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Serotype distribution of remaining invasive pneumococcal disease after extensive use of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis

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The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025年第4期25卷 445-456页

作者： Garcia Quesada, Maria Peterson, Meagan E Bennett, Julia C Hayford, Kyla Zeger, Scott L Yang, Yangyupei Hetrich, Marissa K Feikin, Daniel R Cohen, Adam L von Gottberg, Anne van der Linden, Mark van Sorge, Nina M de Oliveira, Lucia H de Miguel, Sara Yildirim, Inci Vestrheim, Didrik F Verani, Jennifer R Varon, Emmanuelle Valentiner-Branth, Palle Tzanakaki, Georgina Sinkovec Zorko, Nadja Setchanova, Lena P Serhan, Fatima Scott, Kevin J Scott, J Anthony Savulescu, Camelia Savrasova, Larisa Reyburn, Rita Oishi, Kazunori Nuorti, J Pekka Napoli, Daniela Mwenda, Jason M Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen Morfeldt, Eva McMahon, Kimberley McGeer, Allison Mackenzie, Grant A Eugenia León, Maria Ladhani, Shamez N Kristinsson, Karl G Kozakova, Jana Kleynhans, Jackie Klein, Nicola P Kellner, James D Jayasinghe, Sanjay Ho, Pak-Leung Hilty, Markus Harker-Jones, Marcella A Hammitt, Laura L Grgic-Vitek, Marta Gilkison, Charlotte Gierke, Ryan French, Neil Diawara, Idrissa Desmet, Stefanie De Wals, Philippe Dalby, Tine Dagan, Ron Corcoran, Mary Colzani, Edoardo Chanto Chacón, Grettel Castilla, Jesús Camilli, Romina Ang, Michelle Ampofo, Krow Almeida, Samanta C G Alarcon, Pedro Deloria Knoll, Maria Pennington, Kate Krause, Vicki Brandileone, Maria-Cristina Ricketson, Leah Deceuninck, Geneviève Lefebvre, Brigitte Díaz, Janepsy Puentes, Rodrigo Krizova, Pavla Rafai, Eric Toropainen, Maija Viriot, Delphine Ploy, Marie-Cecile Hossain, Ilias Georgakopoulou, Theano Magaziotou, Ioanna Chow, Kin-Hung Erlendsdottir, Helga Mereckiene, Jolita Del Manso, Martina Suga, Shigeru Bigogo, Godfrey Dimina, Elina Swarthout, Todd Nzoyikorera, Néhémie Steens, Anneke Galloway, Yvonne Winje, Brita Chan, Guanhao Thoon, Koh Cheng Avdičová, Mária de Gouveia, Linda du Plessis, Mignon Ciruela, Pilar Sanz, Juan Carlos Guevara, Marcela Lepp, Tiia Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin Macdonald, Laura Pilishvili, Tamara Kobayashi, Miwako Bruden, Dana Pelton, Stephen Sutcliffe, Catherine Aukes, Laurie Byington, Carrie Zintgraff, Jonathan Chamorro, Gustavo Kawabata, Aníbal Celentano, Lucia Rey-Ben Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD United States WHO Geneva Switzerland Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa School of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Reference Laboratory for Streptococci Department of Medical Microbiology University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Pan American Health Organization WHO Washington DC United States CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias Madrid Spain Epidemiology Department Dirección General de Salud Pública Madrid Spain Department of Pediatrics Yale New Haven Children's Hospital New Haven CT United States Department of Public Health Ministry of Health and Care Services Oslo Norway Division of Global Health Protection Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nairobi Kenya Division of Bacterial Diseases National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA United States National Reference Centre for Pneumococci Data Research Department Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil Créteil France Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark National Meningitis Reference Laboratory Department of Public Health Policy School of Public Health University of West Attica Athens Greece Communicable Diseases Centre National Institute of Public Health Ljubljana Slovenia University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment Saint Ivan Rilski Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Sofia Bulgaria Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service Scot

Background: Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has reduced vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We describe the serotype distribution of IPD after extensive use of ten-valent PCV (PCV10;Synflorix, GSK) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13;Prevenar 13, Pfizer) globally. Methods: IPD data were obtained from surveillance sites participating in the WHO-commissioned Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project that exclusively used PCV10 or PCV13 (hereafter PCV10 and PCV13 sites, respectively) in their national immunisation programmes and had primary series uptake of at least 70%. Serotype distribution was estimated for IPD cases occurring 5 years or more after PCV10 or PCV13 introduction (ie, the mature period when the serotype distribution had stabilised) using multinomial Dirichlet regression, stratified by PCV product and age group (<5 years, 5–17 years, 18–49 years, and ≥50 years). Findings: The analysis included cases occurring primarily between 2015 and 2018 from 42 PCV13 sites (63 362 cases) and 12 PCV10 sites (6806 cases) in 41 countries. Sites were mostly high income (36 [67%] of 54) and used three-dose or four-dose booster schedules (44 [81%]). At PCV10 sites, PCV10 serotypes caused 10·0% (95% CI 6·3–12·9) of IPD cases in children younger than 5 years and 15·5% (13·4–19·3) of cases in adults aged 50 years or older, while PCV13 serotypes caused 52·1% (49·2–65·4) and 45·6% (40·0–50·0), respectively. At PCV13 sites, PCV13 serotypes caused 26·4% (21·3–30·0) of IPD cases in children younger than 5 years and 29·5% (27·5–33·0) of cases in adults aged 50 years or older. The leading serotype at PCV10 sites was 19A in children younger than 5 years (30·6% [95% CI 18·2–43·1]) and adults aged 50 years or older (14·8% [11·9–17·8]). Serotype 3 was a top-ranked serotype, causing about 9% of cases in children younger than 5 years and 14% in adults aged 50 years or older at both PCV10 and PCV13 sites. Across all age an

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An ergonomic analysis of waste container handling: Part II

An ergonomic analysis of waste container handling: Part II

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Proceedings of the XIVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association and 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Association, 'Ergonomics for the New Millennnium'

作者： Tittiranonda, Pat Das, Rajiv Martin, Bernard Zalk, David Barsnick, Lance Burastero, Stephen Interdisciplinary Ergonomics Program Lawrence Livermore Natl. Laboratory Department of Occupational Medicine University of California San Francisco Center for Ergonomics University of Michigan Ann Arbor Hazards Control Department Lawrence Livermore Natl. Laboratory Environmental Protection Department Lawrence Livermore Natl. Laboratory

This study examined the effects of waste container handling on surface electromyographic activity of the erector spinae, infraspinatus and upper trapezius muscles, trunk kinematics (position, velocity and acceleration) measured in three planes (lateral, sagittal and transverse), spinal loading at the L5/S1 region and low back disorder (LBD) risk. Eleven field technicians at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) were asked to manipulate 30 and 55 gallon waste drums and carry a 5 gallon carboys in their workplace. Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in muscle load on the erector spinae during drum handling activities. Loading and unloading the 55-gallon drums required more force from all muscle groups than the 35-gallon drums. Muscle peak load did not show a significant difference between 35 and 55 gallon drum rolling. For carboy transport, peak muscle activity is greater for all muscle groups with the two carboy carry. The calculated LBD risk also recognized the same activities as being most "at risk." This data was used by the participatory team to focus their interventions and determine handling limits.

关键词： Ergonomics

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EFFECTS OF ULTRA-LOW VOLUME APPLICATIONS OF MALATHION IN HALE COUNTY, TEXAS. 2 MOSQUITO POPULATIONS IN TREATED AND UNTREATED AREAS

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JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1970年第1期7卷 85-+页

作者： MITCHELL, CJ KILPATRICK, JW HAYES, RO CURRY, HW Arboviral Disease Section Ecological Investigations Program National Communicable DiseaseCenter Health Services and Mental Health Administration Public Health Service U. S. Department of Health Education and Welfare 308 S. Broadway Plainview Texas 79072 U.S.A. P. O. Box 551 Fort CollinsColorado 80521 U.S.A. Aedes aegypti Eradication Program Environmental Control Administration Consumer Protection and Environmental Health ServiceAtlanta Georgia 30333 U.S.A. Department of Public Safety City of Plainview 901 N. Broadway Plainview Texas 79072 U.S.A.

The effects of ultra-low volume (ULV) aerial applications of technical malathion at the rate of 214 g/ha (3 oz. per acre) on mosquito populations was evaluated in 3 Hale County, Texas towns during June through August, 1967. Light trap and sentinel shed trap indices were used to follow trends in adult mosquito population fluctuations in the treated towns and in I untreated town and selected rural sites. Four species,Aedes nigromaculis(Ludl.),Aedes vexans(Meig.),Gulex tarsalisCoq., andPsorophora signipennis(Theob.), made up 99% of the mosquitoes collected in light traps. Only 3 species,A. vexans, C. tarsalis, andGulex pipiens quinquefasciatusSay, were commonly collected in chicken-baited sentinel shed traps. An evaluation of the effects of ULV aerial treatments with malathion on mosquito populations was made by comparing pre- and post-treatment population indices. These comparisons indicated that lasting mosquito control was not achieved. Although Substantial reductions were some times obtained by treating, there was evidence thatG. tarsalispopulations in Plainview returned to their pre-treatment levels by the third day following treatment, and thatPsorophoraandAedesspp. did so by the fourth and fifth days, respectively. It was apparent also that mosquito populations built up and declined on a seasonal basis independently of the treatments. Infiltration of adult mosquitoes from outside the treated areas was postulated to account for the rapid post-treatment population build-ups.

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Exposure to trace levels of metals and fluoroquinolones increases inflammation and tumorigenesis risk of zebrafish embryos

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environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2022年第2期10卷 12-22页

作者： Dantong Jia Ruijie Zhang Jian Shao Wei Zhang Leilei Cai Weiling Sun College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking UniversityThe Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment SciencesMinistry of EducationBeijing100871China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution ControlMinistry of EducationBeijing100871China College of Animal Science Guizhou UniversityThe Key Laboratory of Animal GeneticsBreeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous RegionMinistry of EducationGuiyangGuizhou550025China Department of Plant Soil and Microbial SciencesEnvironmental Science and Policy ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824United States College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandong266590China

Exposure to trace-level heavy metals and antibiotics may elicit metabolic disorder,alter protein expression,and then induce pathological changes in zebrafish embryos,despite negligible physiological and developmental *** study investigated the single and combined developmental toxicity of fluoroquinolones(enrofloxacin[ENR]and ciprofloxacin[CIP])(0.5 mM)and heavy metals(Cu and Cd)(0.5 mM)to zebrafish embryos,and molecular responses of zebrafish larvae upon exposure to the single pollutant(0.2 mM)or a binary metal-fluoroquinolone mixture(0.2 mM).In all single and mixture exposure groups,no developmental toxicity was observed,but oxidative stress,inflammation,and lipid depletion were found in zebrafish embryos,which was more severe in the mixture exposure groups than in the single exposure groups,probably due to increased metal bioaccumulation in the presence of ENR or *** analysis revealed the up-regulation of amino acids and down-regulation of fatty acids,corresponding to an active response to oxidative stress and the occurrence of *** up-regulation of antioxidase and immune proteins revealed by proteomics analysis further confirmed the occurrence of oxidative stress and ***,the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed a significant disturbance of pathways related to immunity and tumor,indicating the potential risk of tumorigenesis in zebrafish *** findings provide molecular-level insights into the adverse effects of heavy metals and antibiotics(especially in chemical mixtures)on zebrafish embryos,and highlight the potential ecotoxicological risks of trace-level heavy metals and antibiotics in the environment.

关键词： Fluoroquinolone Metal Inflammation Tumor Oxidative stress

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An Ergonomic Analysis of Waste Container Handling: Part II

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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 2000年第29期44卷 5-71 - 5-74页

作者： Pat Tittiranonda Rajiv Das Bernard Martin David Zalk Lance Barsnick Stephen Burastero Interdisciplinary Ergonomics Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine University of California San Francisco Center for Ergonomics University of Michigan Ann Arbor Hazards Control Department Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Environmental Protection Department Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Interdisciplinary Ergonomics Program Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryDepartment of Occupational & Environmental Medicine University of California San Francisco

This study examined the effects of waste container handling on surface electromyographic activity of the erector spinae, infraspinatus and upper trapezius muscles, trunk kinematics (position, velocity and acceleration) measured in three planes (lateral, sagittal and transverse), spinal loading at the L5/S1 region and low back disorder (LBD) risk. Eleven field technicians at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) were asked to manipulate 30 and 55 gallon waste drums and carry a 5 gallon carboys in their workplace. Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in muscle load on the erector spinae during drum handling activities. Loading and unloading the 55-gallon drums required more force from all muscle groups than the 35-gallon drums. Muscle peak load did not show a significant difference between 35 and 55 gallon drum rolling. For carboy transport, peak muscle activity is greater for all muscle groups with the two carboy carry. The calculated LBD risk also recognized the same activities as being most “at risk.” This data was used by the participatory team to focus their interventions and determine handling limits.

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The Effects of Some Pre-Sowing Treatments on Seed Germination Percentage and Duration of Jujube (Ziziphusjujuba Mill.)

The Effects of Some Pre-Sowing Treatments on Seed Germinatio...

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第三届国际石榴及地中海气候小水果学术研讨会

作者： N.Adak S.Gozlekci Akdeniz University Technical Sciences Vocational School Environmental Protection and Control Program 07058 Antalya Turkey Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture 07058 Antalya Turkey

The genus Ziziphus has approximately 40 species, including Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese jujube).The tree grows widely in most dry tropical and subtopical regions of the world.) The primary centre of origin for Jujube (Ziz... 详细信息

关键词： Ziziphusjujuba jujube seed germination pre-sowing treatment

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FIELD SAMPLING OF RESIDUAL AVIATION GASOLINE IN SANDY SOIL

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第2期11卷 107-120页

作者： OSTENDORF, DW LEACH, LE HINLEIN, ES XIE, YF 1 David W. Ostendorf is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Dr. Ostendorf is a registered professional engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Water Well Association.2 Lowell E. Leach is an environmental engineer with the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RS Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory U.S. EPA P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK74820). Leach received his B.S. ingeological engineering at the University of Oklahoma in 1959 and has been a registered professional engineer in Oklahoma since 1966. With 29 years of experience in field applications of geological engineering he is responsible for developing methodology for sampling ground water and subsurface materials for the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory.3 Erich S. Hinlein is a research assistant in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include ground water pollution hazardous waste site investigation and transport processes in unconfined aquifers. Hinlein graduated with a B.S. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in May 1985 and entered the Environmental Engineering Master's Degree Program in January 1989.4 Yuefeng Xie is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil E

Two complementary field sampling methods for the determination of residual aviation gasoline content in the contaminated capillary fringe of a fine, uniform, sandy soil were investigated. The first method featured field extrusion of core barrels into pint-size Mason jars, while the second consisted of laboratory partitioning of intact stainless steel core sleeves. The barrel extrusion procedure involved jar headspace sampling in a nitrogen-filled glove box, which delineated the 0.7m thick residually contaminated interval for subsequent core sleeve withdrawal from adjacent boreholes. Soil samples removed from the Mason jars (in the field) and sleeve segments (in the laboratory) were subjected to methylene chloride extraction and gas chromatographic analysis to compare their aviation gasoline content. The barrel extrusion sampling method yielded a vertical profile with 0.10m resolution over an essentially continuous 5.0m interval from the ground surface to the water table. The sleeve segment alternative yielded a more resolved 0.03m vertical profile over a shorter 0.8m interval through the capillary fringe. The two methods delivered precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline at a given horizontal location, and a consistent view of the vertical profile as well. In the latter regard, a 0.2m thick lens of maximum contamination was found in the center of the capillary fringe, where moisture filled all voids smaller than the mean pore size. The maximum peak was resolved by the core sleeve data, but was partially obscured by the barrel extrusion observations, so that replicate barrels or a half-pint Mason jar size should be considered for data supporting vertical transport analyses in the absence of sleeve partitions.

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Molecular insight of dissolved organic matter and chlorinated disinfection by-products in reclaimed water during chlorination with permanganate preoxidation

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Chemosphere 2024年 349卷 140807页

作者： Hu, Wei Niu, Xi-Zhi Chen, Huan Ye, Bei Liang, Jun-Kun Guan, Yun-Tao Wu, Qian-Yuan Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety Institute of Environment and Ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen518055 China Environmental Engineering and Science Program Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH45221 United States Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science Clemson University SC29634 United States

Permanganate is a common preoxidant applied in water treatment to remove organic pollutants and to reduce the formation of disinfection by-products. However, the effect of permanganate preoxidation on the transformation of dissolved effluent organic matter (dEfOM) and on the formation of unknown chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) during chlorination remains unknown at molecular level. In this work, the molecular changes of dEfOM during permanganate preoxidation and subsequent chlorination were characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Permanganate preoxidation was found to decrease the DBE (double bond equivalent) and AImod (modified aromaticity index) of the dEfOM. The identity and fate of over 400 unknown Cl-DBPs during KMnO4-chlorine treatment were investigated. Most Cl-DBPs and the precursors were found to be highly unsaturated aliphatic and phenolic compounds. The Cl-DBPs precursors with lower H/C and lower O/C were preferentially removed by permanganate preoxidation. Additionally, permanganate preoxidation decreased the number of unknown Cl-DBPs by 30% and intensity of unknown Cl-DBPs by 25%. One-chlorine-containing DBPs were the major Cl-DBPs and had more CH2 groups and higher DBEw than Cl-DBPs containing two and three chlorine atoms. 60% of the Cl-DBPs formation was attributed to substitution reactions (i.e., +Cl–H, +2Cl–2H, +3Cl–3H, +ClO–H, +Cl2O3–2H). This work provides detailed molecular level information on the efficacy of permanganate preoxidation on the control of overall Cl-DBPs formation during chlorination. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Chlorination

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Accelerating environmental Research to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

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environmental SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023年第11期10卷 961-962页

作者： Mihelcic, James R. Barra, Ricardo O. Brooks, Bryan W. Diamond, Miriam L. Eckelman, Matthew J. Gibson, Jacqueline MacDonald Guidotti, Sunny Ikeda-Araki, Atsuko Kumar, Manish Maiga, Ynoussa McConville, Jennifer Miller, Shelly L. Pizarro, Valeria Rosario-Ortiz, Fernando Wang, Shuxiao Zimmerman, Julie B. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave ENG 030 Tampa Florida 33620 United States Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA Chile Centre University of Concepcion Barrio Universitario s/n Concepción 4070386 Chile Department of Environmental Science Baylor University One Bear Place #97266 Waco Texas 76798-7266 United States Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment University of Toronto Toronto M5S 1A1 ON Canada College of Engineering Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts 02115 United States Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering North Carolina State University Fitts-Woolard Hall Room 3253 915 Partners Way Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7908 United States UNICEF Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office Building 102 Alberto Tejada Street City of Knowledge 0843 Republic of Panama Faculty of Health Sciences Hokkaido University Kita 12 Nishi 5 Kitaku Sapporo 060-0812 Japan Sustainability Cluster School of Engineering University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Dehradun Uttarakhand 248007 India Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Monterey Monterrey 64849 Nuevo León Mexico Laboratory of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology UFR SVT University Joseph KI-ZERBO 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Department of Energy and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7032 Uppsala SE-750 07 Sweden Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder 427 UCB Boulder Colorado 80309-0427 United States Perry Institute for Marine Science Windsor School (Albany Campus) Frank Watson Boulevard Adelaide The Bahamas Department of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering Environmental Engineering Program University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 United States State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084

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THE GROUND-WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE - AN ALTERNATIVE TO COSTLY REMEDIATION

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1989年第1期9卷 70-&页

作者： APGAR, MA CHERRY, PJ JORDAN, JH WILLIAMS, SN Michael A. Apgar is the senior hydrologist with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (P.O. Box 1401 Dover DE 19903). He has geology degrees from Rutgers (A.B. 1968) and Penn State (M.S. 1971) and work experience with USGS (Trenton 1967–8) consulting (Roy F. Weston 1971–4) teaching (Wesley College 1985–6) and regulating (Delaware DNREC 1974–88). He is a certified geohydrologist (AIH) and a registered professional geologist (Delaware). Philip J. Cherry program manager and supervisor of the Water Supply Branch within the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (P.O. Box 1401 Dover DE 19903) received his B.A. in geology from the State University of New York in 1978 and an M.S. in geology at the University of Delaware in 1983. Since joining the Delaware DNREC in 1983 he has been involved in all aspects of ground water development management and protection in Delaware. Judy Jordan has a bachelor's degree in geology from the University of Delaware (1984). She went to work for the consulting firm Roy F. Weston Inc. as a geologist and left the company after a brief interval to study law at Widener University. She was then employed by the State of Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control's Hazardous Waste Branch (P.O. Box 1401 Dover DE 19903) and is currently serving as a hydrogeologist in DNREC's Water Supply Branch. After completion of her J.D. she plans to specialize in environmental/land use law. Stephen N. Williams is an environmental program manager for the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (P.O. Box 1401 Dover DE 19903). His responsibilities include supervision of the Water Supply Branch Well Permit Program promoting sound practices of effective ground water management. He graduated from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania with a B.S. in geology in 1982. He graduated from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1986 earning an M.S. in geology. He is a professor of physical

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