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Sequential crystallization during the formation of bulk heterojunction in organic solar cells

science China materials 2025年第5期68卷 1686-1688页

作者： Xiaoxiao Jia Qifeng Zhang Guozhong Cao Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Dakota State University

A silicon solar cell with a power conversion efficiency (PCE)of 4% was born in Bell Lab in 1954, seven decades ago. Today,silicon solar cells have reached an efficiency above 25%and achieved pervasive commercial success [1]. In spite of the steady improvement in efficiency, the interest and enthusiasm in search for new materials and innovative device architectures for newgeneration solar cells have never diminished or subsided;

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From light sensing to adaptive learning:hafnium diselenide reconfigurable memcapacitive devices in neuromorphic computing

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Light(science & Applications) 2025年第1期14卷 215-226页

作者： Bashayr Alqahtani Hanrui Li Abdul Momin Syed Nazek El-Atab Electrical and Computer Engineering Program Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia Electrical Engineering Department College of EngineeringPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University(PNU)RiyadhSaudi Arabia

Advancements in neuromorphic computing have given an impetus to the development of systems with adaptive behavior,dynamic responses,and energy efficiency *** charge-based or emerging memory technologies such as memristors have been developed to emulate synaptic plasticity,replicating the key functionality of neurons—integrating diverse presynaptic inputs to fire electrical impulses—has remained *** this study,we developed reconfigurable metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors(MOSCaps)based on hafnium diselenide(HfSe2).The proposed devices exhibit(1)optoelectronic synaptic features and perform separate stimulus-associated learning,indicating considerable adaptive neuron emulation,(2)dual light-enabled charge-trapping and memcapacitive behavior within the same MOSCap device,whose threshold voltage and capacitance vary based on the light intensity across the visible spectrum,(3)memcapacitor volatility tuning based on the biasing conditions,enabling the transition from volatile light sensing to non-volatile optical data *** reconfigurability and multifunctionality of MOSCap were used to integrate the device into a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model within a spiking neural network to dynamically adjust firing patterns based on light stimuli and detect exoplanets through variations in light intensity.

关键词： integrate volatile integrating

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Wide field of view large aperture meta-doublet eyepiece

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Light(science & Applications) 2025年第1期14卷 167-176页

作者： Anna Wirth-Singh Johannes E.Fröch Fan Yang Louis Martin Hanyu Zheng Hualiang Zhang Quentin T.Tanguy Zhihao Zhou Luocheng Huang Demis DJohn Biljana Stamenic Juejun Hu Tian Gu Arka Majumdar Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MassachusettsLowellMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA

Wide field of view and light weight optics are critical for advanced eyewear,with applications in augmented/virtual reality and night *** refractive lenses are often stacked to correct aberrations at a wide field of view,leading to limited performance and increased size and *** particular,simultaneously achieving a wide field of view and large aperture for light collection is desirable but challenging to realize in a compact ***,we demonstrate a wide field of view(greater than 60°)meta-optic doublet eyepiece with an entrance aperture of 2.1 *** the design wavelength of 633 nm,the meta-optic doublet achieves comparable performance to a refractive lens-based eyepiece *** meta-doublet eyepiece illustrates the potential for meta-optics to play an important role in the development of high-quality monochrome near-eye displays and night vision systems.

关键词： optics refractive illustrate

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Polarization-encodable photonic memory cells using nextgeneration 2D phase-change materials

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Nano Research 2025年第3期18卷 510-518页

作者： Amin Shafiee Linhong Chen Mahdi Nikdast Jie Yao Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA

Integration of phase-change materials(PCMs)created a unique opportunity to implement reconfigurable photonics devices that their performance can be tuned depending on the target *** PCMs such as Ge-Sb-Te(GST)and Ge-Sb-Se-Te(GSST)rely on melt-quench and high temperature annealing processes to change the organization of the molecules in the materials’*** a reorganization leads to different optical,electrical,and thermal properties which can be exploited to implement photonic memory cells that are able to store the data at different resistance or optical transmission *** the great promise of conventional PCMs for realizing reconfigurable photonic memories,their slow and extremely power-hungry thermal mechanisms make scaling the systems based on such devices *** addition,such materials do not offer a stable multi-level response over a long period of *** address these shortcomings,the research carried out in this study shows the proof of concept to implement next-generation photonic memory cells based on two-dimensional(2D)birefringence PCMs such as SnSe,which offer anisotropic optical properties that can be switched *** demonstrate that by leveraging the ultrafast and low-power crystallographic direction change of the material,the optical polarization state of the input optical signal can be *** enables the implementation of next-generation high-speed polarization-encodable photonic memory cells for future photonic computing *** to the conventional PCMs,the proposed SnSe-based photonic memory cells offer an ultrafast switching and low-loss optical response relying on ferroelectric property of SnSe to encode the data on the polarization state of the input optical *** a polarization encoding scheme also reduces memory read-out errors and alleviates the scalability limitations due to the optical insertion loss often seen in optical transmission encoding.

关键词： ferroelectric materials phase-change materials photonic memory optical storage cells polarization encodable photonic memories optical polarization

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Variable-Length Feedback Codes Over Known and Unknown Channels With Non-Vanishing Error Probabilities

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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 2025年第5期71卷 3271-3286页

作者： Yavas, Recep Can Tan, Vincent Y. F. Descartes Program CNRS@CREATE 138602 Singapore National University of Singapore Department of Computer Science Queenstown 117417 Singapore National University of Singapore Department of Mathematics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Queenstown 119077 Singapore

We study variable-length feedback (VLF) codes with noiseless feedback for discrete memoryless channels. We present a novel non-asymptotic bound, which analyzes the average error probability and average decoding time of our modified Yamamoto-Itoh scheme. We then optimize the parameters of our code in the asymptotic regime where the average error probability ∈ remains a constant as the average decoding time N approaches infinity. Our second-order achievability bound is an improvement of Polyanskiy et al.’s (2011) achievability bound. We also develop a universal VLF code that does not rely on the knowledge of the underlying channel parameters. Our universal VLF code employs the empirical mutual information as its decoding metric and universalizes the code by Polyanskiy et al. (2011). We derive a second-order achievability bound for universal VLF codes. Our results for both VLF and universal VLF codes are extended to the additive white Gaussian noise channel with an average power constraint. The former yields an improvement over Truong and Tan’s (2017) achievability bound. The proof of our results for universal VLF codes uses a refined version of the method of types and an asymptotic expansion from the nonlinear renewal theory literature. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： White noise

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Enhancing waste sorting and recycling efficiency: robust deep learning-based approach for classification and detection

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第6期37卷 4567-4583页

作者： Sayem, Faizul Rakib Islam, Md. Sakib Bin Naznine, Mansura Nashbat, Mohammad Hasan-Zia, Mazhar Kunju, Ali K Ansaruddin Khandakar, Amith Ashraf, Azad Majid, Molla Ehsanul Kashem, Saad Bin Abul Chowdhury, Muhammad E. H. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Biomedical Engineering Military Institute of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Computer Science & Engineering Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Rajshahi6204 Bangladesh Chemical Engineering Department University of Doha for Science and Technology Doha Qatar Department of Electrical Engineering Qatar University Doha2713 Qatar Computer Applications Department Academic Bridge Program Qatar Foundation Doha Qatar Department of Computing Science AFG College With the University of Aberdeen Doha Qatar

Given the severity of waste pollution as a major environmental concern, intelligent and sustainable waste management is becoming increasingly crucial in both developed and developing countries. The material composition and volume of urban solid waste are key considerations in processing, managing, and utilizing city waste. Deep learning technologies have emerged as viable solutions to address waste management issues by reducing labor costs and automating complex tasks. However, the limited number of trash image categories and the inadequacy of existing datasets have constrained the proper evaluation of machine learning model performance across a large number of waste classes. In this paper, we present robust waste image classification and object detection studies using deep learning models, utilizing 28 distinct recyclable categories of waste images comprising a total of 10,406 images. For the waste classification task, we proposed a novel dual-stream network that outperformed several state-of-the-art models, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 83.11%. Additionally, we introduced the GELAN-E (generalized efficient layer aggregation network) model for waste object detection tasks, obtaining a mean average precision (mAP50) of 63%, surpassing other state-of-the-art detection models. These advancements demonstrate significant progress in the field of intelligent waste management, paving the way for more efficient and effective solutions. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Deep learning for waste management Intelligent waste management Object detection in waste management Sustainable waste processing Urban solid waste Waste image classification

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Lithium Niobate Microphone With High SNR Potential

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第10期25卷 18115-18122页

作者： Niu, Xiaoyu Chulukhadze, Vakhtang Liu, Zihuan Vatankhah, Ehsan Wang, Yinan Meng, Yuqi Matto, Lezli Goorsky, Mark S. Lu, Ruochen Hall, Neal A. The University of Texas at Austin Chandra Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering AustinTX78712 United States University of California at Los Angeles Department of Materials Science and Engineering Los AngelesCA90095 United States

A bimorph lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) transducer has been proposed as a microphone. Surface electrodes sense the lateral in-plane electric field in thin LN films resulting from out-of-plane deformation due to acoustic pressure. The bimorph is implemented using LN films with opposing polarization, achieved with a wafer bonding approach. The article summarizes our work on an LN microphone using an LN diaphragm with 300~\mu m thickness and a quarter-inch diameter. Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurements are performed using piezoelectric excitation of the diaphragm to characterize mode shapes of the diaphragm. Pitch-catch acoustic measurements are performed in the air using tone burst waveforms. We characterized acoustic sensitivity and noise floor. Lumped element and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to predict the acoustical performance. This is the first work demonstrating LN material in microphone applications. We ultimately envision using a bimorph LN film with 2 μm thickness in total on the silicon substrate, where an approximately 1x 1 mm diaphragm is formed via a backside through wafer etch. A rigorous lumped element model is used to simulate the LN microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microphone with a 73.58-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Improving MEMS microphone SNR beyond the current state-of-the-art is challenging. LN microphones may be a viable path. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Wafer bonding

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Design Study Evaluating Impact of Gap Loss on Nanocrystalline Inductor Cores with Experimental Validation 14

Design Study Evaluating Impact of Gap Loss on Nanocrystallin...

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14th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC 2025

作者： Sturdivant, Maurice Grainger, Brandon Bracken, Christopher Ohodnicki, Paul University of Pittsburgh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering United States University of Pittsburgh Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331516116

As electric vehicle (EV) technology matures, the need for compact and efficient power electronics will continue to grow. To increase power density and efficiency, it is ideal to minimize the size and power loss of components, including inductors. A standard inductor design technique is placing an air gap in the magnetic core, allowing designers to tune the inductance and allow higher levels of magnetic field without saturation. The inclusion of gaps can increase the total magnetic core loss beyond those predicted by common models such as the Steinmetz equation, creating the need for accurate gap loss models. In this study, the losses of a nanocrystalline inductor core are experimentally measured and compared to an existing gap loss model, showing significant agreement with predicted values. The model was then integrated into a multi-objective optimization framework to evaluate the fitness of nanocrystalline cores against ferrite cores at different switching frequencies. This work finds that gap losses can increase the total loss of nanocrystalline inductors by up to an order of magnitude as frequency increases, implying that consideration of gap losses is vital to selecting the appropriate core material for design applications. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Magnetic cores

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Solidly Mounted Scandium Aluminum Nitride on Acoustic Bragg Reflector Platforms at 14–20 GHz

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IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 2025年第5期72卷 656-662页

作者： Anderson, Ian Barrera, Omar Ravi, Nishanth Matto, Lezli Saha, Kapil Dasgupta, Supratik Campbell, Joshua Kramer, Jack Kwon, Eugene Hsu, Tzu-Hsuan Cho, Sinwoo Simeoni, Pietro Hou, Jue Rinaldi, Matteo Goorsky, Mark S. Lu, Ruochen The University of Texas at Austin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering AustinTX78712 United States University of California at Los Angeles Department of Materials Science and Engineering Los AngelesCA90095 United States Northeastern University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BostonMA02115 United States Bühler Leybold Optics CaryNC27511 United States

This article reports the first groups of low-loss acoustic solidly mounted resonators (SMRs) and acoustic delay lines (ADLs) at 14–20 GHz. Bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) are confined in thin-film scandium aluminum nitride (ScAlN) on top of dielectric acoustic Bragg reflectors, consisting of alternating silicon dioxide with tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5/SiO2) or niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5/SiO2) on Si carrier wafers. Stack material parameters are extracted via high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR). The simulation and experiment show confinement for longitudinal BAW from 14 to 20 GHz. ADLs show high propagation Q above 478 and 171 for Ta2O5/SiO2 and Nb2O5/SiO2, respectively. SMRs in both stacks perform similarly, showing coupling coefficient (k2) of 2.0%, series Q (Qs) of 156, and parallel Q (Qp) values of 140 for Ta2O5/SiO2, while k2 of 2.4%, Qs of 140, and Qp of 109 for Nb2O5/SiO2, both at 18.6 GHz. Upon development, ScAlN solidly mounted platforms will enable signal processing elements with better power handling. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Silicon wafers

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Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum-Doped ZnO Nanorods for Biosensor Applications

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第10期25卷 16648-16657页

作者： Chou, Hsin-Yu Chen, Yu-Wei Yu, Chang-Tze Ricky Chen, Jo-Mei Maureen Chiang, Wei-Hsiang Singh, Anoop Kumar Kung, Po-Kai Chiang, Jung-Lung Wuu, Dong-Sing National Chung Hsing University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Taichung40227 Taiwan National Chi Nan University Department of Applied Chemistry Nantou54561 Taiwan National Chi Nan University Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering Nantou54561 Taiwan National Chin-Yi University of Technology Graduate Institute Prospective Technology of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Taichung411030 Taiwan

In this study, we prepared various aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) surface structures via chemical bath deposition (CBD) for use in biomedical sensors. Indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive films were deposited on glass substrates via electron beam evaporation, and AZO nanorods were subsequently grown on the ITO layer using CBD at a bath temperature of 90 °C. The AZO/ITO sensor electrode was further optimized through furnace annealing, improving its structural and electrical properties. This nanostructure enhances the ability of biomedical sensor films to adsorb H+ and OH- ions by increasing the reactive surface area between the film and the solution under test, thereby improving pH sensitivity. In addition, we used an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) module to measure glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 mg/ml, achieving sensitivity values of 55.4 mV/pH and 8.07 mA/mg·ml-1. These findings have significant implications for the future development of blood glucose monitoring and microenvironmental sensing systems. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Nanorods

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