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A comprehensive examination of load balancing algorithms in cloud environments: a systematic literature review, comparative analysis, taxonomy, open challenges, and future trends

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Iran Journal of computer Science 2024年第3期7卷 663-698页

作者： Prity, Farida Siddiqi Hossain, Md. Maruf Department of Information and Communication Engineering Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh Department of Information and Communication Engineering Pabna University of Science and Technology Pabna 6600 Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology Dhaka 1230 Bangladesh

Cloud computing is a robust paradigm that empowers users and organizations to procure services tailored to their needs. This model encompasses many offerings, including storage solutions, platforms for seamless deployment, and convenient access to web services. Load balancing, a fundamental pillar in cloud computing, is crucial in distributing requests across multiple servers to optimize resource utilization and reduce response times. However, load balancing presents a common challenge in the cloud environment, as it hampers the ability to maintain optimal application performance while adhering to the stringent requirements of Quality of Service (QoS) measurements and Service Level Agreement (SLA) compliance mandated by cloud providers to enterprises. The equitable workload distribution across servers poses a significant challenge for cloud providers. Hence, an efficient load-balancing technique should optimize resource utilization in Virtual Machines (VMs) to ensure maximum user satisfaction and overall system efficiency. However, existing review papers on load balancing in cloud environments often exhibit limitations, lacking in-depth analyses, graphical representations, and comprehensive evaluations of performance metrics. This review paper aims to fill these gaps by providing a novel taxonomy of load balancing algorithms divided into four categories (types of algorithms, nature of problem, metrics, and simulation tools) and thoroughly examining their objectives, parameters, and operational flows. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these algorithms, considering their nature and type, and employs qualitative QoS parameter-based criteria for effectiveness evaluation. The paper also includes a comparative analysis of simulation tools, visual representations, and experimental results. By offering valuable insights, open issues, recommendations, and future directions, this review paper equips researchers, practitioners, and cloud service providers with the k

关键词： Algorithms Cloud computing Load balancing Taxonomy

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Efficient Authentication System Using Wavelet Embeddings of Otoacoustic Emission Signals

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computer Systems Science & engineering 2023年第5期45卷 1851-1867页

作者： V.Harshini T.Dhanwin A.Shahina N.Safiyyah A.Nayeemulla Khan Department of Information Technology Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of EngineeringChennai603110India School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of TechnologyChennai600127India

Biometrics,which has become integrated with our daily lives,could fall prey to falsification attacks,leading to security *** our paper,we use Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions(TEOAE)that are generated by the human cochlea in response to an external sound stimulus,as a biometric *** are robust to falsification attacks,as the uniqueness of an individual’s inner ear cannot be *** this study,we use both the raw 1D TEOAE signals,as well as the 2D time-frequency representation of the signal using Continuous Wavelet Transform(CWT).We use 1D and 2D Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)for the former and latter,respectively,to derive the feature *** corresponding lower-dimensional feature maps are obtained using principal component analysis,which is then used as features to build classifiers using machine learning techniques for the task of person identification.T-SNE plots of these feature maps show that they discriminate well among the *** the various architectures explored,we achieve a best-performing accuracy of 98.95%and 100%using the feature maps of the 1D-CNN and 2D-CNN,respectively,with the latter performance being an improvement over all the earlier *** performance makes the TEOAE based person identification systems deployable in real-world situations,along with the added advantage of robustness to falsification attacks.

关键词： Person identification system cochlea:transient evoked otoacoustic emission wavelet transform convolutional neural network

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Joint Mode Selection and Beamforming Designs for Hybrid-RIS Assisted ISAC Systems

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IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 2025年第6期14卷 1718-1722页

作者： Lin, Yingbin Wang, Feng Zhang, Xiao Han, Guojun Lau, Vincent K. N. Guangdong University of Technology School of Information Engineering Guangzhou510006 China South-Central Minzu University College of Computer Science Wuhan430079 China The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Hong Kong Hong Kong

This letter considers a hybrid reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where each RIS element can flexibly switch between the active and passive modes. Subject to the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraint for each communication user (CU) and the transmit power constraints for both the base station (BS) and the active RIS elements, with the objective of maximizing the minimum beampattern gain among multiple targets, we jointly optimize the BS transmit beamforming for ISAC and the mode selection of each RIS reflecting element, as well as the RIS reflection coefficient matrix. Such formulated joint hybrid-RIS assisted ISAC design problem is a mixed-integer nonlinear program, which is decomposed into two low-dimensional subproblems being solved in an alternating manner. Specifically, by using the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique along with the rank-one beamforming construction process, we efficiently obtain the optimal ISAC transmit beamforming design at the BS. Via the SDR and successive convex approximation (SCA) techniques, we jointly determine the active/passive mode selection and reflection coefficient for each RIS element. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed design solution is significantly superior to the existing baseline solutions. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Beamforming

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A Novel Pyra-Cryptosystem Relying Secure Light-Weight Data Exchange, Peer-to-Peer Authentication, and Secure Communication Session Key Management Approach-Based Model for Internet of Things Network Security

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SN computer Science 2025年第1期6卷 1-25页

作者： Attkan, Ankit Ahlawat, Priyanka Ranga, Virender Department of Computer Engineering NIT Kurukshetra Kurukshetra 136119 India Department of Information Technology Delhi Technological University Delhi 110042 India

The Internet of Things has such a huge domain of applications that it is very common to locate any IoT device, when we look around the technological things working around us. The diversification of multi-purpose devices and intersection of the technology with heterogeneous cyber-physical devices in a computer network, all have some sort of common Internet based mode for communication and data transfer. This data can be sensitive, confidential, or even useless depending on the nature of protection it requires from the attacker’s target point of view. Just like the IoT heterogeneous devices, there is a variety of technological specifications and hardware configurations around millions of devices working over the internet and constituting the cyberspace domain. IoT networks are implemented in, but not restricted to the areas such as military, agriculture, disaster management, healthcare, daily care, finance management, education, surveillance, automobiles, chemical engineering, robotics, biochemistry etc. All such mentioned fields generate a huge amount of data which is required to be protected against the network attacks. This can be done by boosting the security of the communication channel while keeping the things light weight to deal with the problem of limited resource devices and their scarcity of computational power as well. We propose a light-weight secure session key (Session-S_KEY) generation model that relies upon the pyramid structure oriented Pyra-cryptosystem that boosts the cryptographic strength of the IoT network. For mutually authenticating the peer-to-peer devices, we utilize the newly proposed MDSKMA: Mobile Node Mutual authentication and Session key Agreement approached Mutual Authentication mechanism for IoT network. Based on experiments and simulations using hardware (Raspberry Pi), software (NS-3, Miracle) and tools (Proverif), we reached promising results of security and attack deterrence using our proposed Pyra-cryptosystem based sec

关键词： Cryptographic security model Data security Digital signatures IoT security Light-weight cryptosystem Mobile computing security Mutual authentication Number theory Parallel hash Pyra-cryptosystem Pyramid key component Resource constrained networks Shared session keys (Session-SKEY) Switchable security Wireless sensor networks

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Design and Analysis of a UWB Slotted Vivaldi Antenna for Microwave Imaging Applications

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IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing 2023年第4期12卷 350-357页

作者： Paul, Liton Chandra Majumder, Akash Rani, Tithi Hossain, Md. Najmul Rahim, Md. Abdur Shin, Jungpil Yun, Keun Soo Department of Electrical Electronic and Communication Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Pabna University of Science and Technology Pabna6600 Bangladesh Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Rajshahi6204 Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Pabna University of Science and Technology Pabna6600 Bangladesh School of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Aizu / Fukushima Aizuwakamatsu965-8580 Japan School of Computer and Information Technology Ulsan College / Dong-gu Ulsan44610 Korea Republic of

An ultra-wideband (UWB) slotted compact Vivaldi antenna with a microstrip line feed was evaluated for microwave imaging (MI) applications. The recommended FR4 substrate-based Vivaldi antenna is 50×50×1.5 mm3 in size. The proposed compact Vivaldi antenna showed good radiation characteristics and spanned an ultra-wide bandwidth of 10 GHz, ranging from 3.6 to 13.6 GHz, using a microstrip line feed with a radial stub, tapered slots, and resonant cavities. After analyzing the simulation findings, the proposed compact slotted UWB Vivaldi antenna was compared with the basic Vivaldi antenna. The maximum gain and efficiency were 7.35 dB and 82%, respectively. The antenna was simulated in the time domain using the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio. The frequency domain solver was also used for cross-validation, and the results were equally good. In conclusion, the proposed compact Vivaldi antenna is a good option for microwave imaging applications. © 2023 The Institute of Electronics and information Engineers.

关键词： Cavity resonators

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Improved Bat Algorithm with Deep Learning-Based Biomedical ECG Signal Classification Model

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第2期74卷 3151-3166页

作者： Marwa Obayya Nadhem NEMRI Lubna A.Alharbi Mohamed K.Nour Mrim M.Alnfiai Mohammed Abdullah Al-Hagery Nermin M.Salem Mesfer Al Duhayyim Department of Biomedical Engineering College of EngineeringPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems College of Science and Art at MahayilKing Khalid UniversitySaudi Arabia Department of Computer Science College of Computers and Information TechnologyTabuk UniversitySaudi Arabia Department of Computer Sciences College of Computing and Information SystemUmm Al-Qura UniversitySaudi Arabia Department of Information Technology College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif UniversityP.O.Box 11099Taif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science College of ComputerQassim UniversitySaudi Arabia Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and TechnologyFuture University in EgyptNew Cairo11835Egypt Department of Computer Science College of Sciences and Humanities-AflajPrince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversitySaudi Arabia

With new developments experienced in Internet of Things(IoT),wearable,and sensing technology,the value of healthcare services has *** evolution has brought significant changes from conventional medicine-based healthcare to real-time observation-based *** Electrocardiogram(ECG)signals are generally utilized in examination and diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases(CVDs)since it is quick and non-invasive in *** to increasing number of patients in recent years,the classifier efficiency gets reduced due to high variances observed in ECG signal patterns obtained from *** such scenario computer-assisted automated diagnostic tools are important for classification of ECG *** current study devises an Improved Bat Algorithm with Deep Learning Based Biomedical ECGSignal Classification(IBADL-BECGC)*** accomplish this,the proposed IBADL-BECGC model initially pre-processes the input ***,IBADL-BECGC model applies NasNet model to derive the features from test ECG *** addition,Improved Bat Algorithm(IBA)is employed to optimally fine-tune the hyperparameters related to NasNet ***,Extreme Learning Machine(ELM)classification algorithm is executed to perform ECG classification *** presented IBADL-BECGC model was experimentally validated utilizing benchmark *** comparison study outcomes established the improved performance of IBADL-BECGC model over other existing methodologies since the former achieved a maximum accuracy of 97.49%.

关键词： Data science ECG signals improved bat algorithm deep learning biomedical data data classification machine learning

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Web Security:Emerging Threats and Defense

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computer Systems Science & engineering 2022年第3期40卷 1233-1248页

作者： Abdulwahed Awad Almutairi Shailendra Mishra Mohammed AlShehri Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaah11952Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaah11952Saudi Arabia

Web applications have become a widely accepted method to support the internet for the past *** they have been successfully installed in the business activities and there is a requirement of advanced functionalities,the configuration is growing and becoming more *** growing demand and complexity also make these web applications a preferred target for intruders on the *** with the support of security specialists,they remain highly problematic for the complexity of penetration and code reviewing *** requires considering different testing patterns in both codes reviewing and penetration *** a result,the number of hacked websites is increasing day by *** of these vulnerabilities also occur due to incorrect input validation and lack of result validation for lousy programming practices or coding *** scanners for web applications can detect a few vulnerabilities in a dynamic *** are quite easy to use;however,these often miss out on some of the unique critical vulnerabilities in a different and static *** these are time-consuming,they can find complex vulnerabilities and improve developer knowledge in coding and best *** scanners choose both dynamic and static approaches,and the developers can select them based on their requirements and *** research explores and provides details of SQL injection,operating system command injection,path traversal,and cross-site scripting vulnerabilities through dynamic and static *** also examines various security measures in web applications and selected five tools based on their features for scanning PHP,and JAVA code focuses on SQL injection,cross-site scripting,Path Traversal,operating system ***,this research discusses the approach of a cyber-security tester or a security developer finding out vulnerabilities through dynamic and static approaches using manual and automated web vulnerability scanners.

关键词： SQL injection attack cross-site scripting attack command injection attack path traversal attack

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Insect Classification Using Mel-CSTFT: A Fusion of Mel Spectrogram and Chroma STFT Features 1

Insect Classification Using Mel-CSTFT: A Fusion of Mel Spect...

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1st International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Signal Processing, ICECSP 2024

作者： Raghuwanshi, Pranshu Kaushik, Rekha Manipal University Jaipur Computer Science and Engineering Jaipur India Indian Institute of Information Technology Department of Information Technology Bhopal India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350364590

Insect audio classification has witnessed substantial advancements in recent years, facilitated by the development of CNNs and deep learning architectures, which have demonstrated improved performance. Typically used hand-crafted features, specifically MFCCs, have consistently achieved state-of-the-art results in various signal processing research works. However, there is still a lot of scope, and since CNNs and deep neural networks have great capabilities in learning essential information from image-based features, sound signals extracted as visual representations, such as in the form of mel spectrograms, are now being frequently used for classification and detection purposes. To enhance the robustness and reliability of these features, researchers have adopted various techniques, including feature fusion, denoising, data augmentation, transfer learning, and attention mechanisms, etc. Therefore, this study presents a fusion called Mel-CSTFT, comprising of two sound features - mel spectrograms and chroma STFT, and conducts a performance analysis of this combination against the individual features. Ultimately, the aim is to identify whether this combination can outperform the performance of mel spectrograms, which have demonstrated impressive performance in multiple works, and to assess its robustness and reliability across a diverse and relatively bigger dataset. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Blockchain-Based SQKD and IDS in Edge Enabled Smart Grid Network

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computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第2期70卷 2149-2169页

作者： Abdullah Musaed Alkhiari Shailendra Mishra Mohammed AlShehri Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaah11952Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaah11952Saudi Arabia

Smart Grid is a power grid that improves flexibility,reliability,and efficiency through smart *** to extensive data exchange over the Internet,the smart grid faces many security challenges that have led to data loss,data compromise,and high power ***,the lack of hardware protection and physical attacks reduce the overall performance of the smart grid *** proposed the BLIDSE model(Blockchain-based secure quantum key distribution and Intrusion Detection System in Edge Enables Smart Grid Network)to address these *** proposed model includes five phases:The first phase is blockchain-based secure user authentication,where all smart meters are first registered in the blockchain,and then the blockchain generates a secret *** blockchain verifies the user ID and the secret key during authentication matches the one authorized to access the *** secret key is shared during transmission through secure quantum key distribution(SQKD).The second phase is the lightweight data encryption,for which we use a lightweight symmetric encryption algorithm,named *** third phase is the multi-constraint-based edge selection;the data are transmitted to the control center through the edge server,which is also authenticated by blockchain to enhance the security during the data *** proposed a perfect matching algorithm for selecting the optimal *** fourth phase is a dual intrusion detection system which acts as a firewall used to drop irrelevant packets,and data packets are classified into normal,physical errors and attacks,which is done by Double DeepQNetwork(DDQN).The last phase is optimal user privacy *** this phase,smartmeter updates and revocations are done,forwhichwe proposed Forensic based Investigation Optimization(FBI),which improves the security of the smart grid *** simulation is performed using network simulator NS3.26,which evaluates the performance in terms of computational complexity,accurac

关键词： Smart grid edge computing intrusion detection system blockchain quantum key distribution deep reinforcement learning

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Decentralized Solution for Cold Chain Logistics Combining IoT and Blockchain technology

Journal of Network Intelligence

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Journal of Network Intelligence 2023年第1期8卷 47-61页

作者： Wang, Zhiying Zhang, Chenhao Mu, Xian The Engineering & Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology Sichuan Leshan614000 China Department of Computer Information Engineering Nanchang Institute of Technology Jiangxi Nanchang330044 China

At present, most of the cold chain logistics systems use centralized solutions, and data management is completed by the logistics enterprises alone, which will cause a series of trust problems. In response to these problems, a decentralized data sharing and storage scheme for cold chain logistics based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology is proposed. Using the unique characteristics of decentralization and trustlessness of blockchain, the consensus mechanism of proof of storage (PoS) is used to realize block consensus and distributed storage of shared data. Based on the Gossip protocol, a hierarchical block propagation mechanism is proposed between the consensus nodes and verification nodes of the blockchain network. The simulation results show that the block propagation delay increases with the increase of block size. In addition, when the block size remains unchanged, compared with the traditional block propagation scheme, the proposed block propagation mechanism successfully reduces the propagation delay significantly. The implementations of smart contracts and product tracking process prove that the proposed scheme effectively improves the reliability and data security of the cold chain logistics operations. To sum up, the proposed method combines the ubiquity of the IoT and the decentralized nature of the blockchain, which can meet the actual business needs and has important value for the development of the cold chain logistics industry. © 2023 Zhiying Wang et al.

关键词： Smart contract

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