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On the Impact of Microbeamformers in 3-D High Frame Rate Ultrasound Imaging: A Simulation Study

IEEE Transactions on biomedical engineering 2025年第6期72卷 1941-1950页

作者： Castrignano, Lorenzo Tortoli, Piero Matrone, Giulia Crocco, Marco Savoia, Alessandro Stuart Ramalli, Alessandro University of Florence Department of Information Engineering Florence50139 Italy University of Pavia Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering Pavia27100 Italy Esaote S.p.A. Genova16152 Italy Roma Tre University Department of Industrial Electronic and Mechanical Engineering Roma00146 Italy

Background and objective: three-dimensional ultrasound imaging is based on two-dimensional (2-D) arrays controlled by application-specific integrated circuits, which implement the so-called microbeamformer (μB) to reduce the channel count. μBs are designed for line-by-line scan sequences based on focused beams (FBs), providing low frame rates. On the other hand, high frame rate (HFR) imaging techniques using defocused beams are increasingly attractive for reconstructing detailed tissue and blood motion information. Although an increasing number of researchers works with μBs integrated into 2-D probes, there is limited literature on the influence of the μB on image quality in HFR imaging applications. Methods: This simulation work evaluates the μB impact on multi-plane HFR transthoracic echocardiography by considering a μB connected to sub-arrays of different sizes (from 2×2 to 8×8 elements). Scan sequences based on the transmission of FBs, focused wide beams (FWB), and planar diverging waves (PDW) were tested. B-mode images were reconstructed and compared to the ideal case (no μB) to assess the image resolution and contrast loss due to the μB. Results: Compared to the ideal case, the μB presence can yield resolution and contrast deterioration up to 17.5% and -26 dB, respectively. Such a deterioration corresponds to the transmission of widest PDW, and can be partially recovered through the synthetic transmit beams technique. Conclusion and significance: A μB designed for FB applications can be used for HFR imaging, although with impaired imaging quality. Guidelines are provided to achieve a suitable trade-off among image quality, μB size, channel number and frame rate. © 1964-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Application specific integrated circuits

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Global Sensitivity Analysis for Rare Events in Probabilistic Power Flow Using Subset Simulation

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IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2025年第2期40卷 1969-1972页

作者： Li, Yibo Xu, Yijun Gu, Wei Lu, Shuai Mili, Lamine Southeast University Electrical Engineering Department Nanjing210096 China Virginia Tech Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Falls ChurchVA22043 United States

Traditionally, global sensitivity analysis (GSA) measures the importance of renewables and loads that will affect all probabilistic density functions (PDF) of operating states in power systems. However, when it comes to the rare events that better quantify the risk probabilities in the PDF tails, the traditional GSA is no longer applicable. In addition, the model uncertainties of the input PDFs are ignored in the traditional GSA. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel GSA framework that addresses the probability of rare events associated with the distribution parameters of the input PDFs. Moreover, we propose to accelerate the expensive rare event-based GSA (REGSA) via the subset simulation (SS) method. The simulation results reveal the excellent performance of the proposed method. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Load flow optimization

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Microstrip patch antenna modeling using neural networks with knowledge-based regularization

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第5期37卷 3827-3837页

作者： Saçın, Ekin Su Durgun, Ahmet Cemal Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara Çankaya06800 Turkey Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts AmherstMA01003 United States

Neural networks (NNs) have proven a useful surrogate model for the design and optimization of high frequency structures including antennas. Black-box NNs are known to have scalability and accuracy problems as the dimension of the problem increases. This study proposes knowledge-based regularization methods, referred to as derivative, spectral, and magnitude regularization to address these issues. The proposed methods utilize the functional properties of S-parameters to improve the accuracy and prevent unphysical predictions. The NNs are trained and tested using a data set of 5000 samples generated by Latin Hypercube Sampling and simulated by Ansys HFSS. The goodness of fit is evaluated using Relative Squared Error. Derivative and spectral regularizations reduce the RSE loss from 0.052 to 0.046 and 0.043, respectively. When combined with magnitude regularization, up to 17% and 88% reduction in loss and passivity violations can be achieved, at the expense of a 37% increase in training time. Moreover, 25% less data is required, to maintain a similar loss to the reference NN. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Neural network models

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Geometric Interpretation of Sensitivity to Structured Uncertainties in Spintronic Networks

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IEEE Control Systems Letters 2025年 9卷 192-197页

作者： O'Neil, S.P. Jonckheere, E.A. Schirmer, S. United States Military Academy Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science NY United States University of Southern California Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering CA United States Swansea University Faculty of Science and Engineering Physics United Kingdom

We present a geometric model of the differential sensitivity of the fidelity error for state transfer in a spintronic network based on the relationship between a set of matrix operators. We show an explicit dependence of the differential sensitivity on the fidelity (error), and we further demonstrate that this dependence does not require a trade-off between the fidelity and sensitivity. We prove that for closed systems, ideal performance in the sense of perfect state transfer is both necessary and sufficient for optimal robustness in terms of vanishing sensitivity. We demonstrate the utility of this geometric interpretation of the sensitivity by applying the model to explain the sensitivity versus fidelity error data in two examples. © 2017 IEEE.

关键词： Sensitivity analysis

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A Riemannian Manifold Approach to Constrained Resource Allocation in ISAC

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IEEE Transactions on Communications 2025年第5期73卷 3655-3670页

作者： Zargari, Shayan Galappaththige, Diluka Tellambura, Chintha Poor, H. Vincent University of Alberta Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EdmontonABT6G 1H9 Canada Princeton University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering PrincetonNJ08544 United States

This paper introduces a universal optimization framework for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, which are expected to be fundamental aspects of sixth-generation networks. In particular, we develop an iterative augmented Lagrangian manifold optimization (IALMO) framework designed to maximize communication sum rate while satisfying sensing beampattern gain targets, users’ minimum rate requirements, and base station (BS) transmit power limits. IALMO applies the principles of Riemannian manifold optimization to navigate the complex, non-convex landscape of the resource allocation problem. It efficiently leverages the augmented Lagrangian method to ensure adherence to constraints. Comprehensive numerical results are presented to validate our framework, which illustrates the IALMO method’s superior capability to enhance the dual functionalities of communication and sensing in ISAC systems. For instance, with 12 antennas and 30 dBm BS transmit power, our proposed IALMO algorithm delivers a 4.2% sum rate gain over a benchmark optimization-based algorithm. Remarkably, the suggested method performs better in complexity and execution time. For instance, the proposed IALMO algorithm reduces average algorithm execution time by 89.5% with 20 BS transmit antennas compared to the standard optimization-based benchmark. This work demonstrates significant improvements in system performance and contributes a new algorithmic perspective to ISAC resource management. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Iterative methods

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A Survey for Blockchain-Enabled Resource Management in Edge Networks

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 77252-77277页

作者： Boamah, Sharon A. Louis, Jean D. McNair, Janise Gilbert, Juan E. University of Florida Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering GainesvilleFL32611 United States University of Florida Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering GainesvilleFL32611 United States

As more people and devices come online with the rapid growth of the internet, the need for secure and efficient network resource management becomes increasingly important. The boom of these connections on Next Generation Wireless Networks through the advent of technologies like the Internet of Things has changed the landscape of traditional edge networks. This necessitates a drastic change in the existing edge network infrastructure. As these devices come online, make requests, and go offline, the allocation and management of edge network resources become paramount. Blockchain, with its growing popularity, presents itself as a potential solution. The inherent features of blockchain, such as decentralization, transparency, security, and immutability, make it possible for network providers to manage network resources efficiently. This survey paper delves into the diverse applications of blockchain in edge network resource management, offering a comprehensive discussion of its potential to revolutionize network infrastructure. Unlike other surveys, we focus this work on three specific contexts of blockchain integration for network resource management: Cloud and Edge Computing, Radio Access Networks in Next Generation Wireless Networks, Reinforcement Learning, and Federated Learning. We provide an extensive analysis of recent research advances in these areas, and the main findings are highlighted. Understanding the current use of blockchain and network resource management opens the door to new research and more efficient and secure networks. The open research issues that arise from the combination of blockchain with the management of edge network resources are identified. Finally, the future directions to fuel innovative research are presented in this survey. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Blockchains Surveys Cloud computing Network resource management Internet of Things Edge computing Federated learning Peer-to-peer computing Network slicing Wireless networks

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Multi-agent Path Planning Based on Conflict-Based Search (CBS) Variations for Heterogeneous Robots

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Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems: Theory and Applications 2025年第1期111卷 1-12页

作者： Bai, Yifan Kotpalliwar, Shruti Kanellakis, Christoforos Nikolakopoulos, George Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Luleå797187 Sweden

This article introduces a novel Multi-agent path planning scheme based on Conflict Based Search (CBS) for heterogeneous holonomic and non-holonomic agents, designated as Heterogeneous CBS (HCBS). The proposed methodology employs a hybrid A∗ algorithm for non-holonomic car-like robots and a conventional A∗ algorithm for holonomic robots. Following this, a body conflict detection strategy is utilized to construct the conflict tree, bridging the initial path planning with the resolution of conflicts among agents. Moreover, we present two variants of HCBS: the Enhanced Conflict-Based Search (EHCBS) and the Depth-First Conflict-Based Search (DFHCBS). We evaluate the efficacy of our proposed algorithms—HCBS, EHCBS, and DFHCBS—against a standard prioritized planning algorithm, focusing on success rates and computational efficiency in environments with varying numbers of agents and obstacles. The empirical results demonstrate that EHCBS exhibits superior computational efficiency in small, dense environments, while DFHCBS performs well in larger-scale environments. This highlights the adaptability of our proposed approaches in various settings, proving the computational advantage of EHCBS and DFHCBS over traditional methods. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Multi agent systems

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High-sensitive and linear temperature sensor based on liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber

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Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第1期57卷 1-20页

作者： Nejad, Javad Yasini Soroosh, Mohammad AL-Shammri, Faris K. Alkhayer, Alhussein G. Department of Electrical Engineering Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran Biomedical Engineering Department College of Engineering University of Warith Al Anbiyaa Karbala56001 Iraq Department of Electrical Engineering Techniques Al-Amarah University College Maysan Iraq

This study introduces a temperature sensor based on solid-core photonic crystal fiber that exhibits insensitivity to polarization. The coupling condition between the core and defect modes is investigated by employing the finite element method. To enhance sensitivity, a thermo-sensitive liquid with a refractive index of 1.65 at 25 °C is injected into the second ring air holes, and a polydimethylsiloxane layer is applied around the filled holes. The impact of the polydimethylsiloxane layer and air hole sizes on the sensing performance is thoroughly analyzed. The proposed sensor’s sensing property is evaluated by varying the temperature from 20 to 80 °C, resulting in an average sensitivity of − 3.166 nm/°C. The correlation coefficient is as high as 0.99992 and demonstrates the high linearity of the designed sensor. The full-width at half-maximum and the figure-of-merit are 11 nm and − 0.287/°C, respectively. Furthermore, a resolution of 0.03191 °C and an accuracy of 0.091 /nm show an excellent performance for the proposed device. The sensor’s desirable features include high sensitivity, linearity, symmetrical structure, and equal sensitivity for both X and Y polarizations, making it suitable for practical applications. Furthermore, by adjusting some geometrical factors such as the lattice pitch, diameter of holes, number of rings, and thickness and concentration of materials, the sensor can be optimized for favorable operating conditions. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Refractive index

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The Impact of Social Value Orientation on Nash Equilibria of Two Player Quadratic Games

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IEEE Control Systems Letters 2025年 9卷 138-143页

作者： Calderone, Daniel J. Oishi, Meeko University of New Mexico Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering AlbuquerqueNM87106 United States

We consider two player quadratic games in a cooperative framework based in social value orientation, motivated by the need to account for complex interactions between humans and autonomous agents in dynamical systems. Social value orientation posits that each player incorporates the other player’s cost into their own objective. Each player’s "orientation" determines how the player weights their own cost relative to the other player’s cost. We derive explicit formulas for the Nash equilibria as a function of social value orientation. We characterize conditions under which equilibria become unbounded and the asymptotes that these unbounded solutions follow. We analyze linear quadratic games with open-loop control, with application to trajectory planning with integrator dynamics. © 2017 IEEE.

关键词： Open loop control

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A Magnetic Signal Based Device Fingerprinting Scheme in Wireless Charging

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IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025年第3期22卷 2943-2958页

作者： Li, Jiachun Meng, Yan Zhang, Le Chen, Guoxing Tian, Yuan Zhu, Haojin Shanghai Jiao Tong University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai200240 China Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Institute for Technology Los AngelesCA90095 United States

Wireless charging is widely used to charge smart devices with limited battery capacity. However, it is susceptible to the identity spoofing attack, where adversaries can impersonate malicious devices as legitimate ones to gain unauthorized access and potentially disrupt the wireless charging system (e.g., resulting in incorrect billing, overheating, or even explosions). Device fingerprinting is a classical method for defending against identity spoofing attacks. However, applying existing schemes in wireless charging scenarios has drawbacks such as inconvenience (e.g., requiring specialized devices or user participation) and ineffectiveness (e.g., vulnerability to spoofing). Thus, we design a novel passive, effective, and robust device fingerprinting scheme called MagID for wireless charging systems. The insight of MagID lies in the fact that during wireless charging, the magnetic signal around a device can reflect inherent hardware differences. These differences can be extracted as unique fingerprints for authentication purposes. MagID leverages a novel scheme, SUPER-ARRAY, to precisely measure magnetic data and generate effective fingerprints for authenticating a device's identity before starting charging progress. Experimental results demonstrate that MagID achieves an accuracy rate of 98.14% across various charging devices. We have also tested its performance under different impact factors and verified its compatibility with various wireless charging pads. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Charging stations

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