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arXiv 2024年

作者： Du, Jin-Hong Roeder, Kathryn Wasserman, Larry Department of Statistics and Data Science Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Computational Biology Department Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States

data integration methods aim to extract low-dimensional embeddings from high-dimensional outcomes to remove unwanted variations, such as batch effects and unmeasured covariates, across heterogeneous datasets. However, multiple hypothesis testing after integration can be biased due to data-dependent processes. We introduce a robust post-integrated inference (PII) method that adjusts for latent heterogeneity using negative control outcomes. Leveraging causal interpretations, we derive nonparametric identifiability of the direct effects, which motivates our semiparametric inference method. Our method extends to projected direct effect estimands, accounting for hidden mediators, confounders, and moderators. These estimands remain statistically meaningful under model misspecifications and with error-prone embeddings. We provide bias quantifications and finite-sample linear expansions with uniform concentration bounds. The proposed doubly robust estimators are consistent and efficient under minimal assumptions and potential misspecification, facilitating data-adaptive estimation with machine learning algorithms. Our proposal is evaluated with random forests through simulations and analysis of single-cell CRISPR perturbed datasets with potential unmeasured confounders. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Embeddings

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A Comprehensive Review of Mojo: A High-Performance Programming Language

A Comprehensive Review of Mojo: A High-Performance Programmi...

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Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics (ICMCSI), International Conference on

作者： Parth Dhananjay Akre Utkarsha Pacharaney Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Faculty of Engineering and Technology Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha Maharashtra India Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Faculty of Engineering and Technology Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha Maharashtra India

ISBN: (数字)9798331522667

ISBN: (纸本)9798331522674

As artificial intelligence continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, the selection of programming languages significantly affects development processes, workflows, and outcomes. Mojo, a novel programming language, has gained attention through its integration of Python-like syntax, Rust-inspired safety features, and superior performance characteristics. This paper evaluates Mojo across four critical dimensions: distinctive features, performance metrics, ecosystem maturity, and practical applications, while examining potential adoption barriers. Positioned at the intersection of high-level programming simplicity and low-level performance optimization, Mojo demonstrates particular utility for artificial intelligence developers requiring both flexibility and computational efficiency. Through analysis of prominent libraries, including Endia, Lightbug HTTP, Basalt, and ***, this study examines Mojo's capabilities and limitations. By presenting a comparative analysis of Mojo's features, emerging ecosystem, and applicability to artificial intelligence development, this research addresses the current literature gap and provides substantive insights into this emerging programming language.

关键词： Reviews Ecosystems Syntactics Programming Libraries Real-time systems Safety Artificial intelligence Optimization Python

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A unified view of label shift estimation 34

A unified view of label shift estimation

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34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2020

作者： Garg, Saurabh Wu, Yifan Balakrishnan, Sivaraman Lipton, Zachary C. Machine Learning Department Department of Statistics and Data Science Carnegie Mellon University United States

Under label shift, the label distribution p(y) might change but the class-conditional distributions p(x|y) do not. There are two dominant approaches for estimating the label marginal. BBSE, a moment-matching approach based on confusion matrices, is provably consistent and provides interpretable error bounds. However, a maximum likelihood estimation approach, which we call MLLS, dominates empirically. In this paper, we present a unified view of the two methods and the first theoretical characterization of MLLS. Our contributions include (i) consistency conditions for MLLS, which include calibration of the classifier and a confusion matrix invertibility condition that BBSE also requires;(ii) a unified framework, casting BBSE as roughly equivalent to MLLS for a particular choice of calibration method;and (iii) a decomposition of MLLS’s finite-sample error into terms reflecting miscalibration and estimation error. Our analysis attributes BBSE’s statistical inefficiency to a loss of information due to coarse calibration. Experiments on synthetic data, MNIST, and CIFAR10 support our findings. © 2020 Neural information processing systems foundation. All rights reserved.

关键词： Calibration

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Efficient dataset generation for machine learning halide perovskite alloys

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Physical Review Materials 2025年第5期9卷 053802-053802页

作者： Henrietta Homm Jarno Laakso Patrick Rinke Department of Applied Physics Aalto University 00076 Aalto Finland Physics Department Technical University of Munich Garching Germany Atomistic Modelling Center Munich Data Science Institute Technical University of Munich Garching Germany Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML) Munich Germany

Lead-based perovskite solar cells have reached high efficiencies, but toxicity and lack of stability hinder their wide-scale adoption. These issues have been partially addressed through compositional engineering of perovskite materials, but the vast complexity of the perovskite materials space poses a significant obstacle to exploration. We previously demonstrated how machine learning (ML) can accelerate property predictions for the CsPb(Cl/Br)3 perovskite alloy. However, the substantial computational demand of density functional theory (DFT) calculations required for model training prevents applications to more complex materials. Here, we introduce a data-efficient scheme to facilitate model training, validated initially on CsPb(Cl/Br)3 data and extended to the ternary alloy CsSn(Cl/Br/I)3. Our approach employs clustering to construct a compact yet diverse initial dataset of atomic structures. We then apply a two-stage active learning approach to first improve the reliability of the ML-based structure relaxations and then refine accuracy near equilibrium structures. Tests for CsPb(Cl/Br)3 demonstrate that our scheme reduces the number of required DFT calculations during the different parts of our proposed model training method by up to 20% and 50%. The fitted model for CsSn(Cl/Br/I)3 is robust and highly accurate, evidenced by the convergence of all ML-based structure relaxations in our tests and an average relaxation error of only 0.5 meV/atom.

关键词： Ternary alloys

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Structured Multi-Track Accompaniment Arrangement via Style Prior Modelling

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Zhao, Jingwei Xia, Gus Wang, Ziyu Wang, Ye Institute of Data Science NUS Singapore School of Computing NUS Singapore Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme NUS Graduate School Singapore Machine Learning Department MBZUAI United Arab Emirates Computer Science Department NYU Shanghai China

In the realm of music AI, arranging rich and structured multi-track accompaniments from a simple lead sheet presents significant challenges. Such challenges include maintaining track cohesion, ensuring long-term coherence, and optimizing computational efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a novel system that leverages prior modelling over disentangled style factors to address these challenges. Our method presents a two-stage process: initially, a piano arrangement is derived from the lead sheet by retrieving piano texture styles;subsequently, a multi-track orchestration is generated by infusing orchestral function styles into the piano arrangement. Our key design is the use of vector quantization and a unique multi-stream Transformer to model the long-term flow of the orchestration style, which enables flexible, controllable, and structured music generation. Experiments show that by factorizing the arrangement task into interpretable sub-stages, our approach enhances generative capacity while improving efficiency. Additionally, our system supports a variety of music genres and provides style control at different composition hierarchies. We further show that our system achieves superior coherence, structure, and overall arrangement quality compared to existing baselines. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Vector quantization

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Causal Inference for Genomic data with Multiple Heterogeneous Outcomes

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Du, Jin-Hong Zeng, Zhenghao Kennedy, Edward H. Wasserman, Larry Roeder, Kathryn Department of Statistics and Data Science Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Computational Biology Department Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States

With the evolution of single-cell RNA sequencing techniques into a standard approach in genomics, it has become possible to conduct cohort-level causal inferences based on single-cell-level measurements. However, the individual gene expression levels of interest are not directly observable;instead, only repeated proxy measurements from each individual’s cells are available, providing a derived outcome to estimate the underlying outcome for each of many genes. In this paper, we propose a generic semiparametric inference framework for doubly robust estimation with multiple derived outcomes, which also encompasses the usual setting of multiple outcomes when the response of each unit is available. To reliably quantify the causal effects of heterogeneous outcomes, we specialize the analysis to standardized average treatment effects and quantile treatment effects. Through this, we demonstrate the use of the semiparametric inferential results for doubly robust estimators derived from both Von Mises expansions and estimating equations. A multiple testing procedure based on Gaussian multiplier bootstrap is tailored for doubly robust estimators to control the false discovery exceedance rate. Applications in single-cell CRISPR perturbation analysis and individual-level differential expression analysis demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods and offer insights into the usage of different estimands for causal inference in genomics. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Genome

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Statistical guarantees for local spectral clustering on random neighborhood graphs

The Journal of Machine Learning Research

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The Journal of machine learning Research 2021年第1期22卷 11184-11254页

作者： Alden Green Sivaraman Balakrishnan Ryan J. Tibshirani Department of Statistics and Data Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA Department of Statistics and Data Science Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA

We study the Personalized PageRank (PPR) algorithm, a local spectral method for clustering, which extracts clusters using locally-biased random walks around a given seed node. In contrast to previous work, we adopt a classical statistical learning setup, where we obtain samples from an unknown nonparametric distribution, and aim to identify sufficiently salient clusters. We introduce a trio of population-level functionals--the normalized cut, conductance, and local spread, analogous to graph-based functionals of the same name--and prove that PPR, run on a neighborhood graph, recovers clusters with small population normalized cut and large conductance and local spread. We apply our general theory to establish that PPR identifies connected regions of high density (density clusters) that satisfy a set of natural geometric conditions. We also show a converse result, that PPR can fail to recover geometrically poorly-conditioned density clusters, even asymptotically. Finally, we provide empirical support for our theory.

关键词： graphs spectral clustering personalized PageRank density clustering unsupervised learning

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Comparative Analysis of Time Series Forecasting Models for Weather Prediction: ARIMA vs. STL

Comparative Analysis of Time Series Forecasting Models for W...

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International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA)

作者： Aahash Kamble Sanika Belsare Purva Chaudhari Palash Gourshettiwar Swapnil Gundewar Department of Artificial Intellegence and Data Science Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha India Department of Artificial Intellegence and Data Science Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research(DU) Wardha Maharashtra Department of Computer Science and Medical Engineering Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha India Department of Artificial Intellegence and Machine Learning Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha India

ISBN: (数字)9798350391770

ISBN: (纸本)9798350391787

This research compares two well-known models for predicting weather: ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average) and STL (Seasonal-Trend Decomposition using Loess). Accurate weather forecasts are crucial for businesses and daily life, making strong forecasting methods necessary. ARIMA finds linear patterns and time dependencies in data, while STL splits time series into seasonal, trend, and random parts. Using real-world weather data, we train and test these models. We compare their performances using MSE (Mean Squared Error) and R2 (R-squared) metrics. The research demonstrates that the STL model performs better than the ARIMA model at accurately predicting weather patterns and fitting to the data. This superior performance makes the STL model a more dependable choice for weather forecasting. This study enhances techniques for weather prediction and offers valuable information to those making decisions in weather-sensitive businesses.

关键词： Visualization Accuracy Time series analysis Weather forecasting Predictive models Prediction algorithms Market research data models Forecasting Business

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Introduction to the Special Issue on Causal Inference for Recommender Systems

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ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems 2024年第2期2卷 1-4页

作者： Yongfeng Zhang Xu Chen Da Xu Tobias Schnabel Department of Computer Science Rutgers University New Brunswick United States Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence Renmin University of China Beijing China Machine Learning Walmart Labs San Bruno United States Information and Data Sciences Microsoft Research Redmond Redmond United States

A significant proportion of machine learning methodologies for recommendation systems are grounded in the fundamental principle of matching, utilizing perceptual and similarity-based learning approaches. These methods include both the extraction of features from data through representation learning and the derivation of similarity matching functions via neural function learning. While these models are important for recommendation systems, their foundational design philosophy primarily captures correlational signals within the data. Transitioning from correlation-based learning to causal learning in recommendation systems represents a critical area to explore, as causal models enable extrapolation beyond observational data in both representation learning and ranking tasks. Specifically, causal learning offers potential enhancements to the recommender system community across multiple dimensions, including, but not limited to, explainable, unbiased, fairness-aware, robust, and cognitive reasoning models for recommendation. This special issue is dedicated to exploring the research and practical applications of causal inference within the realms of recommendation and broader ranking scenarios. It has attracted interest from an array of researchers and practitioners on disseminating the latest developments in causal modeling for recommender systems. Moreover, it has attracted the interest of professionals from various fields such as Information Retrieval, machine learning, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, data science, and others.

关键词： Causality causal learning counterfactual learning recommender system information retrieval

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Virtual Palette: An Efficient Object Tracking Tool

Virtual Palette: An Efficient Object Tracking Tool

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Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS), International Conference on

作者： R. Madhura S. Nikkath Bushra Devi P. P Sasigresa P Department of Computing Technologies SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattangulathur Chennai Tamil Nadu India Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science) Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology

ISBN: (数字)9798350379990

ISBN: (纸本)9798350391558

Virtual Palette is a cutting-edge tool designed to enhance audience participation by providing an alternative to conventional jamboards for educators. Leveraging object tracking, a fundamental component of computer vision, it facilitates seamless and intuitive interactions with the audience. The video analysis process comprises three primary steps: object detection, object tracking across frames, and object behavior analysis. This sophisticated approach necessitates meticulous consideration of elements such as accurate object representation, feature selection for tracking, object recognition, and object tracking. One of the primary advantages of Virtual Palette over traditional mouse or touchpad devices is its ability to support clear and legible drawing and effective interaction in virtual environments. This feature is particularly beneficial for individuals with hearing impairments, aiding in the identification of patterns and drawings. The development of Virtual Palette involves overcoming challenges such as precise three-dimensional finger movement tracking and optimizing the technology for virtual backgrounds. Overall, Virtual Palette offers a dynamic and interactive teaching experience, akin to the advantages provided by screen recording for creating tutorials and virtual documentation.

关键词： Fingers Virtual environments Tutorials Transforms Object detection Green computing Feature extraction

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