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A Study on Magnetic Field under Unconventional Lines with Increased Power Delivery

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2025年第3期61卷 5128-5134页

作者： Arafat, Easir Porkar, Babak Ghassemi, Mona Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering RichardsonTX75080 United States

To achieve net-zero emission in America by 2050, high voltage transmission capacity must expand approximately 60% by 2030 and triple by 2050 to connect further renewable (wind and solar) facilities to increased power delivery. Addressing this challenge requires not only conventional transmission lines (TLs) but also innovative, unconventional designs that modify phase configurations and subconductor arrangements in geometrically optimized ways. Different line design aspects need to be studied to realize these unconventional lines. This paper calculates and studies the magnetic field under the two unconventional lines we proposed in our previous work. The magnetic field was analyzed across the entire Right of Way (ROW) using validated simulation models. The quantitative analysis reveals that while the conventional 500 kV line generates a ground-level magnetic field of 5 μT, the unconventional designs - TL-1 and TL-2 - achieve significantly lower values of less than 0.5 μT and 3 μT, respectively. Furthermore, these designs comply with ICNIRP and WHO safety standards across the entire ROW, highlighting their potential to enhance system capacity while maintaining public health and safety. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Power transmission lines

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Secure signal and image transmissions using chaotic synchronization scheme under cyber-attack in the communication channel

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Soft Computing 2025年第1期29卷 339-353页

作者： Nobakht, Shaghayegh Ahmadi, Ali-Akbar Industrial Automation Laboratory Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Kharazmi University Tehran Iran

In this paper, problem of secure message (signal and image) transmission is studied. The message is encrypted by masking it with a chaotic system state and then transmitted to receiver-side via a communication channel. It is assumed that the communication channel may be prone to a cyber-attack. The transmission system dynamics in presence of the cyber-attack in the communication channel is modeled by a singular dynamical system. Then, at the receiver-side, a novel observer is designed to recover the message together with the cyber-attack signal. Estimation of the cyber-attack is crucial for monitoring the communication channel and enable a network supervisor to mitigate the adverse consequences and make an appropriate strategy. It is assumed neither restrictions on the message nor on the cyber-attack signals. This makes the proposed scheme, the best solution in the real applications. Moreover, comparing to the existing methods which two public and private channels are required, only one communication channel is used in this paper for transmission the encrypted signal which results in a cheaper solution. Solving the optimization problem can be easily performed with the help of the existing toolboxes such as YALMIP and CVX software in MATLAB. Finally, numerical simulations for signal and image transmission are presented to justify the applicability and superior performance of the proposed scheme. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Cyber attacks

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Cross-subcarrier precoder design for massive MIMO-OFDM downlink with symplectic optimization

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第2期68卷 216-229页

作者： Yuxuan ZHANG An-An LU Xiang-Gen XIA Xiqi GAO National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Southeast University Purple Mountain Laboratories Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Delaware

We propose a cross-subcarrier precoder design(CSPD) for massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) downlink. This work aims to significantly improve the channel estimation and signal detection performance by enhancing the smoothness of the frequency domain effective channel. This is accomplished by designing a few vectors known as the transform domain precoding vectors(TDPVs), which are then transformed into the frequency domain to generate the precoders for a set of subcarriers. To combat the effect of channel aging, the TDPVs are optimized under imperfect channel state information(CSI). The optimal precoder structure is derived by maximizing an upper bound of the ergodic weighted sum-rate(WSR) and utilizing the a posteriori beam-based statistical channel model(BSCM). To avoid the large-dimensional matrix inversion, we propose an algorithm with symplectic optimization. Simulation results indicate that the proposed cross-subcarrier precoder design significantly outperforms conventional methods.

关键词： massive MIMO-OFDM cross subcarrier precoder design transform domain precoding vectors effective channel symplectic optimization

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Distributionally Robust Chance-Constrained Optimization for Soft Open Points Operation in Active Distribution Networks

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy systems 2025年第2期11卷 637-648页

作者： Qilin Hou Ge Chen Ningyi Dai Hongcai Zhang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart CityUniversity of MacaoMacao 999078China

The escalating installation of distributed generation (DG) within active distribution networks (ADNs) diminishes the reliance on fossil fuels, yet it intensifies the disparity between demand and generation across various regions. Moreover, due to the intermittent and stochastic characteristics, DG also introduces uncertain forecasting errors, which further increase difficulties for power dispatch. To overcome these challenges, an emerging flexible interconnection device, soft open point (SOP), is introduced. A distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization (DRCCO) model is also proposed to effectively exploit the benefits of SOPs in ADNs under uncertainties. Compared with conventional robust, stochastic and chance-constrained models, the DRCCO model can better balance reliability and economic profits without the exact distribution of uncertainties. More-over, unlike most published works that employ two individual chance constraints to approximate the upper and lower bound constraints (e.g, bus voltage and branch current limitations), joint two-sided chance constraints are introduced and exactly reformulated into conic forms to avoid redundant conservativeness. Based on numerical experiments, we validate that SOPs' employment can significantly enhance the energy efficiency of ADNs by alleviating DG curtailment and load shedding problems. Simulation results also confirm that the proposed joint two-sided DRCCO method can achieve good balance between economic efficiency and reliability while reducing the conservativeness of conventional DRCCO methods.

关键词： Active distribution networks distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization soft open points

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Blackout Mitigation via Physics-Guided RL

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IEEE Transactions on Power systems 2025年第3期40卷 2363-2375页

作者： Dwivedi, Anmol Paternain, Santiago Tajer, Ali Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Electrical Computer and Systems Engineering Department TroyNY12180 United States

This paper considers the sequential design of remedial control actions in response to system anomalies to prevent blackouts. A physics-guided reinforcement learning (RL) framework is designed to identify effective sequences of real-time remedial look-ahead decisions accounting for the long-term impact on the system's stability. The paper considers a space of control actions involving both discrete-valued transmission line-switching decisions (line reconnections and removals) and continuous-valued generator adjustments. To identify an effective blackout mitigation policy, a physics-guided approach is designed that uses power-flow sensitivity factors associated with the power transmission network to guide the RL exploration during agent training. Comprehensive empirical evaluations using the open-source Grid2Op platform demonstrate the notable advantages of incorporating physical signals into RL decisions, establishing the gains of the proposed physics-guided approach compared to its black-box counterparts. One important observation is that strategically removing transmission lines, in conjunction with multiple real-time generator adjustments, often renders effective long-term decisions that are likely to prevent or delay blackouts. © 1969-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electric load flow

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Fuzzy clustering for electric field characterization and its application to thunderstorm interpretability

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Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第2期11卷 299-307页

作者： Xu Yang Hongyan Xing Xinyuan Ji Wei Xu Witold Pedrycz School of Electronics and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Istinye University

Changes in the Atmospheric Electric Field Signal(AEFS) are highly correlated with weather changes, especially with thunderstorm activities. However, little attention has been paid to the ambiguous weather information implicit in AEFS changes. In this paper, a Fuzzy C-Means(FCM) clustering method is used for the first time to develop an innovative approach to characterize the weather attributes carried by AEFS. First, a time series dataset is created in the time domain using AEFS attributes. The AEFS-based weather is evaluated according to the time-series Membership Degree(MD) changes obtained by inputting this dataset into the FCM. Second, thunderstorm intensities are reflected by the change in distance from a thunderstorm cloud point charge to an AEF apparatus. Thus, a matching relationship is established between the normalized distance and the thunderstorm dominant MD in the space domain. Finally, the rationality and reliability of the proposed method are verified by combining radar charts and expert experience. The results confirm that this method accurately characterizes the weather attributes and changes in the AEFS, and a negative distance-MD correlation is obtained for the first time. The detection of thunderstorm activity by AEF from the perspective of fuzzy set technology provides a meaningful guidance for interpretable thunderstorms.

关键词： Atmospheric electric field (AEF) Thunderstorm Fuzzy C-means (FCM) Attribute

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Secure beamforming and deployment design for rate-splitting multiple access-based UAV communications

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 342-356页

作者： Bing WANG Xiaofeng TAO Shujun HAN Huici WU Kai YANG Zhu HAN National Engineering Research Center of Mobile Network Technologies Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Peng Cheng Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Houston

Rate-splitting multiple access(RSMA) has recently gained attention as a potential robust multiple access(MA)scheme for upcoming wireless networks. Given its ability to efficiently utilize wireless resources and design interference management strategies, it can be applied to unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) networks to provide convenient services for large-scale access ground users. However, due to the line-of-sight(LoS) broadcast nature of UAV transmission, information is susceptible to eavesdropping in RSMA-based UAV networks. Moreover, the superposition of signals at the receiver in such networks becomes complicated. To cope with the challenge, we propose a two-user multi-input single-output(MISO) RSMA-based UAV secure transmission framework in downlink communication networks. In a passive eavesdropping scenario, our goal is to maximize the sum secrecy rate by optimizing the transmit beamforming and deployment location of the UAV-base station(UAV-BS),while considering quality-of-service(QoS) constraints, maximum transmit power, and flight space limitations. To address the non-convexity of the proposed problem, the optimization problem is first decoupled into two subproblems. Then, the successive convex approximation(SCA) method is employed to solve each subproblem using different propositions. In addition, an alternating optimization(AO)-based location RSMA(L-RSMA) beamforming algorithm is developed to implement joint optimization to obtain the suboptimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate that(1) the proposed L-RSMA scheme yields a28.97% higher sum secrecy rate than the baseline L-space division multiple access(SDMA) scheme;(2) the proposed L-RSMA scheme improves the security performance by 42.61% compared to the L-non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) scheme.

关键词： rate-splitting multiple access UAV communication precoding optimization deployment location physical layer security

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Clustered Reinforcement Learning

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Frontiers of computer Science 2025年第4期19卷 43-57页

作者： Xiao MA Shen-Yi ZHAO Zhao-Heng YIN Wu-Jun LI National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Department of Computer Science and TechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720-1770USA

Exploration strategy design is a challenging problem in reinforcement learning(RL),especially when the environment contains a large state space or sparse *** exploration,the agent tries to discover unexplored(novel)areas or high reward(quality)*** existing methods perform exploration by only utilizing the novelty of *** novelty and quality in the neighboring area of the current state have not been well utilized to simultaneously guide the agent’s *** address this problem,this paper proposes a novel RL framework,called clustered reinforcement learning(CRL),for efficient exploration in *** adopts clustering to divide the collected states into several clusters,based on which a bonus reward reflecting both novelty and quality in the neighboring area(cluster)of the current state is given to the *** leverages these bonus rewards to guide the agent to perform efficient ***,CRL can be combined with existing exploration strategies to improve their performance,as the bonus rewards employed by these existing exploration strategies solely capture the novelty of *** on four continuous control tasks and six hard-exploration Atari-2600 games show that our method can outperform other state-of-the-art methods to achieve the best performance.

关键词： deep reinforcement learning exploration count-based method clustering K-means

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A Mathematical and Dynamical Model for Analyzing H-Shaped PM Vernier Motor for Electric Motorcycle Mid-Drive Applications

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IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2025年第1期40卷 529-543页

作者： Ghods, Mehrage Faiz, Jawad Bazrafshan, Mohammad Amin Gorginpour, Hamed Toulabi, Mohammad Sedigh University of Tehran School of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering Tehran*** Iran Persian Gulf University Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Data Science Bushehr*** Iran Oakland University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering RochesterMI48309 United States

The permanent magnet (PM) Vernier machines enhance torque density and decrease cogging torque compared to conventional permanent magnet synchronous motor. This paper presents a novel fractional-slot H-shaped PM Vernier machines, which incorporates unique design for the PM housing and rotor core construction. These designs are specifically optimized for the small-scale electric vehicles application. The choice of the PM arrangement is based on the combination of V-shaped and spoke-array PM topologies. The aim is to achieve a higher torque density than V-shaped PM machines, while reducing cogging torque compared to spoke-array PM machines. By using this methodology, leakage fluxes in the terminal region of the PMs reduce, resulting in an augmentation of both flux-linkage and power factor. A prototype 680 W motor was fabricated with 12 slots and 8 poles to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model. Mathematical model and dynamical analysis are proposed for the analytical prediction of machine performance. Due to the unique shape feature of the machine, the conformal mapping approach is applied to design the rotor core. To validate the model, the predicted performance of the motor was compared with those obtained by finite element analysis and experiments. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Permanent magnets

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Theoretical Analysis of Detection of Flying Vehicles Based on the Passive Radiometric Detection of Microwave-Millimeter-Terahertz Wavelength Electromagnetic Emissions from Exhaust Plasma Gases

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Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 2025年 154卷 267-275页

作者： Chatziathanasiou, Thomas N. Uzunoglu, Nikolaos Microwave Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Technical University of Athens Greece

The feasibility of using passive radiometric detection of chaotic electromagnetic signals emanating from low density plasma plumes of the jet exhaust gases to detect low radar cross section aircrafts is analyzed for the frequency band 3.108–3.1012 Hz. The aircraft exhaust plume gas formation is modelled with a number of discrete different dimensions ellipsoids, with each having different electron densities and temperatures. Electromagnetic radiation analysis of emitting signals is computed applying fluctuation-dissipation theorem and geometric considerations. The detection range of characteristic military jet aircraft is computed numerically for the whole frequency band, from UHF to 3 THz. It is shown that high range detection can be achieved at upper microwave frequencies. © 2025, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved.

关键词： Terahertz waves

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