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arXiv 2025年

作者： Yang, Jingyun Yin, Ruoyan Avery Jiang, Chi Hu, Yuepeng Zhu, Xiaokai Hu, Xingjian Kumar, Sutharsika Wang, Xiao Zhai, Xiaohua Rong, Keran Zhu, Yunyue Zhang, Tianyi Yin, Zongyou Kong, Jing Gong, Neil Zhenqiang Ren, Zhichu Wang, Haozhe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University United States School of Computing National University of Singapore Singapore Google Deepmind United Kingdom Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States School of Chemistry Australian National University Australia Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States

Characterization of atomic-scale materials traditionally requires human experts with months to years of specialized training. Even for trained human operators, accurate and reliable characterization remains challenging when examining newly discovered materials such as two-dimensional (2D) structures. This bottleneck drives demand for fully autonomous experimentation systems capable of comprehending research objectives without requiring large training datasets. In this work, we present ATOMIC (Autonomous Technology for Optical Microscopy & Intelligent Characterization), an end-to-end framework that integrates foundation models to enable fully autonomous, zero-shot characterization of 2D materials. Our system integrates the vision foundation model (i.e., Segment Anything Model), large language models (i.e., ChatGPT), unsupervised clustering, and topological analysis to automate microscope control, sample scanning, image segmentation, and intelligent analysis through prompt engineering, eliminating the need for additional training. When analyzing typical MoS2 samples, our approach achieves 99.7% segmentation accuracy for single layer identification, which is equivalent to that of human experts. In addition, the integrated model is able to detect grain boundary slits that are challenging to identify with human eyes. Furthermore, the system retains robust accuracy despite variable conditions including defocus, color temperature fluctuations, and exposure variations. It is applicable to a broad spectrum of common 2D materials—including graphene, MoS2, WSe2, SnSe—regardless of whether they were fabricated via top-down or bottom-up methods. This work represents the implementation of foundation models to achieve autonomous analysis, establishing a scalable and data-efficient characterization paradigm that fundamentally transforms the approach to nanoscale materials research. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Layered semiconductors

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Convergent effects of peptides on the initiation of feeding motor programs in the mollusk Aplysia

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Journal of Neurophysiology 2025年第5期133卷 1368-1379页

作者： Evans, Colin G. Barry, Michael A. Reaver, Carrie N. Patel, Paras R. Chestek, Cynthia A. Perkins, Matthew H. Jing, Jian Cropper, Elizabeth C. Department of Neuroscience Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Biointerfaces Institute University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Neurosciences Program Robotics Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute for Brain Sciences Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology Advanced Institute for Life Sciences School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China

Neuropeptides configure the feeding network of Aplysia. For example, egestive activity is promoted by small cardioactive peptide (SCP), and ingestive activity is promoted by a combination of feeding circuit activating peptide (FCAP) and cerebral peptide 2 (CP-2). In addition, SCP and FCAP/CP-2 have a common network effect that does not contribute to motor program specification. They increase the excitability of an interneuron, B63. In this report, we further characterized the effects of peptides on B63. We performed voltage-clamp experiments and used a step protocol to look at steady-state currents. We found that SCP and FCAP/CP-2 both induced an inward current that was virtually absent in low-sodium saline. Previous work has established that B63 is unusual in the feeding circuit in that subthreshold depolarizations are autonomously generated that can trigger motor programs. Here, we show that this autonomous activity is more frequent in the presence of peptides. Previous studies have also shown that activity of the feeding central pattern generator (CPG) can be initiated by neurons that excite B63, e.g., by cerebral buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2), a projection neuron that triggers biting-like motor programs. Here, we show that the latency of CBI-2-induced activity is decreased by stimulation of the esophageal nerve (EN) (which releases endogenous SCP). These results, taken together with previous results, indicate that peptides that act divergently to configure network activity additionally act convergently to promote motor program induction. We present data that suggest that this arrangement facilitates brief switches between ingestive and egestive motor activity. © 2025 The Authors.

关键词： central pattern generator invertebrate modulation motor program neuropeptide

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Strong long-wave infrared optical response in a topological semiconductor with a Mexican-hat band structure

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Physical Review B 2025年第8期111卷 085101-085101页

作者： Mark J. Polking Haowei Xu Raman Sankar Kevin Grossklaus Ju Li Advanced Materials and Microsystems Group Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory Lexington Massachusetts 02421 USA Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA

Light sources and photodetectors operating in the far- to midinfrared (FIR/MIR) band (8–12 µm, 0.15–0.1 eV) remain relatively poorly developed compared to their counterparts operating in the visible and near-infrared ranges, despite extensive application potential for thermal imaging, standoff sensing, and other technologies. This is attributable in part to the lack of narrow-gap materials (<0.1 eV) with high optical gain and absorption. In this work, a narrow-gap semiconductor, Pb0.7Sn0.3Se, is demonstrated to exhibit an optical response >10× larger than that of HgxCd1−xTe (MCT), the dominant material for FIR/MIR photodetectors. A previous theoretical investigation indicated that chalcogen p and metal d band inversion in this material creates a Mexican hat band structure (MHBS), which results in a dramatic increase in the joint density of states at the optical transition edge compared to typical semiconductors. This prediction is experimentally validated here using single-crystal specimens of Pb0.7Sn0.3Se measured using temperature-dependent spectroscopic ellipsometry over a wavelength range 1.7–20 µm (0.73–0.062 eV). These measurements demonstrate a large enhancement in extinction coefficient and refractive index, which are characteristic of a MHBS in the vicinity of the absorption edge, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The realization of topological semiconductors with a MHBS is expected to lead to high-efficiency detectors operating in the FIR/MIR range.

关键词： Spectroscopic ellipsometry

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Computational analysis of LiMgI 3 : a promising material for solar energy conversion †

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RSC Advances 2025年第23期15卷 17906-17932页

作者： Md. Raihan Kabir Nazmul Shahadath Md. Tarekuzzaman Md. Abu Bakkar Siddique O. Alsalmi Md. Rasheduzzaman Md Abdul Qader M. Moazzam Hossen Md. Zahid Hasan Materials Research and Simulation Lab Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering International Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Chittagong 4318 Bangladesh zahidhasan.02@*** Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering International Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Chittagong 4318 Bangladesh Department of Physics College of Science Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lamar University PO Box 10078 Beaumont TX 77710 USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering International Islamic University Chittagong Kumira Chittagong 4318 Bangladesh

This work employs density functional theory (DFT) using CASTEP to investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of cubic LiMgI 3 as an absorber material. The lattice parameters we examined match quite well with earlier theoretical results, and the phonon dispersion confirmed its dynamic stability. The electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) revealed that LiMgI 3 is a semiconductor, with band gaps of 1.162 eV using the GGA method and 1.922 eV using the HSE06 hybrid functional. Optical properties were evaluated within the photon energy range of 0–14 eV, key optical characteristics-such as absorption coefficient, reflectivity, refractive index, dielectric response, optical conductivity, and energy loss, all indicating excellent light-harvesting potential. To assess its device applicability, SCAPS-1D simulation software was used to model various solar cell architectures with LiMgI 3 as the absorber. A total of 60 configurations combining different electron transport layers (ETLs) such as WS 2 , IGZO, TiO 2 , ZnO, ZnS, and PCBM, and hole transport layers (HTLs) like Cu 2 O, CuO, CBTS, CuI, P3HT, PEDOT:PSS, CuSCN, Spiro-OMeTAD, PTAA, and CdTe were evaluated. The ITO/WS 2 /LiMgI 3 /Cu 2 O/Ni structure yielded the best performance, with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.73%, open circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 1.495 V, a short circuit current ( J SC ) of 15.78 mA cm −2 , and fill factor (FF) of 87.81%. This study analyzes how absorber and electron transport layer (ETL) thickness affect key photovoltaic parameters. It also examines the valence band offset (VBO) and conduction band offset (CBO) characteristics of different ETLs. The study further investigates the impact of series and shunt resistances, temperature, quantum efficiency (QE), capacitance–voltage ( C – V ) Characteristics, generation–recombination response, current density–voltage ( J – V ) characteristics, and impedance spectra on improving device performance. The exceptional

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FDAM: Filter-Dedicated Approximate Multiplier Design for Real-Time CNN Acceleration

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IEEE Transactions on computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 2025年

作者： Nguyen, Kihwan Kim Xuan Truong Jeon, Dongsuk Lee, Hyuk-Jae Korea Republic of program Department of Electrical Engineering Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center Seoul National University Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology Research Institute for Convergence Science Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Video super-resolution (VSR) is widely used in various high-definition applications, such as HDTVs and smartphones, requiring a dedicated upscaling technique for realtime full-HD generation. To reduce on-chip buffers for largesize output feature maps, a streaming VSR accelerator may employ an output stationary dataflow, leading to a large energy consumption caused by frequent filter switching. To mitigate this, we introduce a new filter-dedicated multiplier design for realtime VSR acceleration. We replace costly multipliers with adders, shifters, and multiplexers (MUXes), referred to as unified multiple constant multiplications (UMCM). The conventional UMCM, however, may incur considerable area/power overhead due to the unified topology constraint among different filter sets. To address this problem, we propose a new approximated MCM (AMCM) problem to relax the constraint and an approximate compatible graph synthesis (A-CGS) framework to efficiently solve AMCM by jointly searching for approximated filters and constructing a unified graph. Additionally, we suggest a lightweight finetuning method by freezing approximated filters and only finetuning biases, which can recover the original model’s accuracy within a few epochs. Experimental results with synthetic data demonstrate that AMCM reduces the area by up to 49.8%, 44.8%, and 40.3% when considering constant sets of 2, 4, and 8, respectively. Our designs with SR application achieve up to a 73.3% reduction in energy consumption. Experiments with the Set5 and Set14 datasets show that our model with bias correction achieves similar restoration performance compared to the eightbit models. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Acceleration

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Unraveling the transformation pathway of the β to γ phase transition in Ga2O3 from atomistic simulations

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Physical Review materials 2025年第1期9卷 014601-014601页

作者： Channyung Lee Michael A. Scarpulla Joel B. Varley Elif Ertekin Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois 61801 USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois 61801 USA

Defect spinel γ−Ga2O3 is the least stable polymorph of Ga2O3, so its frequent appearance as a structural defect within or on the surface of monoclinic β−Ga2O3 remains a mystery. Through first-principles calculations, we explore potential pathways for the phase transition from β−Ga2O3 to γ−Ga2O3, and examine two key driving forces: tensile strain and Ga deficiency. When configurational entropy contributions to phase energies are included, the γ phase becomes energetically competitive with the β phase, with the free energy difference between these phases diminishing even further under Ga-deficient conditions. Notably, a stability crossover occurs at room temperature at high vacancy concentrations ([VGa3−]>3%). A simple model β→γ transformation pathway is identified, comprising two primary reactions, that enables the formation of the γ phase via simultaneous migration of Ga atoms from tetrahedral lattice sites to octahedral interstitial positions. The transformation barriers are prohibitively large in pristine Ga2O3, but can be substantially reduced by: (1) the presence of Ga vacancies, (2) elongational strains along the crystallographic a-axis, and (3) when volumetric relaxations are possible during transformation. These results elucidate prior experimental observations, where γ−Ga2O3 is seen on damaged surfaces or in highly n-type β−Ga2O3 environments, which support Ga deficiency and mechanical strain. The insights into the driving forces and mechanisms of γ−Ga2O3 formation enhance understanding of how localized strain and nonequilibrium defect concentrations may facilitate its formation from the β phase.

关键词： Free energy

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Understanding Correlation Between Memory Window Closure, Leakage and Read Delay Effects for FEFET Reliability Improvement: Role of IL and FE Traps

Understanding Correlation Between Memory Window Closure, Lea...

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Annual International Symposium on Reliability Physics

作者： Priyankka Ravikumar Andrea Padovani Prasanna Venkatesan Chinsung Park Nashrah Afroze Mengkun Tian Suman Datta Shimeng Yu Luca Larcher Gaurav Thareja Asif Khan School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology GA USA Engineering Department “Enzo Ferrari” UNIMORE Italy Institute of Materials GA USA School of Material Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology GA USA Applied Materials

ISBN: (数字)9798331504779

ISBN: (纸本)9798331504786

Memory window (MW) closure, read delay, and gate leakage are three key reliability challenges in ferroelectric (FE) field-effect transistors (FEFETs), all of which have traditionally been analyzed separately. In this work, we exploit dedicated experiments and device simulations to present a detailed study of these three mechanisms in Si-FEFETs with a 10nm layer of FE HZO. The results reveal critical insights into the interplay between trap generation and polarization switching (PS), and the correlation between MW closure, read delay, and leakage current. First, we show that trap generation is accelerated by PS and initially (up to $5\times 10^{4}$ cycles) occurs mainly in the interfacial layer (IL). These PS induced traps are slow traps and are found to be responsible for both reduction in MW recovery with read delay and MW closure, demonstrating a strong correlation between the two mechanisms. Finally, we show that leakage current increase is controlled by the generation of HZO traps, which is triggered by internal field redistribution once IL is highly degraded (after MW closure). The engineering of FEFETs to minimize the formation of slow (de)trapping defects in the IL is essential to improve overall reliability of the FEFET device.

关键词： Degradation Electron traps Correlation Switches Reliability engineering Iron Delays Gate leakage FeFETs Stress

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Structural, magnetic, and mechanical properties enhancement in Mn-Zn ferrites via controlled lithium ion doping

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Physica B: Condensed Matter 2025年 713卷

作者： Torabi, Naeimeh Savabieh, Hamid Reza Elahi, Ali Atomic and Molecular Division Faculty of Physics Yazd University Yazd Iran Department of Materials Science Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran

In this work, lithium-doped manganese-zinc (Mn-Zn) ferrites were synthesized using a conventional solid-state route to investigate the effects of lithium (Li+) incorporation on their structural, magnetic, and mechanical properties. The main objective was to develop phase-pure and mechanically robust magnetic ceramics suitable for high-frequency applications. Ferrite compositions with various Li+ contents (x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1) were sintered under controlled atmosphere to promote densification and phase purity. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed spinel structure formation and the suppression of hematite as a secondary phase with increasing Li+. SEM results revealed enhanced microstructural uniformity, while mechanical tests showed a 28 % increase in flexural strength. Magnetic measurements indicated that saturation magnetization (Ms) increased from 60.8 to 78.4 emu/g with Li+ addition. These results demonstrate that controlled lithium doping is an effective strategy for tailoring both the magnetic and mechanical performance of Mn-Zn ferrite ceramics. © 2025

关键词： Saturation magnetization

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GHz-speed wavefront shaping metasurface modulators enabled by resonant electro-optic nanoantennas

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Dagli, Sahil Shim, Jiyong Delgado, Hamish Carr Balch, Halleh B. Abdollahramezani, Sajjad Chen, Chih-Yi Dolia, Varun Klopfer, Elissa Dixon, Jefferson Hu, Jack Ogunlade, Babatunde Song, Jung-Hwan Brongersma, Mark L. Barton, David Dionne, Jennifer A. Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials Stanford University StanfordCA United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University EvanstonIL United States

electrically tunable metasurfaces that control the amplitude and phase of light through biasing of nanoscale antennas present a route to compact, sub-micron thick modulator devices. However, most platforms face limitations in bandwidth, absolute optical efficiency, and tuning response. Here, we present electro-optically tunable metasurfaces capable of both GHz amplitude modulation and transmissive wavefront shaping in the telecom range. Our resonant electro-optic nanoantenna design consists of a silicon nanobar atop thin-film lithium niobate, with gold electrodes. The silicon nanobar is a periodically perturbed optical waveguide that supports high quality factor (Q > 1000) guided mode resonances excited with free space light. Applying a voltage bias to the lithium niobate tunes its refractive index, modulating the resonant behavior of the silicon nanobar through evanescent mode overlap. We demonstrate an absolute transmittance modulation of 7.1% with ±5 V applied voltage, and show the dependence of this modulation behavior on the resonance quality factor. We additionally study the electrode limitations on modulation bandwidth, demonstrating bandwidths exceeding 800 MHz. Finally, we show how this resonant antenna platform can be used to design wavefront shaping metasurfaces. We demonstrate a beamsplitting metasurface device, whose diffraction efficiency can be modulated with a bandwidth of 1.03 GHz. The high-speed modulation and wavefront control capabilities of this platform provide a foundation for compact, high bandwidth free space communications and sensing devices. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Light modulation

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A Two-stage Reconfiguration in Network Function Virtualization: Toward Service Function Chain Optimization

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IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 2025年

作者： Assis, Karcius D. R. Almeida, Raul C. Baghban, Hojjat Santos, Alex F. Boutaba, Raouf Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Salvador Brazil University of Waterloo David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science Canada Department of Electronics and Systems Recife Brazil Chang Gung University Department of Artificial Intelligence Taiwan Chang Gung University College of Intelligent Computing Taiwan Center of Science and Technology in Energy and Sustainability Brazil Postgraduate Program in Computer Science Bahia Brazil

Network Function Virtualization (NFV), as a promising paradigm, speeds up the service deployment by separating network functions from proprietary devices and deploying them on common servers in the form of software. Any service in NFV-enabled networks is achieved as a Service Function Chain (SFC) which consists of a series of ordered Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). However, migration of VNFs for more flexible services within a dynamic NFV-enabled network is a key challenge to be addressed. Current VNF migration studies mainly focus on single VNF migration decisions without considering the sharing and concurrent migration of VNF instances. In this paper, we assume that each deployed VNF is used by multiple SFCs and deal with the optimal placement for the contemporaneous migration of VNFs based on the actual network situation. We formalize the VNF migration and SFC reconfiguration problem as a mathematical model, which aims to minimize the VNF migration between nodes or the total number of core changes per node. The approach is a two-stage MILP based on optimal order to solve the reconfiguration. Extensive evaluation shows that the proposed approach can reduce the change in terms of location or number of cores per node in a 6-node and 14-node networks while ensuring network latency compared with the model without reconfiguration. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Network function virtualization

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