In this paper, we study stealthy cyber-attacks on actuators of cyber-physical systems(CPS), namely zero dynamics and controllable attacks. In particular, under certain assumptions, we investigate and propose condition...
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In this paper, we study stealthy cyber-attacks on actuators of cyber-physical systems(CPS), namely zero dynamics and controllable attacks. In particular, under certain assumptions, we investigate and propose conditions under which one can execute zero dynamics and controllable attacks in the CPS. The above conditions are derived based on the Markov parameters of the CPS and elements of the system observability matrix. Consequently, in addition to outlining the number of required actuators to be attacked, these conditions provide one with the minimum system knowledge needed to perform zero dynamics and controllable cyber-attacks. As a countermeasure against the above stealthy cyber-attacks, we develop a dynamic coding scheme that increases the minimum number of the CPS required actuators to carry out zero dynamics and controllable cyber-attacks to its maximum possible value. It is shown that if at least one secure input channel exists, the proposed dynamic coding scheme can prevent adversaries from executing the zero dynamics and controllable attacks even if they have complete knowledge of the coding system. Finally, two illustrative numerical case studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and capabilities of our derived conditions and proposed methodologies.
Remote sensing is of great importance for analyzing and studying various phenomena occurrence and development on *** is possible to extract features specific to various fields of application with the application of mo...
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Remote sensing is of great importance for analyzing and studying various phenomena occurrence and development on *** is possible to extract features specific to various fields of application with the application of modern machine learning techniques,such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)on MultiSpectral Images(MSI).This systematic review examines the application of 1D-,2D-,3D-,and 4D-CNNs to MSI,following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)*** review addresses three Research Questions(RQ):RQ1:“In which application domains different CNN models have been successfully applied for processing MSI data?”,RQ2:“What are the commonly utilized MSI datasets for training CNN models in the context of processing multispectral satellite imagery?”,and RQ3:“How does the degree of CNN complexity impact the performance of classification,regression or segmentation tasks for multispectral satellite imagery?”.Publications are selected from three databases,Web of Science,IEEE Xplore,and *** on the obtained results,the main conclusions are:(1)The majority of studies are applied in the field of agriculture and are using Sentinel-2 satellite data;(2)Publications implementing 1D-,2D-,and 3D-CNNs mostly utilize *** 4D-CNN,there are limited number of studies,and all of them use segmentation;(3)This study shows that 2D-CNNs prevail in all application domains,but 3D-CNNs prove to be better for spatio-temporal pattern recognition,more specifically in agricultural and environmental monitoring applications.1D-CNNs are less common compared to 2D-CNNs and 3D-CNNs,but they show good performance in spectral analysis tasks.4D-CNNs are more complex and still underutilized,but they have potential for complex data *** details about metrics according to each CNN are provided in the text and supplementary files,offering a comprehensive overview of the evaluation metrics for each type of machine learning technique
Millimeter-wave(mmWave)Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)with random beamforming is a promising technology to guarantee massive connectivity and low latency transmissions of future generations of mobile *** this pap...
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Millimeter-wave(mmWave)Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA)with random beamforming is a promising technology to guarantee massive connectivity and low latency transmissions of future generations of mobile *** this paper,we introduce a cost-effective and energy-efficient mmWave-NOMA system that exploits sparse antenna arrays in the *** analysis shows that utilizing low-weight and small-sized sparse antennas in the Base Station(BS)leads to better outage probability *** also introduce an optimum low complexity Equilibrium Optimization(EO)-based algorithm to further improve the outage *** simulation and analysis results show that the systems equipped with sparse antenna arrays making use of optimum beamforming vectors outperform the conventional systems with uniform linear arrays in terms of outage probability and sum rates.
In the electric power equipment industry,various insulating materials and accessories are manufactured using petroleum-based epoxy ***,petrochemical resources are gradually becoming *** addition,the global surge in pl...
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In the electric power equipment industry,various insulating materials and accessories are manufactured using petroleum-based epoxy ***,petrochemical resources are gradually becoming *** addition,the global surge in plastic usage has consistently raised concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions,leading to worsening global ***,to facilitate eco-friendly policies,industrialising epoxy systems applicable to high-pressure components using bio-based epoxy composites is *** results of the characterisation conducted in this research regarding bio-content were confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry,which showed that as the bio-content increased,the thermal stability *** the operating temperature of 105℃ for the insulation spacer,structurally,no issues would be encountered if the spacer was manufactured with a bio-content of 20%(bio 20%).Subsequent tensile and flexural strength measurements revealed mechanical properties equivalent to or better than those of their petroleum-based *** impact strength tended to decrease with increasing *** the dielectric properties confirmed that the epoxy composite containing 20%biomaterial is suitable for manufacturing insulation ***,a series of tests conducted after spacer fabrication confirmed the absence of internal metals and bubbles with no external discolouration or cracks observed.
This paper presents a novel integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) framework that leverages recent advancements in reconfigurable distributed antennas and reflecting surfaces (RDARS). RDARS is a programmable stru...
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In this paper the authors consider the operational problem of optimal signalling and control,called control-coding capacity(with feedback),C_(FB) in bits/second,of discrete-time nonlinear partially observable stochast...
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In this paper the authors consider the operational problem of optimal signalling and control,called control-coding capacity(with feedback),C_(FB) in bits/second,of discrete-time nonlinear partially observable stochastic systems in state space form,subject to an average cost constraint.C_(FB) is the maximum rate of encoding signals or messages into randomized controller-encoder strategies with feedback,which control the state of the system,and reproducing the messages at the output of the system using a decoder or estimator with arbitrary small asymptotic error *** the first part of the paper,the authors characterize C_(FB) by an information theoretic optimization problem of maximizing directed information from the inputs to the outputs of the system,over randomized strategies(controller-encoders).The authors derive equivalent characterizations of C_(FB),using randomized strategies generated by either uniform or arbitrary distributed random variables(RVs),sufficient statistics,and a posteriori distributions of nonlinear filtering *** the second part of the paper,the authors analyze C_(FB) for linear-quadratic Gaussian partially observable stochastic systems(LQG-POSSs).The authors show that randomized strategies consist of control,estimation and signalling parts,and the sufficient statistics are,two Kalman-filters and an orthogonal innovations *** authors prove a semi-separation principle which states,the optimal control strategy is determined explicitly from the solution of a control matrix difference Riccati equation(DRE),independently of the estimation and signalling ***,the authors express the optimization problem of C_(FB) in terms of two filtering matrix DREs,a control matrix DRE,and the covariance of the innovations *** the paper,the authors illustrate that the expression of C_(FB) includes as degenerate cases,problems of stochastic optimal control and channel capacity of information transmission.
In the construction industry,to prevent accidents,non-destructive tests are necessary and *** impedance tomography is a new technology in non-invasive imaging in which the image of the inner part of conductive bodies ...
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In the construction industry,to prevent accidents,non-destructive tests are necessary and *** impedance tomography is a new technology in non-invasive imaging in which the image of the inner part of conductive bodies is reconstructed by the arrays of external electrodes that are connected on the periphery of the *** equipment is cheap,fast,and edge *** this imaging method,the image of electrical conductivity distribution(or its opposite;electrical impedance)of the internal parts of the target object is *** image reconstruction process is performed by injecting a precise electric current to the peripheral boundaries of the object,measuring the peripheral voltages induced from it and processing the collected *** an electrical impedance tomography system,the voltages measured in the peripheral boundaries have a non-linear equation with the electrical conductivity *** paper presents a cheap electrical Impedance Tomography(EIT)instrument for detecting impurities in the concrete.A voltage-controlled current source,a micro-controller,a set of multiplexers,a set of electrodes,and a personal computer constitute the structure of the *** conducted tests on concrete with impurities show that the designed EIT system can reveal impurities with a good accuracy in a reasonable time.
The authors consider the property of detectability of discrete event systems in the presence of sensor attacks in the context of *** authors model the system using an automaton and study the general notion of detectab...
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The authors consider the property of detectability of discrete event systems in the presence of sensor attacks in the context of *** authors model the system using an automaton and study the general notion of detectability where a given set of state pairs needs to be(eventually or periodically)distinguished in any estimate of the state of the *** authors adopt the ALTER sensor attack model from previous work and formulate four notions of CA-detectability in the context of this attack model based on the following attributes:strong or weak;eventual or *** authors present verification methods for strong CA-detectability and weak *** authors present definitions of strong and weak periodic CA-detectability that are based on the construction of a verifier automaton called the augmented *** development also resulted in relaxing assumptions in prior results on D-detectability,which is a special case of CA-detectability.
Wide field of view and light weight optics are critical for advanced eyewear,with applications in augmented/virtual reality and night *** refractive lenses are often stacked to correct aberrations at a wide field of v...
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Wide field of view and light weight optics are critical for advanced eyewear,with applications in augmented/virtual reality and night *** refractive lenses are often stacked to correct aberrations at a wide field of view,leading to limited performance and increased size and *** particular,simultaneously achieving a wide field of view and large aperture for light collection is desirable but challenging to realize in a compact ***,we demonstrate a wide field of view(greater than 60°)meta-optic doublet eyepiece with an entrance aperture of 2.1 *** the design wavelength of 633 nm,the meta-optic doublet achieves comparable performance to a refractive lens-based eyepiece *** meta-doublet eyepiece illustrates the potential for meta-optics to play an important role in the development of high-quality monochrome near-eye displays and night vision systems.
Non-linear optics is a branch of optics that studies the intriguing and sometimes unexpected ways in which light and matter interact at high intensities, when the polarization density does not respond linearly to the ...
Non-linear optics is a branch of optics that studies the intriguing and sometimes unexpected ways in which light and matter interact at high intensities, when the polarization density does not respond linearly to the electric field of the light. The pursuit of the perfect non-linear optical material has been ongoing ever since the pioneering experiment on second harmonic generation carried out by Franken in 1961 [1]. Indeed,
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