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18th International Joint Conference on Biomedical engineering Systems and Technologies, BIOSTEC 2025

作者： Karli, Hakan Burak Hilborn, Eli Unluturk, Bige Deniz Michigan State University Electricaland Computer Engineering Department East LansingMI United States

This paper investigates the racial biases in pulse oximetry, focusing on the importance of noninvasive peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurements in classifying patient race and ethnicity. Using the publicly available BOLD dataset, our study applies various machine learning models to quantify the extent of bias in SpO2 readings. Initial analysis revealed significant inaccuracies for individuals with darker skin tones, highlighting broader health disparities. Further exploration with machine learning models assessed SpO2 as a predictive marker for race, uncovering that conventional oximetry may underestimate hypoxemia in non-White patients. Notably, the XGBoost model demonstrated superior performance, achieving baseline accuracy of 58.08% across the dataset with all races and 72.60% for only black and white patients included, while consis-tently identifying SpO2 as a significant factor in these disparities. Our findings demonstrate the necessity for recalibrating medical devices to enhance their reliability and inclusivity, ensuring equitable health outcomes. © 2025 by SCITEPRESS– Science and Technology Publications, Lda.

关键词： Oximeters

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Multifractal Terrain Generation for Evaluating Autonomous Off-Road Ground Vehicles

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Journal of Autonomous Vehicles and Systems 2025年第2期5卷 021003页

作者： Majhor, Casey D. Bos, Jeremy P. Robust Autonomous Systems Laboratory Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931

We present a multifractal artificial terrain generation method that uses the 3D Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function to control roughness. By varying the fractal dimension used in terrain generation across three different values, we generate 60 unique off-road terrains. We use gradient maps to categorize the roughness of each terrain, consisting of low-, semi-, and high-roughness areas. To test how the fractal dimension affects the difficulty of vehicle traversals, we measure the success rates, vertical accelerations, pitch and roll rates, and traversal times of an autonomous ground vehicle traversing 20 randomized straight-line paths in each terrain. As we increase the fractal dimension from 2.3 to 2.45 and from 2.45 to 2.6, we find that the median area of low-roughness terrain decreases by 13.8% and 7.16%, the median area of semi-rough terrain increases by 11.7% and 5.63%, and the median area of high-roughness terrain increases by 1.54% and 3.33%, respectively. We find that the median success rate of the vehicle decreases by 22.5% and 25% as the fractal dimension increases from 2.3 to 2.45 and from 2.45 to 2.6, respectively. Successful traversal results show that the median root-mean-squared vertical accelerations, median root-mean-squared pitch and roll rates, and median traversal times all increase with the fractal dimension.

关键词： Roads Dimensions Testing Automated guided vehicles Discrete element methods Vehicles Simulation environment interactions autonomous mobility and maneuver vehicle autonomy Fractals Surface roughness environmental models perception and planning reliability and adaptability simulation and design

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A BROAD-BAND FREE-SPACE MILLIMETER-WAVE VECTOR TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES 1994年第7期42卷 1131-1139页

作者： KONISHI, Y KAMEGAWA, M CASE, M YU, R ALLEN, ST RODWELL, MJW Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering University of California

We report both broadband monolithic transmitter and receiver IC's for mm-wave electromagnetic measurements. The IC's use a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) and a sampling circuit as a picosecond pulse generator and detector. The pulses are radiated and received by planar monolithic bow-tie antennas, collimated with silicon substrate lenses and off-axis parabolic reflectors. Through Fourier transformation of the received pulse, accurate 30-250 GHz free space gain-frequency and phase-frequency measurements are demonstrated. Systems design considerations are discussed, and a variety of mm-wave broadband transmission measurements are demonstrated.

关键词： Pulse measurements Antenna measurements Millimeter wave integrated circuits Millimeter wave measurements Transmitters Monolithic integrated circuits Electromagnetic measurements Planar transmission lines Distributed parameter circuits Sampling methods

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A comparison of fuzzy shell-clustering methods for the detection of ellipses

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS 1996年第2期4卷 193-199页

作者： Frigui, H Krishnapuram, R Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering University of Missouri-Columbia

In this letter, we introduce a shell-clustering algorithm for ellipsoidal clusters based on the so-called ''radial distance,'' which can be easily extended to superquadric clusters. We compare our algorithm with other algorithms in the literature that are based on the algebraic distance, the approximate distance, the normalized radial distance, and the exact distance. We evaluate the performance of each algorithm on two-dimensional data sets containing ''scattered'' ellipses, partial ellipses, outliers, and ellipses of disparate sizes, and summarize the relative strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm.

关键词： .objective function feature space shells normalized radial clustering algorithms superquadric FUZZY SYSTEMS exact distance shell-clustering radial distance algebraic distance approximate distance partial ellipses hyper function with respect

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Low-cost fiber optic force sensor

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 1996年第1期45卷 328-331页

作者： Bakalidis, GN Glavas, E Voglis, NG Tsalides, P Laboratory of Electronics Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering Demokritos University Xanthi Greece

A transducer that uses an intensity-modulated optical method to measure force is described in this paper. The method relies on the additional optical power loss induced by the compression of a fiber optic loop. The sensor is shown to exhibit long-term stability. Using a simple recalibration procedure, a repeatability of +/-0.5% was obtained.

关键词： Optical fibers Force sensors Optical fiber sensors Optical sensors Optical refraction Optical variables control Optical fiber losses Equations Optical noise Force measurement

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THE BYMOMENT METHOD FOR 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 1990年第9期38卷 1429-1437页

作者： CANGELLARIS, AC LEE, R The Electromagnetics Laboratory Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Tucson AR USA

The bymoment method is presented for analyzing two-dimensional electromagnetic wave scattering in an unbounded region. The method introduces a conforming surface to geometrically decouple the interior region containing the scatterer from the exterior region extending to infinity. The solution in the interior is generated using the standard finite-element solution of an interior Dirichlet boundary-value problem. The interior solution is then coupled to the exterior using Green's theorem in the unbounded exterior region. The validity of the method and the associated computer program is demonstrated by comparing the results to those of other methods for scattering by various cylindrical geometries.< >

关键词： Electromagnetic scattering Finite element methods Sparse matrices Electromagnetic analysis Symmetric matrices H infinity control Application software Integral equations Computational geometry

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ON LEAKY MODE-APPROXIMATIONS FOR MODAL EXPANSION IN MULTILAYER OPEN WAVE-GUIDES

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IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 1995年第10期31卷 1790-1802页

作者： LEE, SL CHUNG, YC COLDREN, LA DAGLI, N Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering University of California슠Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California슠Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA

We propose an analytic method to calculate the leaky mode functions to enable modal expansion without encountering the normalization and orthogonality problems of the unphysical mode shape. The wave functions of leaky modes are derived from the explicit formulas of normalized radiation modes. Using leaky modes to approximate a continuum of radiation modes greatly simplifies the analysis of excitation, transitions, propagation, and radiation of light waves in multilayer waveguide structures. Upon comparison with the beam propagation method and modal propagation method, we show that the leaky mode approximation while requiring a much simpler computation is as accurate. This method can also provide better physical insight to device operations.

关键词： Nonhomogeneous media Optical propagation Coplanar waveguides Laser modes Waveguide lasers Shape Wave functions Waveguide transitions Planar waveguides

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Oblique scattering from an inhomogeneous chiral cylindrical object with use of axial Beltrami fields and the fast multipole method

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JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION 1997年第10期14卷 2786-2799页

作者： Shanker, B Michielssen, E []Center for Computational Electromagnetics Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign1406 West Green Street Urbana Illinois 61801

A fast multipole accelerated integral-equation-based technique for analyzing oblique scattering from two-dimensional inhomogeneous chiral objects immersed in a chiral host is presented. The analysis is performed in terms of Beltrami fields, as they provide a natural representation of fields in a chiral medium. Volume integral equations in terms of solely axial components of Beltrami fields are derived and are discretized by use of pyramidal basis functions. Our numerical results are validated against exact solutions for scattering from circular cylinders and shells. Scattering from large shells and corrugated curved gratings is presented, and the reduced computational complexity of our algorithm is demonstrated. (C) 1997 Optical Society of America.

关键词： Chiral media Dispersion In field scattering Optical activity Scattering Wave propagation

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RIGOROUS ANALYSIS OF RADIATION PROPERTIES OF LOSSY PATCH RESONATORS ON COMPLEX ANISOTROPIC MEDIA AND LOSSY GROUND METALLIZATION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 1994年第10期42卷 1443-1446页

作者： CAI, ZL BORNEMANN, J Centre of Advanced Materials and Rclated Technology(CAMTEC) Laboratory for Lightwave Electronics Microwaves and Communications (LLiMiC) Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering Universityof Vlctoria

An extended spectral-domain immittance approach for the rigorous analysis of resonant frequencies and radiation characteristics of microstrip resonators is presented. The dyadic Green's function in the spectral domain is modified to include a complex anisotropic substrate with both permeability and permittivity tensors, lossy ground metallization, and a lossy conducting patch of conventional or superconducting material. Closed-form expressions for the transverse propagation constants and related immittances of TE and TM waves in the spectral domain lead to a CPU-time efficient algorithm that is operational on standard workstations. Numerical results show how the radiation characteristics are affected by losses as well as uniaxial and biaxial anisotropies.

关键词： .spectral domain propagation constants

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A Generalized Orthogonal Transformation Matrix

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IEEE Transactions on computers 1979年第2期C-28卷 147-150页

作者： Cheng, David K. Liu, James J. Department of Electricaland Computer Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse NY 13210 United States

A procedure is described for generating a two-parameter orthogonal transformation matrix which reduces to the Fourier and Hadamard transformation matrices under specialconditions. This generalized transformation matrix is particularly useful for multidimensional signal processing on a real-time basis because it preserves a proper relationship in the transform domain. Copyright © 1979 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Hadamard transform Index Terms-Fourier transform orthogonal transform raster scan signal processing

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