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Halogen-Free Epoxy with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance for Microelectronics Packaging via γ SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution

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Chemistry of materials 2025年第9期37卷 3311-3318页

作者： Qian, Zizhao Zhu, Xiao-Feng Chen, Zhiyu Li, Bo Yang, Guan-Wen Wu, Guang-Peng MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310058 China College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Zhejiang Hangzhou311121 China

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) is an essential epoxy resin in the microelectronics industry. However, circuit corrosion caused by hydrolyzable chlorine─a persistent issue associated with DGEBA─poses significant challenges in this field. In this study, we present a novel strategy for producing halogen-free DGEBA with high purity (up to 99%) and isolated yield (up to 94%) by utilizing glycidyl sulfonates as the starting material. A distinctive γ SN2 nucleophilic substitution pathway between glycidyl sulfonates and phenolic compounds effectively suppresses the formation of ring-opening byproducts and oligomers, as demonstrated through model reactions and kinetic studies. The scalability and versatility of our method are validated by its straightforward synthesis process and expanded substrate scope. Finally, the halogen-free DGEBA exhibits noncorrosive properties when employed as a matrix resin for prepreg and underfill applications. Our research underscores the potential of glycidyl sulfonate as a viable alternative to epichlorohydrin in large-scale epoxy production for electronics. © 2025 American Chemical Society.

关键词： Corrosion resistance

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Biogas and biohydrogen production using the main agricultural biomasses generated in Brazil: An integrative analysis to contribute to the implementation of energy decarbonization

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025年 137卷 190-201页

作者： dos Santos, Maele Costa Nadaleti, Willian Cezar Przybyla, Grzegozr Machado, Jones Bittencourt Environmental and Energy Engineering Lab – LEAE Engineering Center – CEng Postgraduation Program in Environmental Sciences - PPGCAmb The Federal University of Pelotas – UFPel Rio Grande do Sul Pelotas Brazil Department of Thermal Technology Silesian University of Technology Poland Post-graduation Program in Materials Science and Engineering - PPGCEM. The Federal University of Pelotas – UFPel Rio Grande do Sul Pelotas Brazil

The use of bioenergy feedstocks, agricultural and forest residues constitute a viable decarbonization design with regards to biofuel production. Nevertheless, aspects within agriculture that can be related to this process for instance, include: technology and infrastructure, policies, land use, environmental factors among others. Solving these challenges needs research, technological intervention, supportive policies and acclaimed association among agriculture and energy departments, especially considering that agricultural and forest residues are an abundant source of biomass which can be converted into renewable energy, for example, biogas and hydrogen. This study provides an assessment of the capacity for generating biogas and biohydrogen using the primary biomasses produced in Brazil's agricultural sector, specifically from rice, corn, soybeans, and wheat as alternative bioenergy resources. Data regarding production and waste creation were collected from the Statistical and Geographical Information of Brazilian Agriculture at the Institute of Geography and Statistics of Brazil and the Energy Research Company. Corn and Soybean straw showed the highest potentials for biohydrogen (PH) production, accounting to 6,67 E+09 m3/year and 5,56 E+09 m3/year respectively. The energy production using the generated biogas showed the most satisfactory results compared to biohydrogen, with the highest generation values of 222 TWh of energy for corn straw, 187 TWh for soybean straw. The total accumulated biogas and biohydrogen produced from the residual biomass of Brazil's four main permanent crops was approximately 8.25 E+10 and 1.33 E+10 m3/year, respectively. The generation of biogas and hydrogen holds significant potential for fostering a more sustainable energy future. By utilizing the unique advantages of these two methods—biogas as a waste-to-energy option and hydrogen as a clean and adaptable energy source—we can develop a more robust, varied, and low-carbon energy frame

关键词： Straw

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Numerical Modeling of C45 Steel to Predict the Temperature Ranges for Activation of Dynamic Strain Aging at Different Strain Rates 8th

Numerical Modeling of C45 Steel to Predict the Temperature R...

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8th International Conference on Manufacturing, Material and Metallurgical engineering, ICMMME 2024

作者： Hassan, Arhum Abed, Farid Materials Science and Engineering Program College of Arts and Sciences American University of Sharjah Sharjah26666 United Arab Emirates Department of Civil Engineering American University of Sharjah Sharjah26666 United Arab Emirates

ISBN: (纸本)9783031782947

This work predicts the temperature ranges for dynamic strain aging (DSA) activation in C45 steel at various strain rates through constitutive modeling and finite element (FE) simulations. DSA is often defined by a sudden increase in a metal’s strength when subjected to specific combinations of strain rates and temperatures due to the interaction of the diffused solute atoms with dislocations, and there is currently no effective constitutive model in the literature that can explain DSA physically. The current study offers a modification to the Voyiadjis–Abed (VA) model, which is used to predict DSA activation in C45 steel, in order to address this limitation. The modified constitutive model considers the diffusion kinetics and concentration of solute atom along the dislocation cores. The developed model was able to capture the activation of DSA in C45 steel at strain rates of 0.0015/s-0.15/s and temperature ranges of 500 K-750 K, which was found to be caused by carbon solute atoms. Additionally, FE simulations were carried out in ABAQUS through subroutine coded as VUMAT to validate the modified VA model’s prediction abilities. The results obtained compare effectively with the available experimental data. By integrating physical and microstructural features, the modified constitutive VA model can effectively capture the increase in flow stress due to the activation of DSA. This enables further investigation and progress in understanding the behavior of metals under specified temperature and strain rate conditions. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Digital elevation model

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Design and development of an integrated enset processing machine suitable for central highland farmers of west shewa zone Ethiopia

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Discover Agriculture 2025年第1期3卷 1-26页

作者： Jima, Beka Adugna Kolhe, Kishor Purushottam Jiru, Moera Gutu Agricultural Machinery Engineering Program Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Chemical and Materials Engineering at Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Chemical and Materials Engineering at Adama Science and Technology University Adama Ethiopia

The development of Integrated Enset processing technology is significant for the easy availability of stable food in the current condition for fulfilling the pangs of hunger in Ethiopia, currently; individual manual technologies such as decortication, corm granting, bulla extraction, and fermenting techniques eventually contribute to utilizing food security such as Kocho, which is not affordable for the marginal farmers of Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of integrated compromise of the all-function process of corm granting, decortication, and pulverization in one machine wholesome of the product such as Kocho, and bulla within consuming time and labor. Therefore, it is decided to design and develop an integrated enset processing machine for central high land of Ethiopian farmers with high-quality production. The physical and mechanical properties of the enset is studied to get an efficient and robust design of the various components. The overall design and development of proposed machine components were carried out at Adama science and Technology University, Ethiopia by using ANSYS 2023 R1 software by considering the engineering economics and material specifications as per ASTM standards. The process parameters of the proposed machine are identified as feed rate, drum speed, concave to drum clearance, power requirement, etc. Also, the enset characteristics were considered as decorticating and granting, fiber cutting resistance, fiber length, dimension, shape, and weight. The overall developed enset integrated machine assembles are analyzed for granting and decorticating with drum clearance and bulla extraction throughput capacity, reliability, simplicity, safety, and overall cost. The machine's safety from a Design Perspective is checked and validated by a simulation study on the critical parts subjected to higher stresses. The cost of available individual decorticators, granting, pulverized, and bulla squeezer machines is costly to the farmer’s community. Theref

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Efficient Recycling of Magnesium Alloys via Partial Distillation Using Gravity-Multiple Effect Thermal System (G-METS)

Efficient Recycling of Magnesium Alloys via Partial Distilla...

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Magnesium Technology Symposium, 2025, held as part of the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, TMS 2025

作者： McArthur Sehar, Daniel Saito, Kenichi Telgerafchi, Armaghan Gallego, Maya Sridhar, Meera Iurkovskyi, Artem Powell, Adam Department of Materials Science and Engineering Program Worcester Polytechnic Institute 100 Institute Rd. WorcesterMA01609 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Shibaura Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan Department of Mechanical Engineering Worcester Polytechnic Institute WorcesterMA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9783031810602

MagnesiumMagnesium’s remarkable stiffnessStiffness-to-weight and high strengthStrength-to-weight ratios could enable substantial vehicle lightweighting versus aluminum and steel. However, primary production is very energy- and emissions-intensive, and recyclingRecycling cannot cost-effectively produce magnesiumMagnesium of sufficient purity for die casting and other structural applications. Distillation can produce high-purity magnesiumMagnesium but is capital- and energy-intensive. Gravity-Driven Multiple Effect Thermal System (G-METS) is a continuous low-pressure magnesiumMagnesium distillation process used in primary production or recyclingRecycling in which heat re-use leads to just 0.5–1 kWh energy consumption per kgMg Mg product—which is 80–90% less energy than current Mg distillation. This paper presents new partial distillation experiments showing 99.96% product purity. An industrial distiller design can help to estimate capital costs. New modeling work describes temperature and pressure change in the vapor conduit, energy use and losses in the industrial distiller, and effects of evaporator flow vanes on the separation of volatile elements such as zinc. © The Minerals, Metals & materials Society 2025.

关键词： Magnesium alloys

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Self SOC Estimation for Second-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 75033-75042页

作者： Gotz, Joelton Deonei Viana, Emilson Ribeiro Galvão, José Rodolfo Corrêa, Fernanda Cristina Borsato, Milton Badin, Alceu André Paraná Curitiba81280-340 Brazil Department of Computer Science Paraná Curitiba80215-901 Brazil Department of Physics Paraná Curitiba81280-340 Brazil Paraná Ponta Grossa80230-901 Brazil Postgraduate Program in Mechanical and Materials Engineering Paraná Curitiba81280-340 Brazil

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the mainstream technology for energy storage in several industrial segments, such as mobility and stationary systems for solar, wind, or other alternative energy source. This technology has a long lifetime, low self-discharge, high capacity and density, and can store energy longer. Despite that, LIB is suitable to supply power for electric mobility if its state of health (SOH) is higher than 80%. Then, an alternative for batteries with SOH below that is recycling or second-life batteries (SLB). The first is expensive and complex;only some companies retain the technology. Still, the SLB can be an excellent solution to maintaining LIBs in operation for slow vehicles or stationary systems. However, SLB requires intelligent battery management systems (BMS) because the packs are composed of cells with different characteristics, which makes the operation more difficult. This work presents a system consisting of two Machine Learning (ML) layers to automatically estimate the state of charge (SOC) of SLB independent of the battery’s capacity or age. In the first phase, a Random Forest (RF) model was built and trained to discover the curve capacity of different SLB characteristics and capacities. After the capacity curve selection, in the second phase, a new RF model was built and trained for each capacity curve to make SOC inferences of the batteries. The discharge data curve of one hundred batteries was used for the development, whereas eighteen were used for the training and eighty-two for tests. The results indicated a root square mean error (RSME) below 45 mAh for the capacity estimation (phase 1), and an RSME below 0.87% was found in the second phase for the SOC estimation. Finally, the capacity and SOC models have been inserted in a Raspberry system to measure the main parameters of SLB (voltage and current) and make inferences in real time independent of the cell’s age. The results showed an RSME below 100 mAh for the first layer and be

关键词： Lithium-ion batteries

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Anomalous properties of spark plasma sintered boron nitride solids

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materials Today 2025年 86卷 42-51页

作者： Biswas, Abhijit Serles, Peter Alvarez, Gustavo A. Schimpf, Jesse Hache, Michel Kong, Jonathan Demingos, Pedro Guerra Yuan, Bo Pieshkov, Tymofii S. Li, Chenxi Puthirath, Anand B. Gao, Bin Gray, Tia Zhang, Xiang Murukeshan, Jishnu Vajtai, Robert Dai, Pengcheng Singh, Chandra Veer Howe, Jane Zou, Yu Martin, Lane W. Clancy, James Patrick Tian, Zhiting Filleter, Tobin Ajayan, Pulickel M. Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Road TorontoM5S 3G8 Canada Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Berkeley94720 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto 184 College St TorontoM5S 3E4 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy McMaster University HamiltonL8S 4M1 Canada Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley94720 United States

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a brittle ceramic with a layered structure, however, recent experiments have suggested that inter-layer structural engineering could be key to new structural and functional properties. Here we report the scalable bulk synthesis of high-density crystalline h-BN solids, by using high-temperature spark plasma sintering (SPS) of h-BN powders, which show high values of mechanical strength, ductility, dielectric constant, thermal conductivity, and exceptional neutron radiation shielding capability. Through exhaustive characterizations we reveal that SPS induces non-basal plane crystallinity, twisting of layers, and facilitates inter-grain fusion with a high degree of in-plane alignment across macroscale dimensions, resulting in near-theoretical density and improved properties. Our findings highlight the importance of material design, via new approaches such as layer twisting and interlayer interconnections, to create novel ceramics with properties that could go beyond their intrinsic limits. © 2025

关键词： Ductility

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WE43 Surface Composite with Oxide Particles by Friction Stir Processing

WE43 Surface Composite with Oxide Particles by Friction Stir...

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Magnesium Technology Symposium, 2025, held as part of the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, TMS 2025

作者： Ghauri, Hamza Faisal Shunmugasamy, Vasanth C. Mansoor, Bilal Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College StationTX77840 United States Mechanical Engineering Program Texas A&M University at Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University College StationTX77840 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9783031810602

WE43WE43 has superior mechanical and corrosionCorrosion performance compared to other magnesium alloysMagnesium alloy but surface treatments, mechanical processes, and heat treatments to further enhance its properties continue to be explored. Here we present our preliminary findings about a WE43WE43surface compositeSurface composite with oxide particles produced using friction stir processingFriction stir processing. Significant grain refinement, precipitate redistribution, and increase in microhardness by 25% were achieved in processed regions compared to base material. CorrosionCorrosion testing in 0.9% NaCl solution revealed that the FSP-treated material exhibited a 196% lower Icorr and a more stable open circuit potential (OCP) than cast WE43WE43, suggesting superior corrosion resistanceCorrosion resistance. While the findings promise suitability of the processed alloy for a more intensive range of operating conditions than the cast alloy, further work to study the effect of the size, volume, and composition of the oxide reinforcements needs to be carried out. © The Minerals, Metals & materials Society 2025.

关键词： Grain refinement

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Fluorine-Free Cosolvent Chemistry Empowering Sodium-Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Batteries

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Advanced Energy materials 2025年第0期

作者： Pai, Min-Hao Manthiram, Arumugam Materials Science and Engineering Program & Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States

Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCE) show great promise for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. However, the majority of diluents in LHCE systems consist of fluorinated ethers, which are not only dense and expensive but also demonstrate poor reductive stability with sodium metal. Herein, a low-density, non-fluorinated ether electrolyte is presented that demonstrates localized high-concentration behavior. This feature is driven by the weak solvating capabilities of 1,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) and the ultra-weak solvating nature of cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME). Impressively, the fluorine-free CPME cosolvent acts as a diluent within the electrolyte. Therefore, the electrolyte achieves a tailored solvation structure characterized by anion-rich species, which fosters the development of a resilient inorganic-rich SEI with superior Na-ion transport. Consequently, with a high sulfur-content sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN, S content > 45% in SPAN) loading of 4.4 mg cm⁻2 (sulfur loading: 2 mg cm⁻2) and a low electrolyte-to-SPAN ratio of 9 µL mg⁻¹ (E/SPAN = 9), the Na-SPAN cell demonstrates remarkable reversibility of 530 mA h gsulfur⁻¹ after 200 cycles at C/5 rate. This performance surpasses the majority of state-of-the-art Na-SPAN ether-based electrolyte systems reported to date. Hence, this work presents a novel approach for designing cost-effective, high-performance electrolytes for stable, practical Na-SPAN batteries. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： Sodium-ion batteries

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Investigation of oxygen-related defect engineering in nonstoichiometric vanadium oxides for electrochromic zinc-ion batteries with superior electrochromic-electrochemical performance

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Chemical engineering Journal 2025年 515卷

作者： Kim, Yonghan kim, Ilgyu Lee, Hye Kang Na, Hyunmin Jung, Ji-Won Yun, Tae Gwang Department of of Molecular Science and Technology Ajou University Gyeonggi Suwon16499 Korea Republic of Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University Seoul05029 Korea Republic of Advanced Materials Program Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University Seoul05029 Korea Republic of

Electrochromic-energy storage systems (e-ESS), which visualize the electrochemical charge–discharge process, are experiencing a rapid increase in demand for advanced applications. Electrochromic aqueous zinc-ion batteries (e-AZiBs) systems have emerged as a promising alternative due to their environmental friendliness, enhanced stability, and high volumetric energy density. In this study, we developed a non-stoichiometric vanadium oxide cathode that optimizes both electrochemical and electrochromic performance by controlling the oxygen defect concentration. By optimizing the annealing temperature, we effectively controlled the concentration of oxygen defects, which enhanced Zn2+ diffusion kinetics within the layered structure of V2O5 and promoted more reversible energy storage reactions. In particular, Ec-VO 350 sample, with the most favorable level of oxygen defects, exhibited a specific capacity of 383 mAh/g, representing a 160 % improvement in electrochemical performance compared to pristine V2O5. Additionally, the structural modifications induced by oxygen defects significantly improved electrochemical stability, achieving 98.27 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 2 A/g, demonstrating excellent reversibility. Meanwhile, although the defect states generated by oxygen vacancies can affect the electronic structure and negatively influence electrochromic properties such as coloration efficiency and ΔT, Ec-VO 350 sample successfully achieved a coloration efficiency of 46.8 cm2/C and a ΔT of 65 %, owing to its enhanced Zn2+ diffusion kinetics despite a reduced optical bandgap. The methodology for developing the non-stoichiometric vanadium oxide cathode presented in this study offers an innovative strategy to enhance the potential for electrochromic energy storage systems (e-ESS) in advanced applications. © 2025

关键词： Virtual storage

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