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Meta-optic Accelerators for Object Classifiers

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zheng, Hanyu Liu, Quan Zhou, You Kravchenko, Ivan I. Huo, Yuankai Valentine, Jason Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37212 United States Department of Computer Science Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37212 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37212 United States Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37212 United States Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37830 United States

Rapid advances in deep learning have led to paradigm shifts in a number of fields, from medical image analysis to autonomous systems. These advances, however, have resulted in digital neural networks with large computational requirements, resulting in high energy consumption and limitations in real-time decision making when computation resources are limited. Here, we demonstrate a meta-optic based neural network accelerator that can off-load computationally expensive convolution operations into high-speed and low-power optics. In this architecture, metasurfaces enable both spatial multiplexing and additional information channels, such as polarization, in object classification. End-to-end design is used to co-optimize the optical and digital systems resulting in a robust classifier that achieves 95% accurate classification of handwriting digits and 94% accuracy in classifying both the digit and its polarization state. This approach could enable compact, high-speed, and low-power image and information processing systems for a wide range of applications in machine-vision and artificial intelligence. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy utilization

Implantable Neural Probe System for Patterned Photostimulation and Electrophysiology Recording

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Implantable Neural Probe System for Patterned Photostimulati...

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO)

作者： Fu-Der Chen Hannes Wahn Tianyuan Xue Youngho Jung John N. Straguzzi Saeed S. Azadeh Andrei Stalmashonak Hongyao Chua Xianshu Luo Prajay Shah Homeira Moradi Chameh Patrick Guo-Qiang Lo Taufik A. Valiante Wesley D. Sacher Joyce K. S. Poon Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics Halle Germany Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Canada Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd. Singapore Krembil Brain Institute University Health Network Toronto Canada Department of Surgery Division of Neurosurgery Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Canada Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Canada

We demonstrate a system for implantable nanophotonic neural probes with custom packaging and peripherals. The probes, which were manufactured on 200mm Si wafers, monolithically integrate SiN waveguides with TiN electr... 详细信息

ISBN: (数字)9781957171050

ISBN: (纸本)9781665466660

关键词： Electrodes In vivo Waveguide lasers Tin Packaging Lasers and electrooptics Silicon

Electron mobility of SnO2 from first principles

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Wang, Amanda Bushick, Kyle Pant, Nick Lee, Woncheol Zhang, Xiao Leveillee, Joshua Giustino, Feliciano Poncé, Samuel Kioupakis, Emmanouil Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Applied Physics Program University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Department of Physics The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université catholique de Louvain Chemin des Étoiles 8 Louvain-la-NeuveB-1348 Belgium WEL Research Institute Avenue Pasteur 6 Wavre1300 Belgium

The transparent conducting oxide SnO2 is a wide bandgap semiconductor that is easily n-type doped and widely used in various electronic and optoelectronic applications. Experimental reports of the electron mobility of this material vary widely depending on the growth conditions and doping concentrations. In this work, we calculate the electron mobility of SnO2 from first principles to examine the temperature- and doping-concentration dependence, and to elucidate the scattering mechanisms that limit transport. We include both electron-phonon scattering and electron-ionized impurity scattering to accurately model scattering in a doped semiconductor. We find a strongly anisotropic mobility that favors transport in the direction parallel to the c-axis. At room temperature and intrinsic carrier concentrations, the low-energy polar-optical phonon modes dominate scattering, while ionized-impurity scattering dominates above 1018 cm-3 Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electron mobility

Multi-core synthesis and maximum satisfiability applied to optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic systems

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TechRxiv

TechRxiv 2021年

作者： Trindade, Alessandro Galvão, Edilson Cordeiro, Lucas The Post-graduate Program in Electrical Engineering Manaus Brazil Department of Electricity Federal University of Amazonas Manaus Brazil School of Computer Science The University of Manchester United Kingdom

Annual global energy consumption growth is around 1.3% with forecasts until 2040. Photovoltaic systems became a suitable alternative to nuclear and fossil energy generation. In order to support this technology’s dissemination, we develop and evaluate an automated formal synthesis approach that assists in decision-making for off-grid systems. Our proposed approach, called PVz, is based on a variant of the counterexample-guided inductive synthesis;it has a multi-core feature, which can obtain the optimal sizing of photovoltaic systems focusing on Life Cycle Cost analysis. Given the electrical needs of a home, we seek a set of electrical equipment with the best possible combination of devices that meet the specified requirements. We calculate all costs related to maintenance over 20 years. The results presented are based on seven case studies;some of them are real ones from the Amazon region in Brazil. The same case studies were solved by a commercial optimization tool. Our technique and the commercial tool results were validated with popular simulation software to perform a fair comparison. Furthermore, we analyze some topics such as run-time, optimal solution, and configuration of the resulting systems. We claim that our technique is advantageous compared to the existing approaches in the literature. © 2021, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Decision making

Manipulation of Optical Force-Induced Micro-Assemblies at the Air-Liquid Interface

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Manipulation of Optical Force-Induced Micro-Assemblies at th...

IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

作者： Nicholas Carlisle Martin A.K. Williams Catherine P. Whitby Volker Nock Jack L.Y. Chen Ebubekir Avci School of Food and Advanced Technology Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington New Zealand School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand

Colloidal particles trapped by a focused laser at the air-liquid interface provide an interesting assembly dynamic. In this study, we demonstrated manipulating optical force-induced swarms via dynamic locomotion of assemblies built with holographic optical tweezers. This manipulation approach builds the foundation for autonomous control of building assemblies at the air-liquid interface, which is the first time optical micro-robots have performed this feat. Our proposed semi-autonomous control allows users to produce small dynamic secondary assemblies at the interface, which are transported to and merged with a main static assembly. This static-dynamic approach grows assemblies up to ~2.1 times larger than conventional methods. Manipulation and control of large-scale optical force-induced assemblies in real-time to create re-configurable swarms has the potential to lead the development of new technology and approaches for complex tasks, such as the development of new material, transportation of biological matter, studying biofilm formation created by bacteria colonies at the air-liquid interface, and more.

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Robust event classification using imperfect real-world PMU Data

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Liu, Yunchuan Yang, Lei Ghasemkhani, Amir Livani, Hanif Centeno, Virgilio A. Chen, Pin-Yu Zhang, Junshan Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nevada Reno RenoNV89557 United States Computer Science and Engineering California State University San Bernardino San BernardinoCA92407 United States Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering University of Nevada Reno RenoNV89557 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University BlacksburgVA24061 United States IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown HeightsNY10598 United States School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States

—This paper studies robust event classification using imperfect real-world phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. By analyzing the real-world PMU data, we find it is challenging to directly use this dataset for event classifiers due to the low data quality observed in PMU measurements and event logs. To address these challenges, we develop a novel machine learning framework for training robust event classifiers, which consists of three main steps: data preprocessing, fine-grained event data extraction, and feature engineering. Specifically, the data preprocessing step addresses the data quality issues of PMU measurements (e.g., bad data and missing data);in the fine-grained event data extraction step, a model-free event detection method is developed to accurately localize the events from the inaccurate event timestamps in the event logs;and the feature engineering step constructs the event features based on the patterns of different event types, in order to improve the performance and the interpretability of the event classifiers. Based on the proposed framework, we develop a workflow for event classification using the real-world PMU data streaming into the system in real time. Using the proposed framework, robust event classifiers can be efficiently trained based on many off-the-shelf lightweight machine learning models. Numerical experiments using the real-world dataset from the Western Interconnection of the U.S power transmission grid show that the event classifiers trained under the proposed framework can achieve high classification accuracy while being robust against low-quality data. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Phasor measurement units

Vacuum Ultraviolet Light-Generating Metalens

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Vacuum Ultraviolet Light-Generating Metalens

Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/Pacific Rim)

作者： Ming Lun Tseng Michael Semmlinger Ming Zhang Catherine Arndt Tzu-Ting Huang Jian Yang Hsin Yu Kuo Vin-Cent Su Mu Ku Chen Cheng Hung Chu Benjamin Cerjan Din Ping Tsai Peter Nordlander Naomi J. Halas Institute of Electronics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University Houston Texas USA Laboratory for Nanophotonics Rice University Houston Texas USA Applied Physics Graduate Program Rice University Houston Texas USA Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University Houston Texas USA Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering National United University Miaoli Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong Department of Chemistry Rice University Houston Texas USA

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light is of great importance to many applications such as photochemistry and nanolithography. In this talk, a nonlinear metalens composed of ZnO nanoantennas for VUV generation and focusing wi...

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Energy-efficient knowledge distillation for spiking Neural Networks

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Lee, Dongjin Park, Seongsik Kim, Jongwan Doh, Wuhyeong Yoon, Sungroh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute of New Media and Communications Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence Automation and Systems Research Institute Seoul National University Korea Republic of

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been gaining interest as energy-efficient alternatives of conventional artificial neural networks (ANNs) due to their event-driven computation. Considering the future deployment of SNN models to constrained neuromorphic devices, many studies have applied techniques originally used for ANN model compression, such as network quantization, pruning, and knowledge distillation, to SNNs. Among them, existing works on knowledge distillation reported accuracy improvements of student SNN model. However, analysis on energy efficiency, which is also an important feature of SNN, was absent. In this paper, we thoroughly analyze the performance of the distilled SNN model in terms of accuracy and energy efficiency. In the process, we observe a substantial increase in the number of spikes, leading to energy inefficiency, when using the conventional knowledge distillation methods. Based on this analysis, to achieve energy efficiency, we propose a novel knowledge distillation method with heterogeneous temperature parameters. We evaluate our method on two different datasets and show that the resulting SNN student satisfies both accuracy improvement and reduction of the number of spikes. On MNIST dataset, our proposed student SNN achieves up to 0.09% higher accuracy and produces 65% less spikes compared to the student SNN trained with conventional knowledge distillation method. We also compare the results with other SNN compression techniques and training methods. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Energy efficiency

Collaborative multi-resource allocation in terrestrial-satellite network towards 6G

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Fu, Shu Gao, Jie Zhao, Lian School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing400044 China State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks Xidian University Shaanxi Xi'an710071 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Marquette University MilwaukeeWI532331 United States Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering Ryerson University ONM5B 2K3 Canada

Terrestrial-satellite networks are envisioned to play a significant role in the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. In such networks, hot air balloons are useful as they can relay the signals between satellites and ground stations. Most existing works assume that the hot air balloons are deployed at the same height with the same minimum elevation angle to the satellites, which may not be practical due to possible route conflict with airplanes and other flight equipment. In this paper, we consider a TSN containing hot air balloons at different heights and with different minimum elevation angles, which creates the challenge of non-uniform available serving time for the communication between the hot air balloons and the satellites. Jointly considering the caching, computing, and communication (3C) resource management for both the ground-balloon-satellite links and inter-satellite laser links, our objective is to maximize the network energy efficiency. Firstly, by proposing a tapped water-filling algorithm, we schedule the traffic to relay among satellites according to the available serving time of satellites. Then, we generate a series of configuration matrices, based on which we formulate the relationship of relay time and the power consumption involved in the relay among satellites. Finally, the integrated system model of TSN is built and solved by geometric programming with Taylor series approximation. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy efficiency