Recently,intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)have emerged as potential candidates for overcoming the line-of-sight issue in 5 G/6 G wireless *** IRSs can manipulate the direction of reflected beams,enabling efficient...
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Recently,intelligent reflecting surfaces(IRSs)have emerged as potential candidates for overcoming the line-of-sight issue in 5 G/6 G wireless *** IRSs can manipulate the direction of reflected beams,enabling efficient beam steering to enhance the performance of wireless *** unit cell(or unit structure)of an IRS commonly consists of electrical elements for phase ***,by employing phase modulation alone,an IRS can steer the reflected electromagnetic waves toward only discrete and specific angles,leaving a wide range of out-of-beam *** this work,an IRS that uses both phase modulation and space modulation is presented to improve the beam resolution and continuously cover out-of-beam areas that phase modulation alone cannot address.A positive-intrinsic-negative diode is mounted on a unit cell for phase modulation,and a 4D-printed reconfigured structure is fabricated to demonstrate space *** beam-steering function is achieved by alternating the states of the diodes in the same columns,while the beam resolution is improved by controlling the gaps between the *** functions are frst theoretically and numerically analyzed and then experimentally verified,demonstrating that additional angles of-46°/+50°,-22°/+14°,and -16°/+12°are achieved with space modulation and -60°/+62°,-30°/+22°,and±16°are achieved by phase modulation *** proposed IRS offers the possibility of functional integration in a variety of indoor applications within the wireless communication field.
In the restructured electricity market,microgrid(MG),with the incorporation of smart grid technologies,distributed energy resources(DERs),a pumped-storage-hydraulic(PSH)unit,and a demand response program(DRP),is a sma...
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In the restructured electricity market,microgrid(MG),with the incorporation of smart grid technologies,distributed energy resources(DERs),a pumped-storage-hydraulic(PSH)unit,and a demand response program(DRP),is a smarter and more reliable electricity *** consists of gas turbines and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems and wind *** bidding strategies,prepared by MG operators,decrease the electricity cost and emissions from upstream grid and conventional and renewable energy sources(RES).But it is inefficient due to the very high sporadic characteristics of RES and the very high outage *** solve these issues,this study suggests non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)for an optimal bidding strategy considering pumped hydroelectric energy storage and DRP based on outage conditions and uncertainties of renewable energy *** uncertainty related to solar and wind units is modeled using lognormal and Weibull probability ***-based DRP is used,especially considering the time of outages along with the time of peak loads and prices,to enhance the reliability of MG and reduce costs and emissions.
Scalable coordination of photovoltaic(PV)inverters,considering the uncertainty in PV and load in distribution networks(DNs),is challenging due to the lack of real-time *** PV inverter setpoints can be achieved to addr...
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Scalable coordination of photovoltaic(PV)inverters,considering the uncertainty in PV and load in distribution networks(DNs),is challenging due to the lack of real-time *** PV inverter setpoints can be achieved to address this issue by capitalizing on the abundance of data from smart utility meters and the scalable architecture of artificial neural networks(ANNs).To this end,we first use an offline,centralized data-driven conservative convex approximation of chance-constrained optimal power flow(CVaR-OPF)in which conditional value-at-risk(CVaR)is used to compute reactive power setpoints of PV inverter,taking into account PV and load uncertainties in *** that,an artificial neural network(ANN)controller is trained for each PV inverter to emulate the optimal behavior of the centralized control setpoints of PV inverter in a decentralized ***,the voltage regulation performance of the developed ANN controllers is compared with other decentralized designs(local controllers)developed using model-based learning(regressionbased controller),optimization(affine feedback controller),and case-based learning(mapping)*** tests using real-world feeders corroborate the effectiveness of ANN controllers in voltage regulation and loss minimization.
By integrating smart grid technology with home energy management systems, households can monitor and optimise their energy consumption. This allows for more efficient use of energy resources, reducing waste and loweri...
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This paper presents a machine-learning-based speedup strategy for real-time implementation of model-predictive-control(MPC)in emergency voltage stabilization of power *** success in various applications,real-time impl...
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This paper presents a machine-learning-based speedup strategy for real-time implementation of model-predictive-control(MPC)in emergency voltage stabilization of power *** success in various applications,real-time implementation of MPC in power systems has not been successful due to the online control computation time required for large-sized complex systems,and in power systems,the computation time exceeds the available decision time used in practice by a large *** long-standing problem is addressed here by developing a novel MPC-based framework that i)computes an optimal strategy for nominal loads in an offline setting and adapts it for real-time scenarios by successive online control corrections at each control instant utilizing the latest measurements,and ii)employs a machine-learning based approach for the prediction of voltage trajectory and its sensitivity to control inputs,thereby accelerating the overall control computation by multiple ***,a realistic control coordination scheme among static var compensators(SVC),load-shedding(LS),and load tap-changers(LTC)is presented that incorporates the practical delayed actions of the *** performance of the proposed scheme is validated for IEEE 9-bus and 39-bus systems,with±20%variations in nominal loading conditions together with *** show that our proposed methodology speeds up the online computation by 20-fold,bringing it down to a practically feasible value(fraction of a second),making the MPC real-time and feasible for power system control for the first time.
This paper considers a free space optical (FSO) cooperative network with an energy harvesting (EH) relay with no permanent power supply. The relay implements the harvest-store-use strategy and, in addition to the ener...
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The global population is aging due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates. As a result, there is a growing prevalence of chronic diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, among the ol...
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The limitations of the conventional master-slavesplitting(MSS)method,which is commonly applied to power flow and optimal power flow in integrated transmission and distribution(I-T&D)networks,are first *** that the...
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The limitations of the conventional master-slavesplitting(MSS)method,which is commonly applied to power flow and optimal power flow in integrated transmission and distribution(I-T&D)networks,are first *** that the MSS method suffers from a slow convergence rate or even divergence under some circumstances,a least-squares-based iterative(LSI)method is *** with the MSS method,the LSI method modifies the iterative variables in each iteration by solving a least-squares problem with the information in previous iterations.A practical implementation and a parameter tuning strategy for the LSI method are ***,a LSI-PF method is proposed to solve I-T&D power flow and a LSIheterogeneous decomposition(LSI-HGD)method is proposed to solve optimal power *** experiments demonstrate that the proposed LSI-PF and LSI-HGD methods can achieve the same accuracy as the benchmark ***,these LSI methods,with appropriate settings,significantly enhance the convergence and efficiency of conventional ***,in some cases,where conventional methods diverge,these LSI methods can still converge.
The work proposes a methodology for five different classes of ECG signals. The methodology utilises moving average filter and discrete wavelet transformation for the remove of baseline wandering and powerline interfer...
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