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A comparative study of the structural and optoelectronic properties of Al- and Ga-doped ZnO films deposited by atmospheric pressure plasma jet

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Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2025年 1031卷

作者： Chou, Chih-Yun Chiu, Po-Han Chao, Yin-Chun Yen, Hung-Wei Juang, Jia-Yang Program in Nanoengineering and Nanoscience Graduate School of Advanced Technology National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan

The high cost of gallium has driven interest in aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) as a cost-effective alternative to gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO). While prior studies have primarily focused on sputtering methods to compare AZO and GZO, research on non-sputtering techniques remains limited. Our previous works demonstrated favorable optoelectronic properties in GZO films deposited via atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ);however, APPJ-deposited AZO has yet to be explored. In this study, we compare AZO and GZO thin films fabricated by APPJ under ambient conditions. We find that the deposition rate of AZO is approximately twice that of GZO under the same processing parameters, due to differences in droplet size from the ultrasonic generator. By adjusting precursor delivery and working distance (the nozzle-to-substrate gap), we can tune film thickness, morphology, and optoelectronic properties, showcasing APPJ's versatility over sputtering. Despite similar precursor concentrations and film thickness, AZO films exhibit lower carrier concentration (∼1 ×1020 cm–3) and mobility (∼7.5 cm2/Vs) than GZO (∼8 ×1020 cm–3 and ∼15 cm²/Vs), attributed to reduced aluminum incorporation (∼0.4 at% vs. ∼2.2 at% in GZO). Reducing the working distance from 2 mm to 1.5 mm improves both films’ structural integrity and optoelectronic performance (figure of merit increases by 140 % for GZO and 100 % for AZO). However, AZO remains inferior to GZO, highlighting the need for further optimization. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Transparent conducting oxides

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Design and optimization of a fluid flow splitting device for low-flow applications

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SLAS Technology 2025年 32卷 100305页

作者： Yates, Alexis K. Murray, Heather N. Lippmann, Ethan S. Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN United States Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN United States

Microfluidic devices are defined by the application of fluid flow to micron-scale features. Inherent to most experiments involving microfluidic devices is the need to precisely and reproducibly control fluid flow at the microliter scale, often through multiple inlet ports on a single device. While the number of fluid channels per device varies, perfusing multiple inputs requires either the use of multiple flow controllers (often syringe or peristaltic pumps) or the ability to evenly divide fluid across outlets. Towards the latter approach, while a handful of commercial systems exist for splitting fluid flow, these set-ups require significant financial investment, multiple flow control and sensing components, and restrict the user to a predetermined perfusion control system. Simple in-line splitting devices, such a manifolds or T junctions, fail to achieve flow splitting at low flow rates often used in microfluidic systems. To increase capabilities for flow-controlled experiments, we performed experimental analyses of the physical considerations governing even flow splitting under low flow, leading to the design of a microdevice (µ-Split) that can be directly inserted into existing microfluidic set-ups. The µ-Split allows for reproducible, even flow splitting from 10 uL/min to > 2.5 mL/min. By testing multiple device geometries in combination with multiphysics simulations, we identified the design and fabrication features underlying the splitting precision achieved by the µ-Split. Overall, this work provides a useful tool to simplify microfluidic experiments that require evenly divided flow streams, while minimizing the overall device footprint. © 2025

关键词： Microfluidics

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Multi-Component Lubricant Additives Derived from Pickering Emulsion-Templated Ionic Liquid Microcapsules

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Journal of Molecular Liquids 2025年 422卷

作者： Yan, Jieming Lak, Sarah N. Pentzer, Emily B. Mangolini, Filippo Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Materials Science and Engineering Program The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College StationTX77843 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College StationTX77843 United States Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have emerged as potential next-generation lubricants owing to their unique physico-chemical properties and promising lubricating behavior. However, their implementation in tribological applications has partly been hindered by their negligible solubility in hydrocarbon fluids. Here, encapsulated ionic liquids (ENILs) with a core of 1-hexyl-3-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM][TFSI]) and a composite shell of polyurea/graphene oxide were prepared via Pickering emulsion-templated interfacial polymerization using two approaches, namely an RTIL-in-water emulsion stabilized with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets ([HMIM][TFSI]/GO) and an RTIL-in-oil emulsion-stabilized with octadecylamine-functionalized GO nanosheets ([HMIM][TFSI]/C18-GO). The synthesized ENILs were successfully dispersed in polyalphaolefin (PAO) synthetic oil and used as additives to lubricate 52100 steel-vs.-52100 steel sliding contacts. Tribological tests provided evidence that the addition of [HMIM][TFSI]/C18-GO and [HMIM][TFSI]/GO ENILs to PAO could reduce friction and wear owing to the release of the encapsulated [HMIM][TFSI] at the sliding interface after the mechanical breakage of the shell material at the contact inlet, but only if a significant fraction of the ENILs has a diameter smaller than 20 µm. Comparison of these results with the outcomes of sliding experiments performed with PAO containing ENIL obtained by mini-emulsion polymerization with poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-co-buytl methacrylate) (poly(EGDM-c-BMA)) shells highlights the role of the shell material in reducing friction. These outcomes not only demonstrate that multiple parameters (i.e., size distribution, shell material) affect the tribological performance of ENILs, but also pave the way towards further systematic investigations for optimizing ENILs to be used as additives in oil formulations. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Emulsification

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Assessing the Microstructure of SnBiZn Alloys during Semisolid Treatment

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Advanced engineering materials 2025年

作者： de Siqueira Simioli, Carolina de Gouveia, Guilherme Lisboa Spinelli, José Eduardo Department of Materials Science and Engineering Federal University of São Carlos Rod. Washington Luis SP São CarlosCEP 13565–905 Brazil Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering Federal University of São Carlos Rod. Washington Luis Km 235 SP São CarlosCEP 13565-905 Brazil

The development of new alloys for semisolid processing is a key demand of Industry 4.0, driven by the limited knowledge in this area, particularly for Sn-based alloys. The primary goal is to design alloys suitable for thixocasting and semisolid additive manufacturing. While Zn is known to influence SnBi alloys by affecting their microstructure, wettability, and intermetallic compound formation, its impact on globule size, morphology, and microstructural coarsening/stability over aging remains largely unexplored, despite the potential implications for semisolid processability and final product reliability. In this research, stability in high-temperature experiments is verified for the Sn40Bi and Sn40Bi2Zn alloys (wt%). Five different heat treatment periods of 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 min are applied to the samples, each subjected to its respective eutectic temperature according to CALPHAD computations. The microstructure of both alloys is characterized by Sn-rich globules for times higher than 90 min, which are noticeably finer and less elongated in the Sn40Bi2Zn alloy compared to the Sn40Bi. This globule refinement in Sn40Bi2Zn alloy can be attributed to the presence of Zn needles at the dendrite boundaries that pin the Sn-rich regions and prevent them from growing freely. Over time, while Bi saturates near its solubility limit in Sn matrix at 60 min and remains stable up to 120 min, the Sn40Bi2Zn alloy exhibits a progressive increase in Bi content between 60 and 120 min, reaching the saturation level at 120 min. The Sn40Bi2Zn alloy exhibits higher globule microhardness in the 90 min samples, primarily due to Zn hardening in solid solution. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced engineering materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： Niobium alloys

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Reconfiguring Surface Acoustic Wave Microfluidics via In Situ Control of Elastic Wave Polarization

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Physical Review Letters 2025年第3期134卷 037002-037002页

作者： Yu Gao (郜煜) Thomas Voglhuber-Brunnmaier Yuekang Li Leyla Akh Nicholas H. Patino Apresio Kefin Fajrial Massimo Ruzzene Bernhard Jakoby Xiaoyun Ding Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria Biomedical Engineering Program University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA

We demonstrate in situ control of the elastic wave polarization in a surface acoustic wave (SAW). It allows us to create highly reconfigurable SAW microfluidics that can be switched on demand between the acoustohydrodynamic (AHD) regime and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) regime for manipulating particles and cells. The control of wave polarization comes from our experimental and theoretical identification of an unexpected shear-horizontal (SH) wave mode in a conventional Rayleigh (R) wave design, which is stereotyped to excite only vertically polarized Rayleigh SAWs. The SH wave mode is predominantly horizontally polarized and can be selectively excited to propagate in the same direction as the Rayleigh SAW. Such a selective wave generation between the SH mode and R mode allows for reconfiguration between AHD and EHD regimes that leads to unprecedented colloidal patterns and assembly dynamics. Such a reconfiguration of the particle manipulation mechanism can be explained by the controllable competition or synergism between the coexisting acoustic and electric fields. Remarkably, in the EHD regime, a virtual zero-boundary electric quadrupole is created, and a novel colloidal diamond-shaped assembly is observed in this piezoelectric-quadrupole trap, which was rarely reported in acoustic or electric microfluidics. The presented in situ control of polarization revolutionizes our understanding of SAW and acoustofluidics, expands its potential by assuming the advantages of AHD and EHD on demand, and inspires new strategies in micro- and nanoscale manufacturing and manipulation, with applications beyond fundamental scientific interest.

关键词： Microfluidics

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Lewis acid-base effect and protonation in electrolyte engineering enable shuttle-free, dendrite-free, and HER-free aqueous Zn-I2 batteries

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Energy Storage materials 2025年 78卷

作者： Yang, Xingxiu Zhang, Long Zhu, Jinyao Wang, Lequan Zhang, Yixiang Zhai, Zhimin Kang, Junming Shao, Yizhen Zhang, Jiajia Zhang, Xianfu Guo, Jia Hou, Yanglong Lu, Hongbin State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composites Fudan University Shanghai200438 China School of Materials Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen518107 China Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University Yiwu City Zhejiang322000 China School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices Peking University Beijing100871 China

Electrolyte engineering has emerged as a facile and efficient strategy to solve side reactions in aqueous Zn-I2 batteries. However, most of these solutions usually ignore the simultaneous modulation of the cathode and anode. Here, a multifunctional electrolyte additive, pyridoxine (VB6), enables simultaneous regulation of the anode and cathode in Zn-I2 batteries. For the cathode, VB6 preferentially coordinates with I− ions through Lewis acid-base effect, thereby suppressing the generation of polyiodides and the shuttle effect. For the anode, VB6 can not only significantly restrain the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the pH fluctuation of the electrolyte through protonation, but also promote the fast de-solvation of Zn2+ and regulate the Zn deposition benefiting from its structure with multi‑hydroxyl groups. Due to the synergistic effect of VB6, the modified symmetric Zn||Zn cell achieves a remarkable Coulombic efficiency (99.7 %) over 1600 h and excellent cycling stability (2100 h). Most intriguingly, the Zn-I2 cell exhibits an ultra-long lifespan of 50,000 cycles (> 6 months) at 2 A g-1 with an exceptional capacity retention of 84.3 %. Even without pressurized equipment, the Zn-I2 pouch cell with VB6 still maintains prominent performance (76.5 % capacity after 450 cycles) without swelling. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Protonation

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Advanced Functional Electromagnetic Shielding materials:A Review Based on Micro‑Nano Structure Interface Control of Biomass Cell Walls

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 98-134页

作者： Yang Shi Mingjun Wu Shengbo Ge Jianzhang Li Anoud Saud Alshammari Jing Luo Mohammed A.Amin Hua Qiu Jinxuan Jiang Yazeed M.Asiri Runzhou Huang Hua Hou Zeinhom M.El‑Bahy Zhanhu Guo Chong Jia Kaimeng Xu Xiangmeng Chen Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources College of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resourced Beijing Forestry UniversityQinghua East Road 35Haidian DistrictBeijing 100083People’s Republic of China Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences‑ArarNorthern Border UniversityArar 91431Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry College of ScienceTaif UniversityP.O.Box 1109921944 TaifSaudi Arabia Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’anShaanxi 710072People’s Republic of China Integrated Composites Lab Department of Mechanical and Construction EngineeringNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle Upon Tyne NE18STUK College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Science and TechnologyTaiyuan 030024People’s Republic of China Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceAl-Azhar UniversityNasr CityCairo 11884Egypt Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products International Joint Research Center for Biomass MaterialsSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunming 650224People’s Republic of China School of Science Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450002People’s Republic of China

Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass *** materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and *** to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding *** concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding *** particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be *** preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and *** composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were *** paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.

关键词： Biomass materials Electromagnetic interference shielding Micro-nano structure interface control Conductivity

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RD22 as a potential rice variety for space exploration: Investigation the impact of a clinostat-simulated microgravity on seed germination across commercial rice varieties

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Acta Astronautica 2025年 234卷 229-241页

作者： Krobthong, Sucheewin Yingchutrakul, Yodying Butkinaree, Chutikarn Tantapakul, Cholpisut Moung-ngam, Peerapon Boonhaijaroen, Narit Aonbangkhen, Chanat Channumsin, Sittiporn Tulyananda, Tatpong Plant Biology & Astrobotany Laboratory School of Bioinnovation and Bio-Based Product Intelligence Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand and Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology NSTDA Pathumthani12120 Thailand The Research Unit of Natural Product Utilization School of Science Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat80160 Thailand Pathumthani Rice Research Stations Rice Department Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative Thailand Technopreneurship and Innovation Management Program Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Chonburi Thailand

Rice is considered crucial for space farming due to its high caloric content and ability to provide a staple food source, and because it can be genetically modified to optimize growth in controlled environments, making it suitable for the closed-loop life support systems necessary in space habitats. This study explores the viability of cultivating commercial rice varieties in microgravity environments, an essential consideration for space agriculture. We employed a 3-dimensional-clinostat to simulate microgravity conditions and observed the germination process with protein changes of five rice varieties: RD22, RD61, PTT1, KDML105, and RD81. The maximal germination percentage (max-GP) was found to be statistically similar across all varieties. Notably, under microgravity, RD22 and RD61 showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, suggesting enhanced oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis, conducted through 10plex-TMT experiments, revealed a balanced ratio of up- and down-regulated proteins in RD22 and RD61. Contrastingly, PTT1, KDML105, and RD81 predominantly showed protein down-regulation. Remarkably, RD22 demonstrated up-regulation of proteins associated with translation factors and cellular differentiation, suggesting a robust adaptive response. Furthermore, the gibberellin (GA3) level in RD22 significantly increased under microgravity compared to normal gravity, potentially contributing to its superior germination and promising growth prospects. Our findings position RD22 as a favorable candidate for space farming, owing to its germination resilience in microgravity and potential for higher yields. This research lays the groundwork for future studies focused on optimizing RD22 cultivation for extraterrestrial agriculture, potentially expanding the horizons of crop production beyond Earth. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Proteomics

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A Runaway Electron Avalanche Surrogate for Partially Ionized Plasmas

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Arnaud, Jonathan S. McDevitt, Christopher J. Tang, Xian-Zhu Nuclear Engineering Program Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Florida GainesvilleFL32611 United States Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States

A physics-constrained deep learning surrogate that predicts the exponential "avalanche" growth rate of runaway electrons (REs) for a plasma containing partially ionized impurities is developed. Specifically, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) that learns the adjoint of the relativistic Fokker-Planck equation in steady-state is derived, enabling a rapid surrogate of the RE avalanche for a broad range of plasma parameters, motivating a path towards an ML-accelerated integrated description of a tokamak disruption. A steady-state power balance equation together with atomic physics data is embedded directly into the PINN, thus limiting the PINN to train across physically consistent temperatures and charge state distributions. This restricted training domain enables accurate predictions of the PINN while drastically reducing the computational cost of training the model. In addition, a novel closure for the relativistic electron population used when evaluating the secondary source of REs is developed that enables improved accuracy compared to a Rosenbluth-Putvinski source. The avalanche surrogate is verified against Monte Carlo simulations, where it is shown to accurately predict the RE avalanche growth rate across a broad range of plasma parameters encompassing distinct tokamak disruption scenarios. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Fokker Planck equation

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Smart Cellulose‑Based Janus Fabrics with Switchable Liquid Transportation for Personal Moisture and Thermal Management

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 333-347页

作者： Jianfeng Xi Yanling Lou Liucheng Meng Chao Deng Youlu Chu Zhaoyang Xu Huining Xiao Weibing Wu Jiangsu Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsJiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Sustainable Pulp and Paper Technology and Biomass MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037People’s Republic of China College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037People’s Republic of China Department of Chemical Engineering University of New BrunswickFrederictonNB E3B 5A3Canada Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of BayreuthBayreuth 95440Germany

The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human ***,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a ***,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/*** cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport ***,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability *** fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too *** addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic *** smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.

关键词： Directional water transport Cotton fabric Anti-gravity directional liquid transportation Janus wettability

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