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An overview on IRS-enabled sensing and communications for 6G: architectures, fundamental limits, and joint beamforming designs

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第5期68卷 170-193页

作者： Xianxin SONG Yuan FANG Feng WANG Zixiang REN Xianghao YU Ye ZHANG Fan LIU Jie XU Derrick Wing Kwan NG Rui ZHANG Shuguang CUI School of Science and Engineering (SSE) Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen)and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Future Networks of Intelligence The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical Engineering City University of Hong Kong School of Information Engineering Guangdong University of Technology Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Information Science and Technology University of Science and Technology of China Computer School Beijing Information Science and Technology University National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory School of Information Science and Engineering Southeast University School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications University of New South Wales School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore

This study presents an overview on intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)-enabled sensing and communication for the forthcoming sixth-generation(6G) wireless networks, in which IRSs are strategically deployed to proactively reconfigure wireless environments to improve both sensing and communication(S&C) performance. First, we exploit a single IRS to enable wireless sensing in the base station's(BS's) non-line-of-sight(NLoS) area. In particular, we present three IRS-enabled NLoS target sensing architectures with fully-passive, semi-passive, and active IRSs, respectively. We compare their pros and cons by analyzing the fundamental sensing performance limits for target detection and parameter estimation. Next, we consider a single IRS to facilitate integrated sensing and communication(ISAC), in which the transmit signals at the BS are used for achieving both S&C functionalities, aided by the IRS through reflective beamforming. We present joint transmit signal and receiver processing designs for realizing efficient ISAC, and jointly optimize the transmit beamforming at the BS and reflective beamforming at the IRS to balance the fundamental performance tradeoff between S&C. Furthermore, we discuss multi-IRS networked ISAC, by particularly focusing on multi-IRS-enabled multi-link ISAC, multi-region ISAC, and ISAC signal routing, respectively. Finally, we highlight various promising research topics in this area to motivate future work.

关键词： integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) non-line-of-sight (NLoS) sensing sensing and communication tradeoff

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Compact deep-groove-assisted bends on SiN platform for monolithic integrated laser

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Optics Express 2025年第3期33卷 4383-4395页

作者： Zhang, Ziyao Skandalos, Ilias Ma, Rui Chen, Minjia Sun, Bohao Zhong, Chuan Gardes, Frederic Cheng, Qixiang Penty, Richard Centre for Photonic Systems Electrical Engineering Division Department of Engineering University of Cambridge CambridgeCB3 0FA United Kingdom Optoelectronics Research Centre University of Southampton SouthamptonSO17 1BJ United Kingdom Electrical and Computer Engineering Princeton University PrincetonNJ08544 United States

To build a photonic integration platform that incorporates monolithically integrated light sources which require minimized loss and reflection, a micro-meter scale passive layer is needed in addition to the III-V layer. Low temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride (SiN) is a promising candidate, owing to its back-end-of-line (BEOL) integration capabilities, along with its amorphous structure that allows the growth of defect-free thick layers. In view of the III-V layer stack, the optimized SiN waveguides are thick and in a rib formation. However, bends on this thick SiN platform suffer from high radiation losses, resulting in the need for a bending radius as large as 800 µm that poses challenges for compact photonic integrated circuits (PICs). This paper describes and demonstrates a novel SiN bending structure with a deep etched groove along the outer side. This structure significantly reduces the bending radii to 37 µm with a bending loss of 0.1 dB/90°. A compact micro-ring resonator (MRR) with deep etched grooves is also investigated, exhibiting a substantial enhancement in the free spectral range (FSR) compared with the rib waveguide MRRs, while offering a passband of 39.1 GHz. These notable performance improvements pave the way for compact integrated emitters on a single substrate. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group (formerly OSA). All rights reserved.

关键词： Silicon nitride

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Spatiotemporal Traffic Analysis: Deep Hybrid Approach for Resource and Cyberattacks Prediction 19

Spatiotemporal Traffic Analysis: Deep Hybrid Approach for Re...

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19th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, IMCOM 2025

作者： Lee, Hyeonmin Kim, Dongchan Beom, Donggyu Byun, Gyurin Vo, Van-Vi Choo, Hyunseung Department of AI Systems Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Convergence Research Institute Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)9798331507817

This study proposes a hybrid deep learning approach to address the complexity and dynamic characteristics of modern network environments. The research integrates Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Convolutional Long and Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) networks to predict future network traffic and detect cyberattacks. The model was trained and evaluated on the CICIDS 2018 dataset which includes various types of normal and malicious traffic. Grid-based representations were created from the dataset. The attack type of each timestamp were visualized using distinct colors to the grid images. These images are sued as input of ConvLSTM model. Protocol and destination port are modeled as nodes in a graph, with volume of data flow represented as weighted edges. This graph-based representation is designed to capture unique traffic patterns of specific services and enhance the analysis of spatial and temporal features. Experimental results show a 13% increase in macro F1 score and a 4% increase in weighted F1 score, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed method. This research highlights its potential to enable proactive responses through the prediction of potential cyberattack occurrences. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Cyberattack Detection Deep Learning Graph Neural Networks Network Traffic Prediction

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Robust Error State Sage-Husa Adaptive Kalman Filter for UWB Localization

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第9期25卷 16034-16049页

作者： Juston, Marius Gupta, Soumil Mathur, Shrey Norris, William R. Nottage, Dustin Soylemezoglu, Ahmet University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign The Grainger College of Engineering Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering Department UrbanaIL61801 United States University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign The Grainger College of Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering Department UrbanaIL61801 United States Construction Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineering Research and Development Center ChampaignIL61822 United States

Given the sensors’ path and interference mitigation capabilities, ultra-wideband (UWB)-based positioning systems have demonstrated high accuracy and reliability. This work aims to improve the Sage-Husa fuzzy adaptive filter (SHFAF) proposed in previous works by modifying the motion model to a 3-D ground-based differential drive robot using IMU and wheel encoder kinematic fused control inputs. In addition to the changed motion model kinematics, this article improved the positive definite constraint on P and R during dynamic estimations, thus making the filter more robust to outliers. An improvement to the computation and derivation of the fuzzy logic system for the SHFAF based on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) structure was developed, and training the fuzzy system using gradient descent was applied to improve the system’s accuracy. Experimental validation was conducted using real-world data from a Clearpath Jackal robot equipped with Qorvo UWB sensors and static nodes. Regarding localization accuracy, the proposed velocity-based SHFAF (VelSHFAF) system outperformed the previous SHFAF implementation by approximately 30%–25% across two test courses, demonstrating its enhanced performance and reliability. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Adaptive filters

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A Miniature Hexa-Band Antenna for Internet of Things Applications Using Six Quarter-wavelength Resonators

Advanced Electromagnetics

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Advanced Electromagnetics 2025年第1期14卷 52-58页

作者： Hasan, Yousif Mohsin Rahman, Zain-Aldeen S. A. Al-Yasir, Yasir I. A. Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering College of Engineering University of Al-Qadisiyah Iraq Department of Electrical Techniques Technical Institute/Qurna Southern Technical University Basra61016 Iraq Communication and Space Systems Engineering Research Team Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester United Kingdom Communications Engineering Department Iraq University College Basra Iraq

This work presents a compact, low-cost hexa-band microstrip antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed hexa-band antenna is composed of simple six-λ/4 resonators to generate six resonant frequencies: GSM 1.84 GHz (1.8-1.89 GHz), Bluetooth 2.31 GHz (2.25 –2.375 GHz), WiMAX 3.3 GHz (3.16-3.47 GHz), WiFi 4.63 GHz (4.34-5 GHz), upper WLAN 6.1 GHz (5.8-6.91 GHz) and X-band 9.26 GHz (8.87-9.83 GHz). The proposed hexa-band antenna is fabricated using FR4 substrate with (23 × 20 × 1.6) mm3 dimensions, and its measured results are presented to validate the simulated results. The results of simulations and measurements are used to examine the radiation properties, including radiation patterns, gain, efficiency, VSWR, and reflection coefficient. The proposed hexa-band antenna has a miniaturized size and good radiation performance. © 2025, Advanced Electromagnetics. All rights reserved.

关键词： Wireless local area networks (WLAN)

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OpenL3: Embedding Diverse Network Services Into MANETs Using Multi-Dimensional Identifier

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 17700-17716页

作者： Lan, Jiangyu Gao, Shuai Zhang, Weiting Hou, Xindi Xi, Minghui Zhang, Yuming Lei, Bo Zhang, Hongke Shen, Xuemin Sherman Beijing Jiaotong University School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing China Research Institute China Telecom Beijing China University of Waterloo Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada

Practical applications in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) require the support of diverse network services, e.g., host-centric, content-centric, and location-centric routing and forwarding services. However, existing solutions are typically designed over a single network service rather than integrated ones. To embed diverse network services into MANETs, the major challenge is enabling interoperability among various network-layer (L3) protocols without suffering complexity and scalability issues. In this paper, we propose OpenL3, a programmable L3 approach to support the coexistence of diverse network services in MANETs. Specifically, OpenL3 first abstracts key attributes from network entities, such as content, locations, or groups of devices. These attributes are embedded into a network address, named Multi-dimensional Identifier (MID), to control the routing and forwarding processes. Then, a distributed MID mapping system is established to facilitate efficient MID registration and query. Based on the MID, a programmable routing and forwarding scheme is proposed, which incorporates a lightweight packet processing design using a P4 programmable data plane to enable interoperability among various L3 protocols. A cluster of SDN-based control plane devices collaboratively distribute flow rules to manage data plane behavior. Furthermore, a prototype system is built to implement and evaluate the proposed solutions. Experimental results show that OpenL3 outperforms the existing solutions in terms of end-to-end latency and network throughput while being deployable in MANETs without modifications to network protocols or sockets. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Interoperability

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Ladon: High-Performance Multi-BFT Consensus via Dynamic Global Ordering 25

Ladon: High-Performance Multi-BFT Consensus via Dynamic Glob...

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20th European Conference on computer systems, EuroSys 2025, co-located 30th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating systems, ASPLOS 2025

作者： Lyu, Hanzheng Xie, Shaokang Niu, Jianyu Feng, Chen Zhang, Yinqian Beschastnikh, Ivan Canada Southern University of Science and Technology China Canada Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems Department of Computer Science and Engineering SUSTech China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400711961

Multi-BFT consensus runs multiple leader-based consensus instances in parallel, circumventing the leader bottleneck of a single instance. However, it contains an Achilles’ heel: the need to globally order output blocks across instances. Deriving this global ordering is challenging because it must cope with different rates at which blocks are produced by instances. Prior Multi-BFT designs assign each block a global index before creation, leading to poor performance. We propose Ladon, a high-performance Multi-BFT protocol that allows varying instance block rates. Our key idea is to order blocks across instances dynamically, which eliminates blocking on slow instances. We achieve dynamic global ordering by assigning monotonic ranks to blocks. We pipeline rank coordination with the consensus process to reduce protocol overhead and combine aggregate signatures with rank information to reduce message complexity. Ladon’s dynamic ordering enables blocks to be globally ordered according to their generation, which respects inter-block causality. We implemented and evaluated Ladon by integrating it with both PBFT and HotStuff protocols. Our evaluation shows that Ladon-PBFT (resp., Ladon-HotStuff) improves the peak throughput of the prior art by ≈ 8× (resp., 2×) and reduces latency by ≈ 62% (resp., 23%), when deployed with one straggling replica (out of 128 replicas) in a WAN setting. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Network protocols

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Detection of Perfect Stealthy Attacks on Cyber-Physical systems Subject to Measurement Quantizations: A Watermark-Based Strategy

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2025年第1期12卷 114-125页

作者： Yu-Ang Wang Zidong Wang Lei Zou Bo Shen Hongli Dong the College of Information Science and Technology Donghua University the Engineering Research Center of Digitalized Textile and Fashion Technology Ministry of Education IEEE the College of Electrical Engineering and Automation Shandong University of Science and Technology the Department of Computer Science Brunel University London Uxbridge the Sanya Offshore Oil and Gas Research Institute Northeast Petroleum University the Artificial Intelligence Energy Research Institute Northeast Petroleum University Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Networking and Intelligent Control Northeast Petroleum University

In this paper, the attack detection problem is investigated for a class of closed-loop systems subjected to unknownbutbounded noises in the presence of stealthy attacks. The measurement outputs from the sensors are quantized before transmission.A specific type of perfect stealthy attack, which meets certain rather stringent conditions, is taken into account. Such attacks could be injected by adversaries into both the sensor-toestimator and controller-to-actuator channels, with the aim of disrupting the normal data flow. For the purpose of defending against these perfect stealthy attacks, a novel scheme based on watermarks is developed. This scheme includes the injection of watermarks(applied to data prior to quantization) and the recovery of data(implemented before the data reaches the estimator).The watermark-based scheme is designed to be both timevarying and hidden from adversaries through incorporating a time-varying and bounded watermark signal. Subsequently, a watermark-based attack detection strategy is proposed which thoroughly considers the characteristics of perfect stealthy attacks,thereby ensuring that an alarm is activated upon the occurrence of such attacks. An example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed mechanism for detecting attacks.

关键词： Attack detection cyber-physical systems (CPSs) perfect stealthy attacks watermark-based strategy

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Experimental implementation of chaos-based video encryption using visible light communication technology

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Applied Optics 2025年第9期64卷 C101-C118页

作者： Fotso, Sorel Bagio Nono Mbé, Jimmi Hervé Talla Takotue, Jean Ernest Takougang, Armand Cyrille Nzeukou Ndjiongue, Alain Richard Research Unit of Condensed Matter Electronics and Signal Processing Department of Physics University of Dschang P.O. Box 67 Dschang Cameroon Research Unit of Automation and Applied Computer Department of Electrical Engineering IUT-FV Bandjoun University of Dschang P.O. Box: 134 Bandjoun Cameroon Laboratory of Industrial Systems and Environmental Engineering Fotso Victor University Institute of Technology University of Dschang P.O. Box 134 Bandjoun Cameroon School of Electrical and Information Engineering Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Simulations are commonly used to develop and evaluate video encryption algorithms. Although these approaches are useful for demonstrating theoretical feasibility and algorithm performance, they neglect practical challenges and real-world communication conditions. This oversight creates a critical gap in evaluating their effectiveness and security in practical applications. In this paper, we describe a novel, to the best of our knowledge, video encryption scheme that employs a modified chaotic Colpitts oscillator, a customized Josephus problem, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) operations, and is implemented in visible light communication (VLC) environment. The modified Colpitts oscillator reveals significant phenomena, the most prominent for this study being chaos. The encryption scheme involves block scrambling and pixel-level permutation employing a customized Josephus problem and a column and row shifting technique. Diffusion is then achieved through a custom Josephus problem-oriented RNA operation combined with basic RNA operations and cipher block chaining (CBC). Based on the results, we found that the customized Josephus problem-based permutation performed more efficiently than traditional methods, whereas the column and row shifting permutation was more robust. By eliminating key sequence coding and item-to-item operations, the proposed RNA operation reduces computational overhead. This video encryption scheme is proven to be effective and resilient at securing video data transmitted over the VLC channel, and it constitutes a significant advancement in areas such as surveillance, medical imaging, and military communication requiring robust secured video data. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

关键词： Medical imaging

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Superiority of Strontium-Doped Barium Titanate as an Electron Transport for Perovskite Solar Cells for Enhanced Efficiency and Thermal Stability

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Transactions of Tianjin University 2025年第1期31卷 42-63页

作者： Minhaz Mahmood Mohammad Tariqul Islam Md Samiul Islam Sakhr M.Sultan Kashfia Noor M.A.Islam K.Sopian Abdullah Alghafis Mohd Adib Ibrahim K.Sobayel Department of Electrical Electronic and Systems EngineeringUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM)43600BangiMalaysia Solar Energy Research Institute(SERI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM)43600BangiMalaysia Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty ofEngineeringUniversiti Malaya50603KualaLumpurMalaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Petronas32610Seri IskandarMalaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering College ofEngineeringQassim UniversityBuraydahSaudiArabia

This study presents a detailed comparative analysis of three electron transport layer(ETL)materials for perovskite solar cells(PSCs),namely titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),barium titanate(BaTiO_(3)or BTO),and strontium-doped barium titan-ate(Ba_(1−x)Sr_(x)TiO_(3)or BST),and their impact on the quantum efficiency(QE)and power conversion efficiency(PCE)of CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)(MAPbI_(3))*** optimized structure demonstrates that devices utilizing BST as an ETL achieved the highest PCE of 29.85%,exhibiting superior thermal stability with the lowest temperature coefficient of−0.43%/*** temperature-induced degradation is comparable to that of commercially available silicon ***,BST-based ETLs show 29.50%and 26.48%higher PCE than those of TiO_(2)-based and BTO-based *** enhanced internal QE and favorable current density–voltage(J–V)characteristics of BST compared with those of TiO_(2)and BTO are attributed to its improved charge carrier separation,reduced recombination rates,and robust electrical characteristics under varied environmental ***,the electric field and generation rate of the BST-based ETLs show a more favorable distribution than those of the TiO_(2)-based and BTO-based *** findings provide significant insights into the role of different ETLs in enhancing QE,indicating that BST is a superior ETL that enhances both the efficiency and stability of *** study contributes to the understanding of how perovskite-structured ETLs can be used to design and optimize highly efficient and stable photovoltaic devices.

关键词： Perovskite solar cell Electron transport layer Light management Quantum efficiency SCAPS-1D Lumerical FDTD Barium titanate

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