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Physics-Informed Convolutional Autoencoder for Cyber Anomaly Detection in Power Distribution Grids

Physics-Informed Convolutional Autoencoder for Cyber Anomaly...

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2024 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, PESGM 2024

作者： Zideh, Mehdi Jabbari Solanki, Sarika Khushalani West Virginia University Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering MorgantownWV26505 United States

The growing trend toward the modernization of power distribution systems has facilitated the installation of advanced measurement units and promotion of the cyber communication systems. However, these infrastructures are still prone to stealth cyber attacks. The existing data-driven anomaly detection methods suffer from a lack of knowledge about the system's physics, lack of interpretability, and scalability issues hindering their practical applications in real-world scenarios. To address these concerns, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) were introduced. This paper proposes a multivariate physics-informed convolutional autoencoder (PIConvAE) to detect stealthy cyber-attacks in power distribution grids. The proposed model integrates the physical principles into the loss function of the neural network by applying Kirchhoff's law. Simulations are performed on the modified IEEE 13-bus and 123-bus systems using OpenDSS software to validate the efficacy of the proposed model for stealth attacks. The numerical results prove the superior performance of the proposed PIConvAE in three aspects: a) it provides more accurate results compared to the data-driven ConvAE model, b) it requires less training time to converge c) the model excels in effectively detecting a wide range of attack magnitudes making it powerful in detecting stealth attacks. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolution

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3D Positioning with Unsynchronized LEO Satellites and Minimal Infrastructure 100

3D Positioning with Unsynchronized LEO Satellites and Minima...

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100th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2024-Fall

作者： Emenonye, Don-Roberts Dhillon, Harpreet S. Buehrer, R. Michael Virginia Tech Wireless@VT Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BlacksburgVA24061 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331517786

In this paper, we rigorously derive the information in the signals received from low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are unsynchronized in time and frequency, and their utility for 3D position estimation. To enable this derivation, we define a system model that captures i) the time offset between LEOs caused by having cheap clocks, ii) the frequency offset between LEOs, and iii) multiple transmission time slots from a particular LEO. After this definition, we derive the Fisher information matrix (FIM) for the relevant channel parameters and transform the FIM for the channel parameters to the FIM for the 3D position. These derivations show the interactions between the number of LEOs, the operating frequency, the number of transmission time slots, and the number of receive antennas. Subsequently, these allow us to determine the minimal number of LEOs, the number of transmission time slots, and the number of receive antennas needed to determine the 3D position. One key result is that when the LEOs are unsynchronized in time and frequency and experience a high Doppler rate, the 3D position can be determined by observing a single LEO for four transmission time slots. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Receiving antennas

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A General Framework for Human-Drone Interaction under Limited On-board Sensing

A General Framework for Human-Drone Interaction under Limite...

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2023 Systems and Information engineering Design Symposium, SIEDS 2023

作者： Nayhouse, S. Chadha, S. Hourican, P. Moore, C. Bezzo, N. University of Virginia Departments of Systems and Information Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States University of Virginia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350300642

Recent advancements in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), has allowed their deployment for numerous applications like aerial photography, infrastructure inspection, search and rescue, and surveillance. Despite the potential for full autonomy, many applications still necessitate human operators for navigating complex environments and decision-making. Existing solutions often employ high-precision and simple sensors like 2-D or 3-D LiDAR, which may provide more data than necessary and contribute to increased system complexity and cost. To address these challenges and bridge the gap between full autonomy and human-controlled UAVs, this work develops a shared-autonomy framework for UAVs, leveraging lightweight, low-cost 1-D LiDAR sensors combined with mobility behaviors to obtain performance comparable to more advanced 2-D/3-D LiDAR sensors while minimizing energy, computation overhead, and weight. Our framework includes a novel state machine method that exploits the UAV mobility to compensate for the limitations of 1-D LiDAR sensors, ensuring safety and obstacle avoidance through a physics-based algorithm that transitions between teleoperation and autonomous mode as needed based on environmental conditions and safety-critical issues. Experimental validations on real UAVs demonstrates the effectiveness of this shared autonomy scheme in complex environments, and the system is further generalized to larger UAVs and prototyped with a custom sensor configuration and onboard obstacle avoidance. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Drones

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Optimal Planning of Synchronous Condensers Considering the Impact of Inverter-Based Resources

Optimal Planning of Synchronous Condensers Considering the I...

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2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2024

作者： Fouladi, Ehsan Mehrizi-Sani, Ali Bahrani, Behrooz Virginia Tech Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering BlacksburgVA United States Monash University Department of Electrical & Computer Systems Eng. ClaytonVIC3800 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350376067

Power systems with a higher share of inverter-based resources (IBR) have less strength and inertia, which are otherwise provided by synchronous generators (SG). In the case of a contingency, lack of strength (measured by short-circuit ratio [SCR]) and inertia may cause subsynchronous resonance and undamped oscillations. Synchronous condensers (SynCon) can be used to tackle these challenges as they offer voltage regulation and physical inertia. The utilization of a new SynCon unit is an expensive solution due to its high total cost, including installation, operation, and maintenance costs. The total cost of a new SynCon can be minimized by finding its optimal size and location. This paper proposes an optimization method to find the optimal location and size of SynCons, aiming to minimize their total costs and keep SCR above a certain level. This work considers the fault current contribution of each IBR and incorporates them into SCR calculation for the SynCons planning problem. This is particularly important in weak grids dominated by IBRs. The results of simulation studies on a modified version of the IEEE 39-bus system show that the presented method installs smaller sizes of SynCons in comparison to two previously proposed methods. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Power system planning short-circuit ratio synchronous condenser weak power system

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The Impact of the National Cyber League NCL on Students Skills in Cybersecurity 54

The Impact of the National Cyber League NCL on Students Skil...

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54th IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE 2024

作者： Alshehri, Yasser West Virginia University Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering MorgantownWV26506 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350351507

Cybersecurity is the top priority for most businesses and government agencies. Teaching students practical cybersecurity is one of the challenges for most academic institutions. Some institutions focus on theory and neglect the practical, which is more appealing to students. Besides, it equips students with the skills the industry needs and reduces the gap between academic institutions and the industry. National Cyber League NCL provides a platform where all students nationwide can join and practice. In the fall of 2023, West virginia University cybersecurity students joined the NCL competition as part of the course requirements. Participating in team and individual competitions was considered a substitute for the project for the course, which consists of 30% of the total grade. In this paper, we evaluated their background and skills before entering the competition (Who they are?), their experience in the competition, their achievements and skills after completing the competition (what they learned?), and how they evaluate their experience (what they think?). In this paper, we measure their involvement with the competition and how the competition assists them in developing their skills. We rely on their opinion and compare that with their performance according to the report card produced by NCL for every team and each individual. We also found that most students were involved between 10 to 30 hours during the semester with the games. Few students were more than 30 hours during the semester involved with NCL. We found that students were reasonably engaged in the competitions in different areas. Students spent more time in the gymnasium and practice games than in actual competitions. Students achieved an average completion of 35% with 73% average accuracy in the gymnasium, average completion was 19%, and the average accuracy was 76% in the practice game, average completion was 29%, and the average accuracy was 60% in the individual games, and 38% average completion an

关键词： Students

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ViTGuard: Attention-aware Detection against Adversarial Examples for Vision Transformer 40

ViTGuard: Attention-aware Detection against Adversarial Exam...

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40th Annual computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC 2024

作者： Sun, Shihua Nwodo, Kenechukwu Sugrim, Shridatt Stavrou, Angelos Wang, Haining Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Tech United States Kryptowire Labs McLeanVA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331520885

The use of transformers for vision tasks has challenged the traditional dominant role of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in computer vision (CV). For image classification tasks, Vision Transformer (ViT) effectively establishes spatial relationships between patches within images, directing attention to important areas for accurate predictions. However, similar to CNNs, ViTs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which mislead the image classifier into making incorrect decisions on images with carefully designed perturbations. Moreover, adversarial patch attacks, which introduce arbitrary perturbations within a small area (usually less than 3% of pixels), pose a more serious threat to ViTs. Even worse, traditional detection methods, originally designed for CNN models, are impractical or suffer significant performance degradation when applied to ViTs, and they generally overlook patch attacks. In this paper, we propose ViTGuard as a general detection method for defending ViT models against adversarial attacks, including typical attacks where perturbations spread over the entire input (Lp norm attacks) and patch attacks. ViTGuard uses a Masked Autoencoder (MAE) model to recover randomly masked patches from the unmasked regions, providing a flexible image reconstruction strategy. Then, threshold-based detectors leverage distinctive ViT features, including attention maps and classification (CLS) token representations, to distinguish between normal and adversarial samples. The MAE model does not involve any adversarial samples during training, ensuring the effectiveness of our detectors against unseen attacks. ViTGuard is compared with seven existing detection methods under nine attacks across three datasets with different sizes. The evaluation results show the superiority of ViTGuard over existing detectors. Finally, considering the potential detection evasion, we further demonstrate ViTGuard’s robustness against adaptive attacks for evasion. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Evaluating 5G Core Service Mesh Encapsulations in Cloud Deployments

Evaluating 5G Core Service Mesh Encapsulations in Cloud Depl...

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2024 IEEE Conference on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks, NFV-SDN 2024

作者： Atalay, Tolga O. Famili, Alireza Stavrou, Angelos Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Tech United States WayWave Inc ArlingtonVA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350380538

The evolution of mobile networks to be deployed as Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) on Commercial off-the-Shelf (COTS) hardware marks a significant advancement in the management of the Fifth Generation (5G) core network. This shift towards a software-based transformation enhances the flexibility and scalability of 5G networks, which is crucial as deployments increasingly transition to public cloud infrastructures such as Amazon Web Services (AWS). Within this software-defined landscape, various mechanisms and techniques can be leveraged to facilitate the seamless management and communication of cellular core VNFs. As Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) start to invest in such cloud-based cellular core deployments, it is crucial to cultivate an understanding regarding the implications surrounding this transition. To that end, this paper introduces 5G Network Encapsulation and Control Telemetry Augmentation Resource (5G-NECTAR), a versatile measurement framework designed to encapsulate 5G core VNFs within a custom service mesh. Utilizing tools such as OpenTelemetry and Jaeger, our framework encapsulates 5G core traffic with side-car proxies, enabling detailed assessments of cloud deployments across various HTTP versions. Through comprehensive performance evaluations, we demonstrate how our design can be employed to analyze control plane overhead and the associated costs of service mesh encapsulation in cloud-based 5G core networks. Furthermore, our evaluations in AWS, provide valuable operational experience regarding cloud-based 5G core networks over different HTTP versions. ©2024 IEEE.

关键词： 5G mobile communication systems

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Can Unsynchronized LEOs Provide 3D Orientation for a Ground Receiver? 100

Can Unsynchronized LEOs Provide 3D Orientation for a Ground ...

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100th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2024-Fall

作者： Emenonye, Don-Roberts Dhillon, Harpreet S. Buehrer, R. Michael Virginia Tech Wireless@VT Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BlacksburgVA24061 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331517786

Large antenna arrays and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have been made available due to the use of higher frequency bands, and there is the possibility that these arrays can become disturbed. Hence, their orientation could change after deployment. Since low earth orbits (LEO) are being proposed to provide position, navigation, and timing services, and LEOs from different constellations could be unsynchronized in time and frequency and experience a high Doppler rate. We ask, "can unsynchronized LEOs provide 3D orientation for a ground receiver?"To answer this question, we introduce the Fisher information matrix (FIM) and use the FIM to quantify the available information needed for 3D orientation estimation utilizing signals received from LEOs during multiple transmission time slots across multiple receive antennas. We observe by analyzing the positive definitiveness of the FIM for the 3D orientation that irrespective of the presence or absence of both time and frequency offsets, the 3D orientation of the receiver can be estimated through the multiple TOA measurements received across the receive antennas from two LEO satellites during a single transmission time slot. We also observe by analyzing the positive definitiveness of the FIM for the 3D orientation that irrespective of the presence or absence of both time and frequency offsets, the 3D orientation of the receiver can be estimated through the multiple TOA measurements received across the receive antennas during two transmission time slots from a single LEO satellite. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Fisher information matrix

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FedRME: Federated Learning for Enhanced Distributed Radiomap Estimation 100

FedRME: Federated Learning for Enhanced Distributed Radiomap...

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100th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2024-Fall

作者： Zhang, Weishan Wang, Yue Liu, Lingjia Tian, Zhi George Mason University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering FairfaxVA United States Georgia State University Department of Computer Science AtlantaGA United States Virginia Tech Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BlacksburgVA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331517786

For future intelligent communication systems, radiomap estimation (RME) is essential for acquiring panoramic awareness of spectrum spatial distribution in wireless environments. Recently, deep learning-based RME methods have been developed to reconstruct radiomaps from spectrum measurements collected at distributed sensors. However, these methods rely on gathering all input data at a central fusion center, resulting in large communication overheads, high computation costs, and privacy leakage concerns. To address these challenges, this work proposes a FedRME approach that makes federated learning applicable for distributed RME over a large-scale network, accommodating geographically heterogeneous transmitter locations and propagation environments. Specifically, we partition the large area into smaller regions to reduce the model complexity required for learning the radiomap in each region. Meanwhile, we incorporate the landscape map as an auxiliary input to induce a common learning model that adheres to the same propagation physics across all these heterogeneous regions. In doing so, fusion centers in all regions can collaborate through federated learning to enhance the overall RME performance. Simulation results indicate that our proposed method outperforms existing benchmarks, particularly under limited data, achieving higher learning accuracy with reduced model complexity and lower computational cost. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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A Dual-Band Rectifier Design at 2.9 GHz and 5.8 GHz for Microwave Power Transmission 12

A Dual-Band Rectifier Design at 2.9 GHz and 5.8 GHz for Micr...

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12th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation, APCAP 2024

作者： Jiang, Yi Wang, Xin Peng, Wenxiong Xiao, Dongping Lu, Mingyu Chongqing University Piscataway School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing400000 China West Virginia University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BeckleyWV United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350351019

This paper presents a rectifier working at 2.9 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Simulation results reveal that the rectifier achieved a maximum rectifying efficiency at 80% within a 14 dBm input power at 5.8 GHz when the DC load resistance is 300 Ω. At 2.9 GHz, the maximum rectifying efficiency is 50% with a 13 dBm input power. The efficiency at 2.9 GHz is designed to be low intentionally, as part of the 2.9 GHz input power is converted to the backscattered power of 5.8 GHz. The strong backscattered 5.8 GHz power can be utilized in the power transmitter to configure a power beam toward the rectifier (using the backscattered 5.8 GHz signal to reconfigure the wireless power transmitter is not studied in this paper). © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Backscattering

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