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Sterilizable vertical n-type organic electrochemical transistors for skin-conformal ECG monitoring

materials science and engineering R: Reports 2025年 165卷

作者： Kim, Ji Hwan Lee, Inho Lee, Won-June Shin, Dongjoon Lee, Hyeongbeom Flagg, Lucas Q. Chaudhary, Jagrity You, Liyan Kang, Keehoon Mei, Jianguo Park, Sungjun Department of Materials Science Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Ajou University Suwon16499 Korea Republic of James Tarpo Jr. and Magaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ajou University Suwon16499 Korea Republic of Materials Science and Engineering Division National Institute of Standards and Technology GaithersburgMD20899 United States

The development of stable, high-performance epidermal biosignal monitoring devices is critical for advancing wearable healthcare technologies. Here, we present a novel electrochemical transistor-based biosignal sensor utilizing a 4-terminal vertical Corbino configuration and an n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) polymer. The 4-terminal device configuration effectively reduces the parasitic resistance, enabling a high transconductance of 374 mS at a low operational voltage, and one of the highest reported μC* values of 1787 F cm−1 V−1 s−1 for n-type OECTs. In addition, this device achieves exceptional operational stability, maintaining consistent performance over extended periods, and demonstrates a superior shelf-life stability under ambient conditions. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits robust sterilization capabilities, withstanding both UV and thermal sterilization processes without performance degradation. Mechanical flexibility, a key requirement for on-skin applications, is ensured by the intrinsic properties of the n-PBDF polymer and the ultra-thin device architecture. The combination of these features makes this device an ideal candidate for monitoring of biosignals such as electrocardiograms, addressing practical challenges in wearable biosensing technologies. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Sterilization (cleaning)

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Spin-to-charge conversion at KTaO3(111) interfaces

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Al-Tawhid, Athby H. Sun, Rui Comstock, Andrew H. Kumah, Divine P. Sun, Dali Ahadi, Kaveh Department of Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State University RaleighNC27695 United States Department of Physics North Carolina State University RaleighNC27695 United States Department of Physics Duke University DurhamNC27701 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State University ColumbusOH43210 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Ohio State University ColumbusOH43210 United States

Rashba spin-orbit coupling locks the spin with momentum of charge carriers at the broken inversion interfaces, which could generate a large spin galvanic response. Here, we demonstrate spin-to-charge conversion (inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect) in KTaO3(111) two-dimensional electron systems. We explain the results in the context of electronic structure, orbital character, and spin texture at the KTaO3(111) interfaces. We also show that the angle dependence of the spin-to-charge conversion on in-plane magnetic field exhibits a nontrivial behavior which matches the symmetry of the Fermi states. Results point to opportunities to use spin-to-charge conversion as a tool to investigate the electronic structure and spin texture. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Spin orbit coupling

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Independently Tunable Flat Bands and Correlations in a Graphene Double Moiré System

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Physical Review Letters 2025年第9期134卷 096204-096204页

作者： Yimeng Wang Jihang Zhu G. William Burg Anand Swain Kenji Watanabe Takashi Taniguchi Yuebing Zheng Allan H. MacDonald Emanuel Tutuc Microelectronics Research Center Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78758 USA Department of Physics University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute of Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute of Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan

We report on a double moiré system consisting of four graphene layers, where the top and bottom pairs form small-twist-angle bilayer graphene, and the middle interface has a large rotational mismatch. This system shows clear signatures of two sets of spatially separated flat bands associated with the top and bottom twisted bilayer graphene subsystems, each independently tunable. Thermodynamic analysis reveals weak correlations between bilayers that allow the chemical potential to be measured as a function of carrier density for each constituent TBG. We find that correlated insulating states at integer number of electrons per moiré unit cell are most robust near magic angle, whereas gapped states at neutrality are more robust at larger twist angles.

关键词： Thermolysis

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Two-Electrode Screen-Printed pH Sensors for Monitoring Soil and Other Growing Media

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第11期25卷 18692-18701页

作者： Crichton, Catherine A. Lahann, Lucas Barba, Juan Pablo Cisneros Yuan, Titan Strand, Elliot J. Bruno, Nicholas Goodrich, Payton J. Baumbauer, Carol L. Atreya, Madhur Bihar, Eloise Silver, Whendee L. Pister, Kristofer Arias, Ana Claudia Whiting, Gregory L. University of California Berkeley Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 253 Cory Hall BerkeleyCA94720 United States University of California Berkeley Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management 130 Mulford Hall BerkeleyCA94720 United States University of Colorado Boulder Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering 1111 Engineering Drive BoulderCO80309 United States University of Colorado Boulder Materials Science and Engineering 4001 Discovery Drive BoulderCO80303 United States

Monitoring soil pH is important for optimizing plant biomass production, understanding nutrient cycling, predicting and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and improving soil health. Soil pH can vary significantly over time and space, and high spatiotemporal resolution data are needed to enable informed land management decisions. A potential method to address this need is to use large numbers of easily distributed pH sensor systems which can be placed at high density in soils. An approach for fabricating such sensors is described here using a voltammetric screen-printed pH sensor with a working electrode that incorporates Alizarin (a pH-sensitive dye) throughout its bulk. The use of a Nafion membrane on top of the working electrode and a salt membrane over the reference electrode provides near-Nernstian sensitivity and enhanced device stability in buffered media, soil, and hydroponic fluid. Critically, these devices can function effectively in a novel 2-electrode (working and reference) configuration with a sensitivity of 56.38 mV/pH and a resolution of 0.28 pH (n=3), enabling the use of simple, low-cost readout electronics for evaluating the sensor state. These results show that a printed pH sensor paired with affordable electronics can be used to monitor the pH of unbuffered media, providing a potential path to high-spatial density real-time measurement of pH in soils and hydroponics. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Alizarin

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Cubic boron arsenide: An emerging semiconductor with exceptional thermal conductivity and high carrier mobility

引用

Matter 2025年第5期8卷

作者： Yue, Shuai Tian, Fei Song, Bai Zhong, Yangguang Bao, Jiming Liu, Xinfeng CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing100190 China School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Guangzhou510006 China Department of Energy and Resources Engineering and Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics Peking University Beijing100871 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity University of Houston HoustonTX77204 United States University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University Hunan Changsha410082 China

Over the past decade, cubic boron arsenide (BAs) has emerged as a highly promising semiconductor owing to its extraordinary thermal conductivity (1,200 W/m·K) and high ambipolar mobility (1,600 cm2/V·s). This unique combination has spurred significant research interest in its potential for advanced device applications. However, the challenge of growing uniform, high-quality crystals has hindered its widespread adoption, limiting its realization in high-performance devices. To accelerate the development and utilization of BAs, we systematically review recent theoretical and experimental advancements, focusing on key aspects such as carrier mobility, carrier relaxation, and the impact of defects on thermal conductivity and carrier mobility. Additionally, we explore emerging applications, persistent challenges, and future research directions. By addressing these critical issues, we aim to inspire further research and facilitate the development of next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices based on BAs. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Carrier mobility

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Metallicity and Anomalous Hall Effect in Epitaxially-Strained, Atomically-thin RuO2 Films

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Jeong, Seung Gyo Lee, Seungjun Lin, Bonnie Yang, Zhifei Choi, In Hyeok Oh, Jin Yo ung Song, Sehwan Lee, Seung wook Nair, Sreejith Choudhary, Rashmi Parikh, Juhi Park, Sungkyun Choi, Woo Seok Lee, Jong Seok LeBeau, James M. Low, Tony Jalan, Bharat Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota−Twin Cities MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Gwangju61005 Korea Republic of Department of Physics Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Physics Pusan National University Busan46241 Korea Republic of

The anomalous Hall effect (AHE), a hallmark of time-reversal symmetry breaking, has been reported in rutile RuO2, a debated metallic altermagnetic candidate. Previously, AHE in RuO2 was observed only in strain-relaxed thick films under extremely high magnetic fields (~50 T). Yet, in ultrathin strained films with distinctive anisotropic electronic structures, there are no reports, likely due to disorder and defects suppressing metallicity thus hindering its detection. Here, we demonstrate that ultrathin, fully-strained 2 nm TiO2/t nm RuO2/TiO2 (110) heterostructures, grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, retain metallicity and exhibit a sizeable AHE at a significantly lower magnetic field (2 (110) thin films. These findings establish ultrathin RuO2 as a platform for strain-engineered magnetism and underscore the transformative potential of epitaxial design in advancing spintronic technologies. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Molecular beam epitaxy

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Contactless Rejuvenation of Slippery Lubricant-Infused Surfaces

引用

ACS Applied Energy materials 2025年第9期8卷 5685-5697页

作者： Hoque, Muhammad Jahidul Lee, Junyoung Shamim, Saif Al Afsan Ghaddar, Dalia Libes, David Zhou, Yintao Kabirzadeh, Pouya Hossain, Mohammad Tanver Dipto, Mohammed Jubair Pitschman, Matthew Fourspring, Patrick Miljkovic, Nenad Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois UrbanaIL61801-3028 United States Naval Nuclear Laboratory West MifflinPA15122 United States Naval Nuclear Laboratory NiskayunaNY12309 United States Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois UrbanaIL61801-3028 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois UrbanaIL61801-3028 United States UrbanaIL61801 United States University of Illinois UrbanaIL61801 United States Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka819-0395 Japan

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) have demonstrated immense potential for a plethora of applications. While SLIPSs hold great promise for enhancing energy efficiency in thermoelectric and organic Rankine cycle power generation via improved vapor condensation, their application is hindered by inadequate durability. SLIPSs lose their omniphobicity during steam or hydrocarbon condensation due to the depletion of the infused oil with the condensate shedding from the surface. Although SLIPSs employing high-viscosity lubricants can last longer, the eventual loss of slipperiness is inevitable. Here, we demonstrate a contactless spray method to rejuvenate SLIPSs. We study the degradation of SLIPSs fabricated by infusing different viscosity oils and then replenish degraded samples by spraying the respective oils. By conducting a second round of condensation durability tests and heat transfer performance comparisons of the rejuvenated surfaces, we show similar behavior of the rejuvenated surfaces as the freshly prepared SLIPSs. To demonstrate the feasibility of the spray method in a practical scenario, we study the durability of a prototype heat exchanger and show similar performance of the rejuvenated SLIPS heat exchanger as a fresh SLIPS heat exchanger fabricated using traditional dip-coating methods. Our spraying method is independent of physical contact during replenishment and offers a scalable solution for large industrial applications of SLIPSs. © 2025 American Chemical Society.

关键词： Electric heating

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engineering Andreev Bound States for Thermal Sensing in Proximity Josephson Junctions

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Jung, Woochan Arnault, Ethan G. Huang, Bevin Park, Jinho Jang, Seong Watanabe, Kenji Taniguchi, Takashi Englund, Dirk Fong, Kin Chung Lee, Gil-Ho Physics Department Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang37673 Korea Republic of Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Columbia University New YorkNY10027 United States Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Physics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Quantum Materials and Sensing Institute BurlingtonMA01803 United States

The thermal response of proximity Josephson junctions (JJs) is governed by the temperature (T)- dependent occupation of Andreev bound states (ABS), making them promising candidates for sensitive thermal detection. In this study, we systematically engineer ABS to enhance the thermal sensitivity of critical current (lc) of proximity JJs, quantified as |dlc/dT/| for threshold readout scheme and |dlc/***−1| for inductive readout scheme. Using a gate-tunable graphene-based JJ platform, we explore the impact of key parameters—including channel length, transparency, carrier density, and superconducting material—on the thermal response. Our results reveal that the proximity-induced superconducting gap plays a crucial role in optimizing thermal sensitivity. Notably, we see a maximum |dlc/***−1| value of 0.6 K−1 at low temperatures with titanium-based graphene JJs. By demonstrating a systematic approach to engineering ABS in proximity JJs, this work establishes a versatile framework for optimizing thermal sensors and advancing the study of ABS-mediated transport. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Superconducting materials

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Spectral Extremal Connectivity of Two-State Seizure Brain Waves

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Talento, Mara Sherlin D. Richards, Jordan Pinto-Orellana, Marco Huser, Raphael Ombao, Hernando C. Statistics Program Computer Electrical and Mathematical Science & Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology 23955 - 6900 Saudi Arabia Neuro-AI Laboratory Computer Electrical and Mathematical Science & Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology 23955 - 6900 Saudi Arabia School of Mathematics Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences University of Edinburgh EdinburghEH9 3FD United Kingdom Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine92697 United States

Coherence analysis plays a vital role in the study of functional brain connectivity. However, coherence captures only linear spectral associations, and thus can produce misleading findings when ignoring variations of connectivity in the tails of the distribution. This limitation becomes important when investigating extreme neural events that are characterized by large signal amplitudes. The focus of this paper is to examine connectivity in the tails of the distribution, as this reveals salient information that may be overlooked by standard methods. We develop a novel notion of spectral tail association of periodograms to study connectivity in the network of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of seizure-prone neonates. We further develop a novel non-stationary extremal dependence model for multivariate time series that captures differences in extremal dependence during different brain phases, namely burst-suppression and non-burst-suppression. One advantage of our proposed approach is its ability to identify tail connectivity at key frequency bands that could be associated with outbursts of energy which may lead to seizures. We discuss these novel scientific findings alongside a comparison of the extremal behavior of brain signals for epileptic and non-epileptic patients. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Electroencephalography

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Constrained Optimization with Decision-Dependent Distributions

引用

IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年

作者： Wang, Zifan Liu, Changxin Parisini, Thomas Zavlanos, Michael M. Johansson, Karl H. KTH Royal Institute of Technology Division of Decision and Control Systems School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Sweden Digital Futures StockholmSE-10044 Sweden East China University of Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process Ministry of Education Shanghai200237 China Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom Aalborg University Department of Electronic Systems Denmark University of Trieste Department of Engineering and Architecture Italy Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science DurhamNC United States

In this paper we deal with stochastic optimization problems where the data distributions change in response to the decision variables. Traditionally, the study of optimization problems with decision-dependent distributions has assumed either the absence of constraints or fixed constraints. This work considers a more general setting where the constraints can also dynamically adjust in response to changes in the decision variables. Specifically, we consider linear constraints and analyze the effect of decision-dependent distributions in both the objective function and constraints. Firstly, we establish a sufficient condition for the existence of a constrained equilibrium point, at which the distributions remain invariant under retraining. Moreover, we propose and analyze two algorithms: repeated constrained optimization and repeated dual ascent. For each algorithm, we provide sufficient conditions for convergence to the constrained equilibrium point. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between the equilibrium point and the optimal point for the constrained decision-dependent optimization problem. Notably, our results encompass previous findings as special cases when the constraints remain fixed. To show the effectiveness of our theoretical analysis, we provide numerical experiments on both a market problem and a dynamic pricing problem for parking based on real-world data. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Optimization algorithms

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