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Practical aberration correction using deep transfer learning with limited experimental data

Optics Express 2025年第6期33卷 14431-14444页

作者： Kok, Yong En Bentley, Alexander Parkes, Andrew J. Somekh, Michael G. Wright, Amanda J. Pound, Michael P. University of Nottingham School of Computer Science NottinghamNG8 1BB United Kingdom Optics and Photonics Group Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Nottingham NottinghamNG7 2RD United Kingdom Research Center for Humanoid Sensing Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou3111100 China

Adaptive optics is a technique for correcting aberrations and improving image quality. When adaptive optics was first used in microscopy, it was common to rely on iterative approaches to determine the aberrations present. It is advantageous to avoid iteration, and therefore there has been a shift to deep learning for aberration prediction. However, issues remain regarding the practicalities of machine learning for adaptive optics, an important one being the requirement for a large training dataset. Here, we explore transfer learning to overcome this need for data by pre-training a network on a large simulated dataset and fine-tuning it with reduced experimental data for application in an experimental setting. We demonstrate that the pre-trained network can make noticeable improvements with fine-tuning on just 24 experimental samples. To further enhance practicality, we significantly extend the range of aberrations present, predicting up to 25 Zernike modes with each coefficient ranging from −1 to 1, and perform a thorough analysis of the type and magnitude of phase-diversity required in the input data for a successful network. Our approach demonstrates substantial aberration reduction on experimental data for 10 Zernike modes, with an average 73% decrease in RMS wavefront error from 1.81 to 0.48 rad when correction is applied. This method achieves complete experimental image capture and aberration inference at rates comparable to the image acquisition time of a typical laser scanning microscope. Additionally, we consider the benefits of further improvements via an iterative step. As such, this work addresses some of the key practical hurdles that remain in the use of deep learning for aberration prediction and correction. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group (formerly OSA). All rights reserved.

关键词： Adaptive optics

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Goal-Oriented Communication, Estimation, and Control Over Bidirectional Wireless Links

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IEEE Transactions on Communications 2025年第5期73卷 3031-3045页

作者： Cao, Jie Kurniawan, Ernest Boonkajay, Amnart Pappas, Nikolaos Sun, Sumei Popovski, Petar School of Electronic and Information Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aerospace Communication and Networking Technology Shenzhen518055 China Institute of Infocomm Research Agency for Science Technology and Research Fusionopolis 138632 Singapore Linköping University Department of Computer and Information Science Linköping58183 Sweden Aalborg University Department of Electronic Systems Aalborg9220 Denmark

We consider a wireless networked control system (WNCS) with imperfect bidirectional links for real-time applications such as smart grids. To maintain the stability of WNCS, captured by the probability that plant state violates preset values, at minimal cost, heterogeneous physical processes are monitored by multiple sensors. This status information, such as dynamic plant state and Markov Process-based context information, is then received/estimated by the controller for remote control. However, scheduling multiple sensors and designing the controller with limited resources is challenging due to their coupling, delay, and transmission loss. We formulate a Constrained Markov Decision Problem (CMDP) to minimize violation probability with cost constraints. We reveal the relationship between the goal and different updating actions by analyzing the significance of information that incorporates goal-related usefulness and contextual importance. Subsequently, a goal-oriented deterministic scheduling policy is proposed. Two sensing-assisted control strategies and a control-aware estimation policy are proposed to improve the violation probability-cost tradeoff, integrated with the scheduling policy to form a goal-oriented co-design framework. Additionally, we explore retransmission in downlink transmission and qualitatively analyze its preference scenario. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed goal-oriented co-design policy outperforms previous work in simultaneously reducing violation probability and cost. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Markov processes

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Improving the quality of diffuse optical tomography reconstruction with APU-Net: an attention-based physical U-Net model 16

Improving the quality of diffuse optical tomography reconstr...

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Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Tissue XVI 2025

作者： Xue, Minghao Li, Shuying Zhu, Quing Biomedical Engineering Department Washington University in St. Louis St. LouisMO63130 United States Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Boston University BostonMA02215 United States Electrical and Systems Engineering Department Washington University in St. Louis St. LouisMO63130 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781510683761

Traditional diffuse optical tomography (DOT) reconstructions suffer from image artifacts due to various factors such as the proximity of DOT sources to shallow lesions, poor optode-tissue coupling, tissue heterogeneity, and large high-contrast lesions causing shadowing effects. This study introduces an attention-based U-Net (APU-Net) model with Contextual Transformer (CoT) attention modules to enhance DOT image quality and improve lesion diagnostic accuracy. Trained on simulation and phantom data, and evaluated on clinical data, the APU-Net model effectively reduced artifacts by 26.83% on average and significantly improved image contrast in deeper regions, with increases of 20.28% and 45.31% for the second and third target layers, respectively. These improvements demonstrate the potential of the APU-Net model in enhancing DOT reconstructions for better breast cancer diagnosis. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Tumor growth modeling Data modeling Image restoration systems modeling Diffuse optical tomography Image enhancement Image quality Medical image reconstruction Commercial off the shelf technology Transformers

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Secure and Reliable 6G Communications with BCH-Based GLDPC and Kyber

Secure and Reliable 6G Communications with BCH-Based GLDPC a...

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IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE)

作者： Linh Nguyen Cheol-Hong Min Hanho Lee Tuy Tan Nguyen School of Informatics Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University USA Department of Electrical. and Computer Engineering University of St. Thomas USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inha University Republic of Korea

ISBN: (数字)9798331521165

ISBN: (纸本)9798331521172

Channel coding in sixth-generation (6G) networks must attain exceptionally low bit error rate (BER), typically in the range of 10– 6 to 10– 9 , to ensure the requisite level of reliability. While fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) coding techniques have made substantial progress, the inherent limitations of the low error floor impede the attainment of such stringent BER targets. Compared to the low-density parity check (LDPC) codes employed in 5G communications, generalized low-density parity check (GLDPC) codes offer a more advantageous tradeoff between computational complexity and error correction performance in 6G networks. GLDPC codes enhance traditional LDPC structures by incorporating more complex local decoding units within their check nodes. When coupled with cryptographic techniques, GLDPC codes can establish a robust information security framework. In this paper, we propose a new security-based GLDPC that uses a number of BCH matrices for the GLDPC decoding process combined with the Kyber algorithm (BCH-based KyGLDPC) before transmitting data to increase reli-ability and solve the security problem against quantum computer attacks. The system's performance is assessed using both image data and data encrypted prior to transmission in a white additive Gaussian noise environment. The results indicate that the system provides strong error correction and data security.

关键词： 6G mobile communication Quantum computing computer network reliability System performance Bit error rate Parity check codes Error correction codes Decoding Reliability Channel coding

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Detection of Perfect Stealthy Attacks on Cyber-Physical systems Subject to Measurement Quantizations: A Watermark-Based Strategy

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2025年第1期12卷 114-125页

作者： Yu-Ang Wang Zidong Wang Lei Zou Bo Shen Hongli Dong the College of Information Science and Technology Donghua University the Engineering Research Center of Digitalized Textile and Fashion Technology Ministry of Education IEEE the College of Electrical Engineering and Automation Shandong University of Science and Technology the Department of Computer Science Brunel University London Uxbridge the Sanya Offshore Oil and Gas Research Institute Northeast Petroleum University the Artificial Intelligence Energy Research Institute Northeast Petroleum University Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Networking and Intelligent Control Northeast Petroleum University

In this paper, the attack detection problem is investigated for a class of closed-loop systems subjected to unknownbutbounded noises in the presence of stealthy attacks. The measurement outputs from the sensors are quantized before transmission.A specific type of perfect stealthy attack, which meets certain rather stringent conditions, is taken into account. Such attacks could be injected by adversaries into both the sensor-toestimator and controller-to-actuator channels, with the aim of disrupting the normal data flow. For the purpose of defending against these perfect stealthy attacks, a novel scheme based on watermarks is developed. This scheme includes the injection of watermarks(applied to data prior to quantization) and the recovery of data(implemented before the data reaches the estimator).The watermark-based scheme is designed to be both timevarying and hidden from adversaries through incorporating a time-varying and bounded watermark signal. Subsequently, a watermark-based attack detection strategy is proposed which thoroughly considers the characteristics of perfect stealthy attacks,thereby ensuring that an alarm is activated upon the occurrence of such attacks. An example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed mechanism for detecting attacks.

关键词： Attack detection cyber-physical systems (CPSs) perfect stealthy attacks watermark-based strategy

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OPTIMAL MULTI-OBJECTIVE BEST ARM IDENTIFICATION WITH FIXED CONFIDENCE

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Chen, Zhirui Karthik, P.N. Chee, Yeow Meng Tan, Vincent Y.F. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management National University of Singapore Singapore Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management National University of Singapore Singapore Department of Mathematics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Department of Artificial Intelligence Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad India

We consider a multi-armed bandit setting with finitely many arms, in which each arm yields an M-dimensional vector reward upon selection. We assume that the reward of each dimension (a.k.a. objective) is generated independently of the others. The best arm of any given objective is the arm with the largest component of mean corresponding to the objective. The end goal is to identify the best arm of every objective in the shortest (expected) time subject to an upper bound on the probability of error (i.e., fixed-confidence regime). We establish a problem-dependent lower bound on the limiting growth rate of the expected stopping time, in the limit of vanishing error probabilities. This lower bound, we show, is characterised by a max-min optimisation problem that is computationally expensive to solve at each time step. We propose an algorithm that uses the novel idea of surrogate proportions to sample the arms at each time step, eliminating the need to solve the max-min optimisation problem at each step. We demonstrate theoretically that our algorithm is asymptotically optimal. In addition, we provide extensive empirical studies to substantiate the efficiency of our algorithm. While existing works on pure exploration with multi-objective multi-armed bandits predominantly focus on Pareto frontier identification, our work fills the gap in the literature by conducting a formal investigation of the multi-objective best arm identification problem. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pareto principle

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Strategic Planning of Stealthy Backdoor Attacks in Markov Decision Processes

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Wei, Xinyi Han, Shuo Hemida, Ahmed H. Kamhoua, Charles A. Fu, Jie Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida GainesvilleFL United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois Chicago United States DE-VCOM Army Research Laboratory United States

This paper investigates backdoor attack planning in stochastic control systems modeled as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). In a backdoor attack, the adversary provides a control policy that behaves well in the original MDP to pass the testing phase. However, when such a policy is deployed with a trigger policy, which perturbs the system dynamics at runtime, it optimizes the attacker’s objective instead. To solve jointly the control policy and its trigger, we formulate the attack planning problem as a constrained optimal planning problem in an MDP with augmented state space, with the objective to maximize the attacker’s total rewards in the system with an activated trigger, subject to the constraint that the control policy is near optimal in the original MDP. We then introduce a gradient-based optimization method to solve the optimal backdoor attack policy as a pair of coordinated control and trigger policies. Experimental results from a case study validate the effectiveness of our approach in achieving stealthy backdoor attacks. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic control systems

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ACDV: Adaptive Content Delivery for Vehicular Digital Twin Networks

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2025年第5期74卷 7084-7098页

作者： Zheng, Jinkai Luan, Tom H. Li, Guanjie Yin, Zhisheng Wu, Yuan Dong, Mianxiong Dongguan University of Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization Dongguan523808 China Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Xi'an710049 China Xidian University School of Cyber Engineering Xi'an710071 China Singapore University of Technology and Design Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar 487372 Singapore Xidian University State Key Laboratory of Isn Xi'an710071 China University of Macau State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City 999078 China University of Macau Department of Computer Information Science 999078 China Muroran Institute of Technology Department of Sciences and Informatics Muroran05-08585 Japan

Digital Twins (DTs), serving personalized cloud-based digital assistants, hold great promise for supporting infotainment applications of the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs), in which personalized content such as high-definition maps, system updates, and social video streaming can be delivered from individualized DTs to vehicular users (VUEs) to enhance the intelligence of IoV services and improve their driving experience. This paper proposes a novel content caching framework tailored to DT-enabled IoVs, where DTs selectively cache on-demand contents on edge devices (i.e., cellular base stations and roadside units) managed by the edge service manager (ESM) along the VUE's trip to avoid backbone congestion yet save download time. However, ESMs are inherently selfish and reluctant to contribute resources to cache contents without benefits. Furthermore, considering the diverse trajectories of vehicles, it is inefficient to cache data along a single path. To address these challenges, we propose ACDV, which first models the interactions between the ESMs and DTs as a Stackelberg game to incentivize ESMs to actively participate in the content caching process. We then deploy a Markov model to predict the VUE distribution, which enables DTs to cache contents with a focus on predicted trajectories. To save storage costs, we derive an upper bound of content sizes that the VUE can download within a limited network connection time. Considering the lack of network information and users' private utility model in practical scenarios, we further develop a learning-based algorithm to find the optimal pricing scheme and content size strategies of ESMs and DTs. Through extensive simulations, we show that our proposal can effectively find the optimal strategy and achieve a fast convergence speed and high-level performance compared to the baselines. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Markov processes

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Normative Safety Regulations for Collaborative Robots

Normative Safety Regulations for Collaborative Robots

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IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration

作者： Laura Geiger J. Rogelio Guadarrama-Olvera Gordon Cheng Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Chair for Cognitive Systems Technische Universität München Munich Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331531614

ISBN: (纸本)9798331531621

Collaborative robots (cobots) are designed to operate alongside humans in shared workspaces, enhancing efficiency and flexibility. Like all machines and robots, they are regulated by the EU Machinery Regulation and must bear the CE marking before market introduction. While the regulation provides broad and general safety requirements, harmonized standards such as ISO 12100, ISO 13849, and IEC 62061 offer more specific guidance for achieving safety in machinery design. For industrial robots, ISO 10218 outlines safety requirements, with the technical specification ISO/TS 15066 further addressing unique considerations of collaborative industrial robots. By providing a comprehensive overview of these regulations and standards, this paper aims to guide manufacturers through the critical steps required for achieving legal compliance and ensuring safe market introduction of cobots in Europe.

关键词： Service robots Law ISO Standards Collaborative robots System integration Industrial robots Regulation Safety Machinery Standards

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Effect of Magnetic Couplings on Conducted EMI of GaN-Based PFC Converter

Effect of Magnetic Couplings on Conducted EMI of GaN-Based P...

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Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Tyler McGrew Qiang Li The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Center for Power Electronic Systems Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA

ISBN: (数字)9798331516116

ISBN: (纸本)9798331516123

Wide-bandgap power devices have enabled power supplies to increase in density while maintaining high efficiency. However, EMI issues remain one of the most challenging aspects when designing a power converter. These issues are often caused by parasitic near-field couplings which can degrade or bypass the attenuation of the EMI filter. This paper investigates how parasitic magnetic couplings impact the conducted noise of a high-frequency PFC converter using PCB-winding inductor. Analytical models are presented for both differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM) noise, including the effects of magnetic couplings between the PFC inductor and EMI filter. Then, three ferrite inductor core designs are evaluated to demonstrate how the core’s geometry and permeability affect its leakage magnetic field. Choosing the optimal core design is shown to significantly reduce the magnetic field outside the PFC inductor, which reduces DM noise by more than 20 dB and reduces CM noise by 7 dB.

关键词： Couplings Ferrites Magnetic cores Magnetic separation Atmospheric modeling Electromagnetic interference Noise Air gaps Permeability Inductors

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