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Synthetic materials with high pockels coefficient for plasmonic modulators

Optical materials Express 2025年第6期15卷 1356-1370页

作者： Killian Keller Marco Dober Joel Winiger Arnaud Schneuwly Zhuoyang Yu Michael Baumann Michael Doderer Shiro Nishiwaki Yaroslav E Romanyuk Jacob B Khurgin Juerg Leuthold Institute of Electromagnetic Fields (IEF) ETH Zürich Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland kkeller@ethz.ch Now with Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 #03-09 EA 117575 Singapore Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering John Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA juerg.leuthold@ief.ee.ethz.ch

We present simulations of Pockels materials based on nonlinearities arising from intersubband transitions (ISBT). To elevate the Pockels coefficient to the order of nm/V, the ISBT resonance is tuned close to the operation point. This comes at the expense of increased material losses due to quasi-resonant operation. Such Pockels materials are of high interest for implementation in plasmonic modulators. In these modulators the higher material losses do not significantly impact the device performance, as overall losses are dominated by plasmonic waveguide losses. With this approach, voltage-loss-length ( V π Lα ) products on the order of ∼15 V dB may be achieved with plasmonic losses. Such efficiencies are comparable to those with photonic modulators. The Pockels effect coefficient calculations have been performed using self-consistent Schrödinger-Poisson simulations with consideration of many-body effects. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of RF field screening and surface roughness on the efficiency of the ISB transition-mediated Pockels *** by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License . Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

关键词： Absorption coefficient Electrooptical effects Optical activity Optical rectification Plasmon waveguides Pockels effect

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Emerging trends in laser-cooling of Yb-doped silicate fibers

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Journal of Lightwave Technology 2025年

作者： Chen, Chun-Wei Meehan, Bailey Cahoon, Mary Ann Hawkins, Thomas W. Ballato, John Dragic, Peter D. Engholm, Magnus Boilard, Tommy Bernier, Martin Digonnet, Michel J. F. Stanford University Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory StanfordCA94305 United States Clemson University Department of Materials Science and Engineering ClemsonSC29631 United States University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering UrbanaIL61801 United States Mid Sweden University Department of Engineering Mathematics and Science Education SundsvallSE-85170 Sweden QuébecQCG1V 0A6 Canada

The recent development of Yb-doped silica fibers that can be optically cooled via anti-Stokes fluorescence is fostering a new generation of fiber lasers and amplifiers that can run without external coolers. Thanks to their greatly reduced thermal loads, these devices are expected to exhibit superior properties in terms of improved power and frequency stability, and reduced thermal lensing and transverse-mode instability. This paper presents a detailed comparative study of the measured cooling properties of eight fibers with record-high Yb quenching concentrations in aluminosilicate and aluminophosphosilicate compositions. Analysis of the experimental cooling data provides valuable quantitative information about the quenching rate and background absorption of each fiber, the two parameters (besides Yb concentration) that influence the cooling performance most strongly. This study shows that aluminophosphosilicates perform better than aluminosilicates, and that very high Yb concentrations (up to 6 wt.%) can be achieved with very low quenching when the glass is co-doped with sufficient phosphorus (∼12 wt.%) and aluminum (1-7 wt.%). With the best aluminophosphosilicate composition, it is now possible to cool a fiber with a small core by as much as -250 mK at atmospheric pressure. Cooling is no longer limited by quenching, but by background absorption. Future work will focus on identifying the impurities in precursor materials responsible for this background absorption and reducing their content to lower this loss from its current 15-dB/km record value. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Quenching

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Machine learning assisted identification of homobilayer sliding ferroelectrics with large out-of-plane polarization and low sliding energy barriers

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Physical Review B 2025年第9期111卷 094106-094106页

作者： Xian Wang Yifan Li Ying Zhang Peng Wang Yi-Ming Zhao Jun Zhou Jie Yang Xuesen Wang Lei Shen Department of Physics National University of Singapore Singapore 117551 Singapore Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117575 Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute Chongqing 401123 China College of Electronic and Information Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR6) Singapore 138634 Singapore Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials hold great promise for ultrahigh-density data storage and ultrafast memory applications in flexible or wearable electronic devices. Because of depolarizing field effects and high-energy barriers for switching, only a handful of 2D ferroelectrics have been reported experimentally, such as In2Se3 and CuInP2S6. Through high-throughput calculations we identified a catalog of 25 synthesizable sliding ferroelectrics with large out-of-plane polarization and low sliding energy barriers. The high-throughput process started with 6351 monolayer materials in 2dmatpedia, narrowed down to 79 monolayer semiconductors with honeycomb structures, leading to the construction of 474 homobilayers sliding ferroelectrics, and ultimately identifying 25 high-performance 2D sliding ferroelectrics. Using big-data analysis and machine learning, we also revealed strong correlations between polarization and key physical properties, especially a hidden factor of effective van der Waals radius, which has been overlooked in previous fewer-sample studies. Based on these mechanistic insights, we proposed machine learning descriptors for predicting sliding ferroelectric properties.

关键词： Van der Waals forces

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Evaluating the Systematic Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Models through Graph Coloring

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Heyman, Alex Zylberberg, Joel Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science York University TorontoON Canada Jules Stein Eye Institute University of California Los AngelesCA United States Learning in Machines and Brains Program CIFAR TorontoON Canada

Contemporary large language models are powerful problem-solving tools, but they exhibit weaknesses in their reasoning abilities which ongoing research seeks to mitigate. We investigate graph coloring as a means of evaluating an LLM’s capacities for systematic step-by-step reasoning and possibility space exploration, as well as effects of semantic problem framing. We test Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Llama 3.1 405B, Gemini 1.5 Pro, GPT-4o, o1-mini, and DeepSeek-R1 on a dataset of k-coloring problems with 2 ≤ k ≤ 4 and vertex count 4 ≤ n ≤ 8, using partial algorithmic solvers to further categorize problems by difficulty. In addition to substantial but varying framing effects, we find that all models except o1-mini and R1 exhibit > 60% error rates on difficult problem types in all frames (> 15% for o1-mini and > 10% for R1), and no model achieves perfect accuracy even in the simple domain of 2-coloring 4-vertex graphs. Our results highlight both the considerable recent progress in LLM systematic reasoning and the limits of its reliability, especially in relation to increasing computational costs. We expect that more complex graph coloring problems, and procedural generation of arbitrary-complexity reasoning problems more broadly, offer further untapped potential for LLM benchmarking. © 2025, CC BY.

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Optics for terawatt-scale photovoltaics: review and perspectives

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Advances in Optics and Photonics 2025年第1期17卷 185-294页

作者： Jäger, Klaus Aeberhard, Urs Llado, Esther Alarcon Bläsi, Benedikt Burger, Sven Ehrler, Bruno Favre, Wilfried Fejfar, Antonín Gageot, Tristan Gordon, Ivan Helmers, Henning Höhn, Oliver Isabella, Olindo Jošt, Marko Ledinský, Martin Mandal, Jyotirmoy Manley, Phillip Muñoz, Delfina Omair, Zunaid Lizcano, Juan Camilo Ortiz Paetzold, Ulrich W. Raman, Aaswath P. Sai, Hitoshi Saive, Rebecca Schmid, Martina Yablonovitch, Eli Becker, Christiane Department Optics for Solar Energy Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Kekuléstraße 5 Berlin12489 Germany Computational Nano Optics Zuse Institute Berlin Takustraße 7 Berlin14195 Germany Fluxim AG Katharina-Sulzer-Platz 2 Winterthur8400 Switzerland LMPV-Sustainable Energy Materials Department AMOLF Science Park 104 Amsterdam1098 XG Netherlands Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Heidenhofstraße 2 Freiburg79100 Germany JCMwave GmbH Bolivarallee 22 Berlin14050 Germany Université Grenoble Alpes CEA LITEN Campus INES 50 avenue du Lac Léman Le Bourget-du-Lac73375 France FZU - Institute of Physics The Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 Prague 8182 00 Czech Republic IMEC/Energyville Thor Park 8320 Genk3600 Belgium Hasselt University Martelarenlaan 42 Hasselt3500 Belgium Photovoltaic Materials and Devices Laboratory Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4 Delft2628 CD Netherlands University of Freiburg Emmy-Noether-Str.2 Freiburg79110 Germany Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana Tržaška 25 Ljubljana1000 Slovenia Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University E209A Engineering Quadrangle PrincetonNJ08544 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Institute of Microstructure Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen76344 Germany Light Technology Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe76131 Germany Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los AngelesCA90095 United States Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8568 Japan MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Inorganic Materials Science University of Twente NB Enschede7522 Netherlands University of Duisburg-Essen Forsthausweg 2 Duisburg47057 Germany Faculty 1 School of Engineering – Energy and Information Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin

In this section, we described the various device architectures in production for crystalline-silicon PV as well as the various absorber materials being used and developed for thin-film PV. We also explained why multijunction PV technology is considered the future of PV technology. We identified four major technological challenges (Fig. 1) for future mass production and deployment of PV technology in order to achieve the goal of climate neutrality and indicated how optics could help resolve these challenges. The four main challenges (Fig. 1) are: • Sustainable production of PV systems;• Higher energy conversion efficiencies;• Higher energy output and operational lifetime;• Integration of PV systems in their environment. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group (formerly OSA). All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy conversion efficiency

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VLC-enabled UAV Network for IoT with Co-channel Interference: Joint Spatial Deployment and Resource Allocation

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Liu, Jiaji Yang, Fang An, Nan Song, Jian Han, Zhu State Key Laboratory of Widegap Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies Beijing100084 China Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Department of Electronic Engineering Beijing100084 China Research Institute of Tsinghua University Shenzhen518057 China Tsinghua University Shenzhen International Graduate School Shenzhen518055 China University of Houston Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77004 United States Kyung Hee University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul446-701 Korea Republic of

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained significant attention due to their low cost and efficient deployment. Specifically, UAV-based communications hold promise to supplement the coverage limitations of terrestrial networks and achieve superior connectivity for the Internet of Things (IoT). Moreover, UAVs with visible light communication (VLC) capability do not interfere with existing radio frequency (RF) communication infrastructure, thereby providing flexible, high-throughput on-demand wireless communications. In this paper, considering the limited battery capacity of UAVs, we aim to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of a multi-UAV downlink VLC system for IoT. To this end, the system model with co-channel interference is first established, followed by the formulation of the joint spatial deployment and resource allocation problem. Besides, the original problem is decomposed into three subproblems, focusing on spatial deployment, subchannel assignment, and power allocation. By employing the block coordinate descent method, the three subproblems are solved alternately. Moreover, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior improvements in EE compared to other baselines. In addition, the convergence and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm, as well as the impacts of key parameters on the overall system performance are also investigated. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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Interfacial strong coupling and negative dispersion of propagating polaritons in freestanding oxide membranes

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Lukaskawcez, Brayden Varshney, Shivasheesh Choo, Sooho Park, Sang Hyun Seo, Dongjea Thompson, Liam Uram, Devon Binger, Hayden Koester, Steve Oh, Sang-Hyun Low, Tony Jalan, Bharat McLeod, Alexander School of Physics and Astronomy University of Minnesota Twin Cities MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Twin Cities MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota MinneapolisMN55455 United States

Membranes of complex oxides like perovskite SrTiO3 extend the multi-functional promise of oxide electronics into the nanoscale regime of two-dimensional materials. Here we demonstrate that free-standing oxide membranes supply a reconfigurable platform for nano-photonics based on propagating surface phonon polaritons. We apply infrared near-field imaging and - spectroscopy enabled by a tunable ultrafast laser to study pristine nano-thick SrTiO3 membranes prepared by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. As predicted by coupled mode theory, we find that strong coupling of interfacial polaritons realizes symmetric and antisymmetric hybridized modes with simultaneously tunable negative and positive group velocities. By resolving reflection of these propagating modes from membrane edges, defects, and substrate structures, we quantify their dispersion with position-resolved nano-spectroscopy. Remarkably, we find polariton negative dispersion is both robust and tunable through choice of membrane dielectric environment and thickness and propose a novel design for in-plane Veselago lensing harnessing this control. Our work lays the foundation for tunable transformation optics at the nanoscale using polaritons in a wide range of freestanding complex oxide membranes. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Perovskite

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Correction to: Influence on Microstructure and Magnetic Performance of Co-doped Mg Ferrites by Low Temperature Sintering (Journal of materials engineering and Performance, (2024), 10.1007/s11665-024-10413-w)

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Journal of materials engineering and Performance 2025年 1-1页

作者： Zou, Gaojie Gan, Gongwen Dian, Liwen Cheng, Yue Yin, Yaqin Luo, Jie Zhang, Chenhao Gou, Guoqing Xie, Fei School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu610031 China School of Information Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu610031 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Microelectronic Research Center University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78758 United States College of Optoelectronic Engineering Xi’an Technological University Xi’an710021 China

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Octopus Tentacle-Inspired In-Sensor Adaptive Integral for Edge-Intelligent Touch Intention Recognition

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Advanced materials 2025年

作者： Wei, Chao Yu, Shifan Meng, Yifan Xu, Yijing Hu, Yu Cao, Zhicheng Huang, Zijian Liu, Lei Luo, Yanhao Chen, Hongyu Chen, Zhong Zhang, Zeliang Wang, Liang Zhao, Zhenyu Zheng, Yuanjin Liao, Qingliang Liao, Xinqin Department of Electronic Science Xiamen University Xiamen361005 China Department of Engineering Mechanics School of Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Co. Ltd Zhaoqing526238 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore117583 Singapore School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing100083 China Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing100083 China

Electronics continue to drive technological innovation and diversified applications. To ensure efficiency and effectiveness across various interactive contexts, the ability to adjust operating functions or parameters according to environmental shifts or user requirements is highly desirable. However, due to the inherent limitations of nonadaptive device structures and materials, the current development of touch electronics faces challenges, e.g., limited hardware resources, poor adaptability, weak deformation stability, and bottlenecks in sensing data processing. Here, a reconfigurable and adaptive intelligent (RAI) touch sensor is proposed, inspired by octopus's tentacle cognitive behavior. It realizes remarkable deformability and highly efficient multitouch interactions. The geometric progression structure of the sensing element equips the RAI touch sensor with a unique integrated-in-sensing mechanism and programmable logic. This greatly compresses sensing data dimensionality at the edge, yielding concise and undistorted interactive signals. By leveraging the advantages of hard-soft bonding and interface modulation of functional materials, the adaptability is achieved with a 200% strain range a 180° twist tolerance, and exceptional deformation stability of >10 000 cycles. The diverse application-specific configurations of the RAI touch sensor, enable a dynamic intention recognition accuracy of over 99%, advancing next-generation Internet of Things and edge computing research and innovation. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： Reconfigurable hardware

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Molecular architecture of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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Protein & Cell 2025年第1期16卷 72-78页

作者： Maofei Chen Yutong Song Sensen Zhang Yitang Zhang Xudong Chen Minghui Zhang Meng Han Xin Gao Sai Li Maojun Yang Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological StructureSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Basic Medical SciencesShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518060China Protein Research Technology Center Protein Chemistry and Omics PlatformSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Computer Science Program ComputerElectrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Computational Bioscience Research Center King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Cryo-EM Facility Center Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Beijing Life Science Academy Beijing 102209China

Dear Editor,Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(PDHc) is a large multienzyme assembly(Mr = 4–10 million Daltons) consisting of three essential components: pyruvate dehydrogenase(E1p), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase(E2p), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase(E3). These three enzymes perform distinct functions sequentially to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate with formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NADH) and acetyl-coenzyme A(Patel and Roche, 1990).

关键词： sequentially oxidative Dalton

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