradigm of electronic devices for novel motion-based wearable applications in our daily lives. However, the vast amount of random and unidentified signals generated by complex body motions has hindered the precise recognition and practical application of this technology. Recent advancements in artificial-intelligence technology have enabled significant strides in extracting features from massive and intricate data sets, thereby presenting a breakthrough in utilizing wearable sensors for practical applications. Beyond traditional machine-learning techniques for classifying simple gestures, advanced machine-learning algorithms have been developed to handle more complex and nuanced motion-based tasks with restricted training data sets. Machine-learning techniques have improved the ability to perceive, and thus machine-learned wearable soft sensors have enabled accurate and rapid human-gesture recognition, providing real-time feedback to users. This forms a crucial component of future wearable electronics, contributing to a robust human–machine interface. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary covering materials, structures and machine-learning algorithms for hand-gesture recognition and possible practical applications through machine-learned wearable electromechanical sensors.

关键词： wearable sensor soft electronics artificial intelligence machine learning human–machine interfaces gesture recognition

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Hybrid Local-global Power-sharing Scheme for Droop-free Controlled Microgrids

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第5期12卷 1520-1534页

作者： Kunyu Zuo Lei Wu Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Stevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ 07030USA

The droop-free control adopted in microgrids has been designed to cope with global power-sharing goals,i.e.,sharing disturbance mitigation among all controllable assets to even their ***,limited by neighboring communication,the time-consuming peer-to-peer coordination of the droopfree control slows down the nodal convergence to global consensus,reducing the power-sharing efficiency as the number of nodes *** this end,this paper first proposes a local power-sharing droop-free control scheme to contain disturbances within nearby nodes,in order to reduce the number of nodes involved in the coordination and accelerate the convergence speed.A hybrid local-global power-sharing scheme is then put forward to leverage the merits of both schemes,which also enables the autonomous switching between local and global power-sharing modes according to the system *** guidance for key control parameter designs is derived via the optimal control methods,by optimizing the power-sharing distributions at the steady-state consensus as well as along the dynamic trajectory to *** system stability of the hybrid scheme is proved by the eigenvalue analysis and Lyapunov direct ***,simulation results validate that the proposed hybrid local-global power-sharing scheme performs stably against disturbances and achieves the expected control performance in local and global power-sharing modes as well as mode ***,compared with the classical global power-sharing scheme,the proposed scheme presents promising benefits in convergence speed and scalability.

关键词： Droop-free control power-sharing optimal control Lyapunov stability

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Intelligent integrated sensing and communication:a survey

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第3期68卷 5-46页

作者： Jifa ZHANG Weidang LU Chengwen XING Nan ZHAO Naofal AL-DHAHIR George K.KARAGIANNIDIS Xiaoniu YANG School of Information and Communication Engineering Dalian University of Technology College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Dallas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a promising technique to increase spectral efficiency and support various emerging applications by sharing the spectrum and hardware between these functionalities. However, the traditional ISAC schemes are highly dependent on the accurate mathematical model and suffer from the challenges of high complexity and poor performance in practical scenarios. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a viable technique to address these issues due to its powerful learning capabilities, satisfactory generalization capability, fast inference speed, and high adaptability for dynamic environments, facilitating a system design shift from model-driven to data-driven. Intelligent ISAC, which integrates AI into ISAC, has been a hot topic that has attracted many researchers to investigate. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of intelligent ISAC, including its motivation, typical applications, recent trends, and challenges. In particular, we first introduce the basic principle of ISAC, followed by its key techniques. Then, an overview of AI and a comparison between model-based and AI-based methods for ISAC are provided. Furthermore, the typical applications of AI in ISAC and the recent trends for AI-enabled ISAC are reviewed. Finally, the future research issues and challenges of intelligent ISAC are discussed.

关键词： artificial intelligence deep learning deep reinforcement learning federated learning generative artificial intelligence integrated sensing and communication machine learning transfer learning

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Energy-Efficient Programable Analog Computing: Analog computing in a standard CMOS process

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IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 2024年第4期16卷 32-40页

作者： Hasler, Jennifer Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering AtlantaGA30332 United States

When I started working on analog computing for neural network systems in the 1980s, the question everyone feared to be asked at the end of their presentation was "couldn't this be done on a DSP processor?"Carver Mead provided a theoretical and intuitive answer in 1990 that analog computing should be thousands of times more efficient than digital computation. Three decades later the "couldn't this be done on a DSP?"question, or its related question "couldn't this be done on a digital computing IC?", has been definitively addressed with a resounding No for several implementations. This paper addresses how end-to-end analog computing system demonstrates this increased efficiency over digital computing systems. These computations are possible entirely in a standard CMOS process using Floating-Gate (FG) devices available in any CMOS IC process. The efficiency is both at the computational circuit level, as well as at the architecture level. The first crossbar and single-transistor synapse concept appeared 30 years ago. The definitive demonstration of Mead's energy efficiency hypothesis appeared 20 years ago, and before that demonstration was the start of Compute in Memory (CiM) as well as the start of a large-scale FPAA with FG-enabled connections. Analog computing opportunities in Standard CMOS IC processes can provide many opportunities for the wider commercial market. © 2009-2012 IEEE.

关键词： CMOS integrated circuits

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Tightening QC Relaxations of AC Optimal Power Flow Through Improved Linear Convex Envelopes

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IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2025年第2期40卷 1465-1480页

作者： Narimani, Mohammad Rasoul Molzahn, Daniel K. Davis, Katherine R. Crow, Mariesa L. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering NorthridgeCA91330 United States Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering AtlantaGA30332 United States Texas A&M University Electrical and Computer Engineering Department College StationTX77840 United States Missouri University of Science and Technology Electrical and Computer Engineering Department RollaMO65409 United States

AC optimal power flow (AC OPF) is a fundamental problem in power system operations. Accurately modeling the network physics via the AC power flow equations makes AC OPF a challenging nonconvex problem. To search for global optima, recent research has developed various convex relaxations that bound the optimal objective values of AC OPF problems. The QC relaxation convexifies the AC OPF problem by enclosing the non-convex terms within convex envelopes. The QC relaxation's accuracy strongly depends on the tightness of these envelopes. This paper proposes two improvements for tightening QC relaxations of OPF problems. We first consider a particular nonlinear function whose projections are the nonlinear expressions appearing in the polar representation of the power flow equations. We construct a polytope-shaped convex envelope around this nonlinear function and derive convex expressions for the nonlinear terms using its projections. Second, we use sine and cosine expression properties, along with changes in their curvature, to tighten this convex envelope. We also propose a coordinate transformation to tighten the envelope by rotating power flow equations based on individual bus-specific angles. We compare these enhancements to a state-of-the-art QC relaxation method using PGLib-OPF test cases, revealing improved optimality gaps in 68% of the cases. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Load flow optimization

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Best Linear Controllers for Decentralized Linear Quadratic Systems

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2025年第1期38卷 210-237页

作者： AFSHARI Mohammad MAHAJAN Aditya Institute for Robotics and Inteligent Machines Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta 30332-0530USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill UniversityMontreal H3A 0G4Canada

In this paper,the authors revisit decentralized control of linear quadratic(LQ)*** of imposing an assumption that the process and observation noises are Gaussian,the authors assume that the controllers are restricted to be *** authors show that the multiple decentralized control models,the form of the best linear controllers is identical to the optimal controllers obtained under the Gaussian noise *** main contribution of the paper is the solution ***,optimal controllers for decentralized LQ systems are identified using dynamic programming,maximum principle,or spectral *** authors present an alternative approach which is based by combining elementary building blocks from linear systems,namely,completion of squares,state splitting,static reduction,orthogonal projection,(conditional)independence of state processes,and decentralized estimation.

关键词： Decentralized estimation decentralized stochastic control linear quadratic systems team theory

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Wide field of view large aperture meta-doublet eyepiece

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Light(Science & Applications) 2025年第1期14卷 167-176页

作者： Anna Wirth-Singh Johannes E.Fröch Fan Yang Louis Martin Hanyu Zheng Hualiang Zhang Quentin T.Tanguy Zhihao Zhou Luocheng Huang Demis DJohn Biljana Stamenic Juejun Hu Tian Gu Arka Majumdar Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MassachusettsLowellMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA

Wide field of view and light weight optics are critical for advanced eyewear,with applications in augmented/virtual reality and night *** refractive lenses are often stacked to correct aberrations at a wide field of view,leading to limited performance and increased size and *** particular,simultaneously achieving a wide field of view and large aperture for light collection is desirable but challenging to realize in a compact ***,we demonstrate a wide field of view(greater than 60°)meta-optic doublet eyepiece with an entrance aperture of 2.1 *** the design wavelength of 633 nm,the meta-optic doublet achieves comparable performance to a refractive lens-based eyepiece *** meta-doublet eyepiece illustrates the potential for meta-optics to play an important role in the development of high-quality monochrome near-eye displays and night vision systems.

关键词： optics refractive illustrate

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Distributed field mapping for mobile sensor teams using a derivative‐free optimisation algorithm

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IET Cyber-Systems and Robotics 2024年第2期6卷 20-34页

作者： Tony X.Lin Jia Guo Said Al-Abri Fumin Zhang School of Electrical&Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA College of Engineering Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscatOman Department of Electronic&Computer Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina

The authors propose a distributed field mapping algorithm that drives a team of robots to explore and learn an unknown scalar field using a Gaussian Process(GP).The authors’strategy arises by balancing exploration objectives between areas of high error and high *** computing high error regions is impossible since the scalar field is unknown,a bio-inspired approach known as Speeding-Up and Slowing-Down is leveraged to track the gradient of the GP *** approach achieves global field-learning convergence and is shown to be resistant to poor hyperparameter tuning of the *** approach is validated in simulations and experiments using 2D wheeled robots and 2D flying mini-ature autonomous blimps.

关键词： environment sensing multi-robot systems

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Halo reduction multi-exposure image fusion technique

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第13期84卷 12347-12370页

作者： Sharif, Rizwan Amin, Benish Sukhia, Komal Nain Department of Electrical Engineering Institute of Space Technology Islamabad Pakistan Department of Computer Science Institute of Space Technology Islamabad Pakistan

Multi-exposure image fusion (MEF) involves combining images captured at different exposure levels to create a single, well-exposed fused image. MEF has a wide range of applications, including low light, low contrast, night photography, medical imaging, and remote sensing. However, MEF methods often face issues like artifacts, halos around edges, color inconsistencies, noise amplification, and difficulty in preserving fine details. Moreover, assessing the quality of fused images objectively is complex due to the subjective nature of human perception. Solving the challenges is essential to developing efficient MEF techniques that produce high-quality results across various scenarios. The proposed technique introduces an approach to handling halo artifacts and implementing MEF. The Dense Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (DSIFT) is used to capture vital information about image brightness, texture, and edges from source images. Three weight maps are computed from the local mean, signal strength, and the global gradient for initial weight estimation. The local mean represents the brightness of specific image areas, signal strength preserves essential details like textures and edges while reducing image noise, and global gradient helps identify regions with significant pixel value shifts across multiple exposure images. The weight maps are then combined using a weighted average and a Gaussian smoothing filter is applied to reduce inherent noise and discontinuities in the original weights. Subsequently, pyramid decomposition is performed to generate a fused image. The efficiency of the proposed method is extensively tested on challenging multi-exposure image sequences. The results of the proposed approach demonstrate its superiority in both subjective evaluation and objective metrics like the MEF-Structural Similarity Index (MEF-SSIM), Natural Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE) and Gradient based performance measure (QAB/f). © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer

关键词： Image fusion

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Transient Characteristics and Accommodative Current Limiting Strategy for Bidirectional Interlinking Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第4期10卷 1575-1588页

作者： Xia Shen Zhikang Shuai Wen Huang Chao Shen Yang Shen Z.John Shen College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoIL 60616 USA

Bidirectional interlinking converter(BIC)is the core equipment in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid connected between AC and DC ***,the variety of control modes and flexible bidirectional power flow complicate the influence of AC faults on BIC itself and on DC sub-grid,which potentially threaten both converter safety and system *** study first investigates AC fault influence on the BIC and DC bus voltage under different BIC control modes and different pre-fault operation states,by developing a mathematical model and equivalent sequence ***,based on the analysis results,a general accommodative current limiting strategy is proposed for BIC without limitations to specific mode or operation *** amplitude is predicted and constrained according to the critical requirements to protect the BIC and relieving the AC fault influence on the DC bus *** with conventional methods,potential current limit failure and distortions under asymmetric faults can also be ***,experiments verify feasibility of the proposed method.

关键词： Bidirectional interlinking converter current limiting fault characteristic hybrid AC/DC microgrid variation/oscillation of DC bus voltage

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