Most blockchain systems currently adopt resource-consuming protocols to achieve consensus between miners;for example,the Proof-of-Work(PoW)and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant(PBFT)schemes,which have a high consumpt...
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Most blockchain systems currently adopt resource-consuming protocols to achieve consensus between miners;for example,the Proof-of-Work(PoW)and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant(PBFT)schemes,which have a high consumption of computing/communication resources and usually require reliable communications with bounded ***,these protocols may be unsuitable for Internet of Things(IoT)networks because the IoT devices are usually lightweight,battery-operated,and deployed in an unreliable wireless ***,this paper studies an efficient consensus protocol for blockchain in IoT networks via reinforcement ***,the consensus protocol in this work is designed on the basis of the Proof-of-Communication(PoC)scheme directly in a single-hop wireless network with unreliable communications.A distributed MultiAgent Reinforcement Learning(MARL)algorithm is proposed to improve the efficiency and fairness of consensus for miners in the blockchain *** this algorithm,each agent uses a matrix to depict the efficiency and fairness of the recent consensus and tunes its actions and rewards carefully in an actor-critic framework to seek effective *** results from the simulation show that the fairness of consensus in the proposed algorithm is guaranteed,and the efficiency nearly reaches a centralized optimal solution.
Metaverse-based virtual worlds can provide users with an immersive digital experience by utilizing extended reality, IoT, 6G communication, and computing technology. Unlike the multiverse, in which users can access on...
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Automatic image annotation systems are employed to describe the visual content of images via tag assignment. Most of these image description systems use deep convolutional neural networks as feature extractors or mult...
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The Graph isomorphism problem involves determining whether two graphs are isomorphic and the computational complexity required for this *** general,the problem is not known to be solvable in polynomial time,nor to be ...
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The Graph isomorphism problem involves determining whether two graphs are isomorphic and the computational complexity required for this *** general,the problem is not known to be solvable in polynomial time,nor to be *** this paper,by analyzing the algebraic properties of the adjacency matrices of the undirected graph,we first established the connection between graph isomorphism and matrix row and column interchanging ***,we prove that for undirected graphs,the complexity in determining whether two graphs are isomorphic is at most O(n^(3)).
Quantum computers have the potential to provide exponential speedups over their classical counterparts. Quantum principles are being applied to fields such as communications, information processing, and artificial int...
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Skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer globally,primarily due to extensive exposure to Ultraviolet(UV)*** identification of skin cancer enhances the likelihood of effective treatment,as delays may lead to severe tum...
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Skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer globally,primarily due to extensive exposure to Ultraviolet(UV)*** identification of skin cancer enhances the likelihood of effective treatment,as delays may lead to severe tumor *** study proposes a novel hybrid deep learning strategy to address the complex issue of skin cancer diagnosis,with an architecture that integrates a Vision Transformer,a bespoke convolutional neural network(CNN),and an Xception *** were evaluated using two benchmark datasets,HAM10000 and Skin Cancer *** the HAM10000,the model achieves a precision of 95.46%,an accuracy of 96.74%,a recall of 96.27%,specificity of 96.00%and an F1-Score of 95.86%.It obtains an accuracy of 93.19%,a precision of 93.25%,a recall of 92.80%,a specificity of 92.89%and an F1-Score of 93.19%on the Skin Cancer ISIC *** findings demonstrate that the model that was proposed is robust and trustworthy when it comes to the classification of skin *** addition,the utilization of Explainable AI techniques,such as Grad-CAM visualizations,assists in highlighting the most significant lesion areas that have an impact on the decisions that are made by the model.
“Flying Ad Hoc Networks(FANETs)”,which use“Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)”,are developing as a critical mechanism for numerous applications,such as military operations and civilian *** dynamic nature of FANETs,wit...
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“Flying Ad Hoc Networks(FANETs)”,which use“Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)”,are developing as a critical mechanism for numerous applications,such as military operations and civilian *** dynamic nature of FANETs,with high mobility,quick node migration,and frequent topology changes,presents substantial hurdles for routing protocol *** the preceding few years,researchers have found that machine learning gives productive solutions in routing while preserving the nature of FANET,which is topology change and high *** paper reviews current research on routing protocols and Machine Learning(ML)approaches applied to FANETs,emphasizing developments between 2021 and *** research uses the PRISMA approach to sift through the literature,filtering results from the SCOPUS database to find 82 relevant *** research study uses machine learning-based routing algorithms to beat the issues of high mobility,dynamic topologies,and intermittent connection in *** compared with conventional routing,it gives an energy-efficient and fast decision-making solution in a real-time environment,with greater fault tolerance *** protocols aim to increase routing efficiency,flexibility,and network stability using ML’s predictive and adaptive *** comprehensive review seeks to integrate existing information,offer novel integration approaches,and recommend future research topics for improving routing efficiency and flexibility in ***,the study highlights emerging trends in ML integration,discusses challenges faced during the review,and discusses overcoming these hurdles in future research.
Scanning microscopy systems, such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy, are powerful imaging tools for probing deep into biological tissue. However, scanning systems have an inherent trade-off between acquisition ti...
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The UAV-assisted wireless network is envisioned as a key player in the sixth generation (6G) wireless systems. One of the most challenging tasks to make it practically viable is to deploy UAVs considering user density...
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Machine learning models are the backbone of smart grid optimization, but their effectiveness hinges on access to vast amounts of training data. However, smart grids face critical communication bottlenecks due to the e...
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