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arXiv 2025年

作者： Xia, Xiaobo Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Jiale Fang, Kuai Lu, Lu Oymak, Samet Currie, William S. Liu, Tongliang School of Computer Science University of Sydney Australia Department of Statistics and Data Science Yale University United States Michigan Institute for Data and AI in Society University of Michigan United States School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan United States College of Information Science and Technology Penn State University United States Department of Earth System Science Stanford University United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan United States

Water quality is foundational to environmental sustainability, ecosystem resilience, and public health. Deep learning models, particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, offer trans-formative potential for large-scale water quality prediction and scientific insights generation. However, their widespread adoption in high-stakes decision-making, such as pollution mitigation and equitable resource allocation, is prevented by unresolved trustworthiness challenges including fairness, uncertainty, interpretability, robustness, generalizability, and reproducibility. In this work, we present the first comprehensive evaluation of trustworthiness in a continental-scale multi-task LSTM model predicting 20 water quality variables (encompassing physical/chemical processes, geochemical weathering, and nutrient cycling) across 482 U.S. basins. Our investigation uncovers systematic patterns of model performance disparities linked to basin characteristics, the inherent complexity of biogeochemical processes, and variable predictability, emphasizing critical performance fairness concerns. We further propose methodological frameworks for quantitatively evaluating critical aspects of trustworthiness, including uncertainty, interpretability, and robustness, identifying key limitations that could challenge reliable real-world deployment. This work serves as a timely call to action for advancing trustworthy data-driven methods for water resources management and provides a pathway to offering critical insights for researchers, decision-makers, and practitioners seeking to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) responsibly in environmental management. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Resource allocation

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Enabling All-to-Circular Polarization Up-Conversion by Nonlinear Chiral Metasurfaces with Rotational Symmetry

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Physical Review Letters 2025年第2期134卷 023804-023804页

作者： Dmitrii Gromyko Jun Siang Loh Jiangang Feng Cheng-Wei Qiu Lin Wu Science Mathematics and Technology (SMT) Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) 8 Somapah Road 487372 Singapore Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 3 117583 Singapore Singapore Institute of High Performance Computing ASTAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research) 1 Fusionopolis Way No. 16-16 Connexis 138632 Singapore Singapore

We introduce a stacking strategy to design nonlinear chiral metasurfaces with high rotational symmetry, enabling degenerate quasi-bound-in-the-continuum resonances of absolute chirality. This symmetry allows for converting a circularly polarized pump into a circularly polarized nonlinear signal. Consequently, our rotation-symmetric bilayered metasurface design, tailored to respond solely to one specific circular polarization, can up-convert a linear or arbitrary polarized pump into circularly polarized nonlinear signals. The intensity ratios of these signals scale as the fourth (second) power of the chiral resonance amplitude for the second (third) harmonic.

关键词： Circular polarization

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The NeRF Signature: Codebook-Aided Watermarking for Neural Radiance Fields

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Luo, Ziyuan Rocha, Anderson Shi, Boxin Guo, Qing Li, Haoliang Wan, Renjie Department of Computer Science Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong Institute of Computing University of Campinas Brazil State Key Laboratory of Multimedia Information Processing and National Engineering Research Center of Visual Technology School of Computer Science Peking University Beijing100871 China A*STAR Singapore Department of Electrical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have been gaining attention as a significant form of 3D content representation. With the proliferation of NeRF-based creations, the need for copyright protection has emerged as a critical issue. Although some approaches have been proposed to embed digital watermarks into NeRF, they often neglect essential model-level considerations and incur substantial time overheads, resulting in reduced imperceptibility and robustness, along with user inconvenience. In this paper, we extend the previous criteria for image watermarking to the model level and propose NeRF Signature, a novel watermarking method for NeRF. We employ a Codebook-aided Signature Embedding (CSE) that does not alter the model structure, thereby maintaining imperceptibility and enhancing robustness at the model level. Furthermore, after optimization, any desired signatures can be embedded through the CSE, and no fine-tuning is required when NeRF owners want to use new binary signatures. Then, we introduce a joint pose-patch encryption watermarking strategy to hide signatures into patches rendered from a specific viewpoint for higher robustness. In addition, we explore a Complexity-Aware Key Selection (CAKS) scheme to embed signatures in high visual complexity patches to enhance imperceptibility. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms other baseline methods in terms of imperceptibility and robustness. The source code is available at: https://***/luo-ziyuan/NeRF_Signature. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Image watermarking

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Real-Time Speech Emotion Recognition Using Hybrid Transformer Networks for Mental Health Monitoring

Real-Time Speech Emotion Recognition Using Hybrid Transforme...

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Multi-Agent Systems for Collaborative Intelligence (ICMSCI), International Conference on

作者： P. Janani Durga C. H. Hussaian Basha Nelson Kennedy Babu Christopher S. Senthilkumar N. Rathina Kumar M. Kavitha Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering SR University Hanumakonda Telangana India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science SNS College of Engineering Coimbatore Tamilnadu India

ISBN: (数字)9798331509828

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509835

This study proposes a hybrid method to multi dialect speech recognition using the transfer learning with transformer-based architecture. The primary objective of this method is to enhance the automatic speech recognition (ASR) across the different dialectal variations of specific language. The transfer learning methods are utilized to modify the base model that was trained on high resource language to manage the multiple dialects with limited labelled data for each dialect. This is achieved by using pre trained transformer methods such as Wav2Vec2.0 and Whisper. An approach which employs dialect specific embeddings is presented. It enables the method to capture data and differentiate between prosodic elements and phonetic that are distinctive to a variety of dialects. data augmentation technique are utilized in order to overcome the limited availability of labelled data for low resource dialects. These methods are utilized to increase the efficiency of training set and enhance the robustness of the method. Evaluation of the method is carried out using multi dialect speech datasets which include Arabic MGB-3 and common voice. These datasets represent a variety of dialects that are spoken in various linguistic regions. The result of this study indicates that the transformer-based method is effective in managing difficulties of dialectal variances while the reliability is reduced on different datasets. Different real-world applications are provided by the proposed method for improving voice enabled applications. Furthermore, this method leads the way for the development of ASR method that are more accurate and independent in locations that have a significant linguistic variation.

关键词： Measurement Training Emotion recognition Accuracy Virtual assistants Transfer learning Mental health Transformers Real-time systems Monitoring

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Wireless Communication with Flexible Reflector: Joint Placement and Rotation Optimization for Coverage Enhancement

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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025年

作者： Lu, Haiquan Yu, Zhi Zeng, Yong Ma, Shaodan Jin, Shi Zhang, Rui Southeast University National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Nanjing210096 China University of Macau State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering China Purple Mountain Laboratories Nanjing211111 China The Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data Guangdong Shenzhen518172 China National University of Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Singapore117583 Singapore

Passive metal reflectors for communication enhancement have appealing advantages such as ultra low cost, zero energy expenditure, maintenance-free operation, long life span, and full compatibility with legacy wireless systems. To unleash the full potential of passive reflectors for wireless communications, this paper proposes a new passive reflector architecture, termed flexible reflector (FR), for enabling the flexible adjustment of beamforming direction via the FR placement and rotation optimization. We consider the multi-FR aided area coverage enhancement and aim to maximize the minimum expected receive power over all locations within the target coverage area, by jointly optimizing the placement positions and rotation angles of multiple FRs. To gain useful insights, the special case of movable reflector (MR) with fixed rotation is first studied to maximize the expected receive power at a target location, where the optimal single-MR placement positions for electrically large and small reflectors are derived in closed-form, respectively. It is shown that the reflector should be placed at the specular reflection point for electrically large reflector. While for area coverage enhancement, the optimal placement is obtained for the single-MR case and a sequential placement algorithm is proposed for the multi-MR case. Moreover, for the general case of FR, joint placement and rotation design is considered for the single-/multi-FR aided coverage enhancement, respectively. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate significant performance gains of FRs over various benchmark schemes under different practical setups in terms of receive power enhancement. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Beamforming

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MedVLM-R1: Incentivizing Medical Reasoning Capability of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) via Reinforcement Learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Pan, Jiazhen Liu, Che Wu, Junde Liu, Fenglin Zhu, Jiayuan Li, Hongwei Bran Chen, Chen Ouyang, Cheng Rueckert, Daniel TUM University Hospital Germany Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford United Kingdom Data Science Institute Imperial College London United Kingdom Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School United States School of Computer Science University of Sheffield United Kingdom Department of Computing Imperial College London United Kingdom

Reasoning is a critical frontier for advancing medical image analysis, where transparency and trustworthiness play a central role in both clinician trust and regulatory approval. Although Medical Visual Language Models (VLMs) show promise for radiological tasks, most existing VLMs merely produce final answers without revealing the underlying reasoning. To address this gap, we introduce MedVLM-R1, a medical VLM that explicitly generates natural language reasoning to enhance transparency and trustworthiness. Instead of relying on supervised fine-tuning (SFT), which often suffers from overfitting to training distributions and fails to foster genuine reasoning, MedVLM-R1 employs a reinforcement learning framework that incentivizes the model to discover human-interpretable reasoning paths without using any reasoning references. Despite limited training data (600 visual question answering samples) and model parameters (2B), MedVLM-R1 boosts accuracy from 55.11% to 78.22% across MRI, CT, and X-ray benchmarks, outperforming larger models trained on over a million samples. It also demonstrates robust domain generalization under out-of-distribution tasks. By unifying medical image analysis with explicit reasoning, MedVLM-R1 marks a pivotal step toward trustworthy and interpretable AI in clinical practice. Inference model is available at: https://***/JZPeterPan/ MedVLM-R1. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

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Game-Theoretic Incentive Mechanism for Blockchain-Based Federated Learning

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IEEE Transactions on Mobile computing 2025年

作者： Tang, Wenzheng Liu, Erwu Ni, Wei Qu, Xinyu Huang, Butian Li, Kezhi Niyato, Dusit Jamalipour, Abbas Tongji University College of Electronics and Information Engineering Shanghai201804 China Tongji University Department of Ophthalmology Tongji Hospital School of Medicine China University of Technology Sydney School of Electrical and Data Engineering NSW2007 Australia Hangzhou Yunphant Network Technology Co. Ltd. Hangzhou China University College London Institute of Health Informatics LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom College of Computing and Data Science 639798 Singapore University of Sydney School of Electrical and Computer Engineering NSW2006 Australia

Blockchain-based federated learning (BFL) has gained attention for its potential to establish decentralized trust. While existing research primarily focuses on personalized frameworks for various applications, essential aspects including incentive mechanisms—critical for ensuring stable system operation—remain under-explored. To bridge this gap, we propose a game-theoretic incentive mechanism designed to foster active participation in BFL tasks. Specifically, we model a BFL system comprising a model owner (MO), i.e., task publisher, multiple miners, and training terminals, framing their interactions through two-tier Stackelberg games. In the first-tier game, the MO designs reward strategies to incentivize training terminals to contribute more data, enhancing model accuracy. The second-tier game introduces a multi-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game, enabling miners to set model packaging prices based on competitors' strategies and anticipated user behavior. By deriving the Stackelberg equilibrium, we identify optimal strategies for all participants, leading to an incentive mechanism balancing individual interests with overall performance. Compared to its benchmarks, our incentive mechanism offers 5.8% and 53.4% higher utilities in the two games compared to its alternatives, accelerating convergence and improving accuracy. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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Hybrid Beamforming Optimization in Millimeter Wave MIMO Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Based Deep Reinforcement Learning

Hybrid Beamforming Optimization in Millimeter Wave MIMO Usin...

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Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS), IEEE International Conference on

作者： Rame Riadhusin Sudhakar K D. Bhanu Prakash S. Senthil Kumar Rajasubha J Department of Computers Techniques Engineering College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University Najaf Iraq Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Bengaluru India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering CVR College of Engineering Hyderabad India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering and Technology Chennai India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering Technology Mamallapuram India

ISBN: (数字)9798331508456

ISBN: (纸本)9798331508463

In recent years, the rapid growth of Hybrid Beamforming (HB) technology has developed rapidly to improve high spectrum efficiency and data transmission in wireless communication systems. Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems are integrated with HB to encourage wireless network performance by improving signal quality. However, combination of digital and analog beamforming increases hardware complexity and quantization errors in multiple streams. Hence, this research proposes Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based hybrid beamforming optimization framework to learn relevant Channel State Information (CSI) by learning complex non-linear relationships and beam forming weights dynamically. Initially, Deep Multiple Input Multiple Output (Deep MIMO) dataset which consists of channel measurements and capacity to receive and transmit signal processing is used. After that, preprocessing is performed using Amplitude Scaling (AS) for signal compression and Phase Normalization (PN) to reduce phase noise in multiple frequencies. Finally, Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)-based DRL model is used to perform HB optimization through adaptive learning policy by improving sum rate and spectral efficiency while reducing quantization errors. Proposed method results with the Sum-rate (5.35 bps/HZ), Accuracy (99.26%) and Inference time (0.03 sec) when compared with existing CNN-Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (CNNBiLSTM).

关键词： Quantization (signal) Array signal processing Spectral efficiency Transmitting antennas Receiving antennas Deep reinforcement learning MIMO Millimeter wave communication Integrated circuit modeling Optimization

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Autonomous Decision-Making in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Double Deep Q-Learning and Multi-Agent Collaboration

Autonomous Decision-Making in Cyber-Physical Systems Using D...

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Advancement in Computation & computer Technologies (InCACCT), International Conference on

作者： Divyabarathi P Anbarasan R. Vasanthi R B. Leena Akshya J M. Sundarrajan Mani Deepak Choudhry Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Erode Tamil Nadu India Department of Information Technology KGiSL Institute of Technology Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bharathidasan Engineering College Thirupathur Tamil Nadu India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering KGiSL Institute of Technology Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India Department of Computational Intelligence SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India Department of Networking and Communications SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India Department of Computing Technologies SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India

ISBN: (数字)9798331543891

ISBN: (纸本)9798331543907

The autonomous decision-making capabilities of cyber-physical systems (CPS) establish key elements that optimize the management of resources while distributing tasks and maximizing system operational efficiency. Deep Q-Learning (DQN) represents one approach along with Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) and Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) that demonstrates capability in handling decision tasks. The existing models face multiple implementation challenges including inaccurate Q-value estimations weak multi-agent relationships and restricted scalability for dynamic systems. The inadequate performance of present methods for energy efficiency and latency alongside poor collaborative coordination led to the necessity of developing a new approach. The new framework DDQN-MAC takes double-deep Q-Learning and combines it with multi-agent collaboration technology to enhance decision-making abilities specific to challenging environments. The method solves overestimation bias through separate action selection and evaluation processes that use multi-agent collaboration for dynamic task distribution and resource control. The designed model demonstrates enhanced performance in multiple critical evaluation measures. Benchmarks indicate that DDQN-MAC attained a superior completion rate of 95.4% while demonstrating reduced latency performance at 12.5 ms versus the other methods DQN (18.7 ms) and Multi-Agent PPO (92.3%). The research provides fundamental groundwork to guide upcoming investigations in hybrid model development while advancing complex multi-agent system capabilities for enhanced autonomous navigational choices within variable operational environments.

关键词： Q-learning Decision making Collaboration Estimation Cyber-physical systems Dynamic scheduling Energy efficiency Resource management Vehicle dynamics Optimization

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Correction: Harnessing AI for sustainable higher education: ethical considerations, operational efficiency, and future directions

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Discover Sustainability 2025年第1期6卷 1-2页

作者： Khan, Sunawar Mazhar, Tehseen Shahzad, Tariq Khan, Muhammad Amir Rehman, Ateeq Ur Saeed, Mamoon M. Hamam, Habib Department of Software Engineering Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalnagar Pakistan School of Computer Science National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore Pakistan Department of Computer Science School Education Department Government of Punjab Layyah Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal Pakistan School of Computing Sciences College of Computing Informatics and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Malaysia School of Computing Gachon University Seongnam Republic of Korea Department of Communications and Electronics Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Modern Sciences (UMS) Sana’a Yemen Faculty of Engineering Uni de Moncton Moncton Canada School of Electrical Engineering University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa International Institute of Technology and Management (IITG) Av. Grandes Ecoles Libreville BP 1989 Gabon Bridges for Academic Excellence-Spectrum Tunis Tunisia

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