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arXiv 2024年

作者： Abe, K. Abe, S. Abhir, J. Abhishek, A. Acero, F. Acharyya, A. Adam, R. Aguasca-Cabot, A. Agudo, I. Aguirre-Santaella, A. Alfaro, J. Alfaro, R. Alvarez-Crespo, N. Batista, R. Alves Amans, J.-P. Amato, E. Ambrosi, G. Ambrosino, F. Angüner, E.O. Antonelli, L.A. Aramo, C. Arcaro, C. Arnesen, T.T.H. Asano, K. Ascasibar, Y. Aschersleben, J. Ashkar, H. Stuani, L. Augusto Baack, D. Backes, M. Balazs, C. Balbo, M. Larriva, A. Baquero Martins, V. Barbosa de Almeida, U. Barres Barrio, J.A. Barrios-Jiménez, L. Batković, I. Batzofin, R. Baxter, J. González, J. Becerra Tjus, J. Becker Belmont, R. Benbow, W. Bernete, J. Bernlöhr, K. Berti, A. Bertucci, B. Beshley, V. Bhattacharjee, P. Bhattacharyya, S. Bigongiari, C. Bissaldi, E. Blanch, O. Blazek, J. Bocchino, F. Boisson, C. Bolmont, J. Bonnoli, G. Bonollo, A. Bordas, P. Bosnjak, Z. Bottacini, E. Böttcher, M. Bradascio, F. Bronzini, E. Brown, A.M. Brunelli, G. Bulgarelli, A. Burelli, I. Burger-Scheidlin, C. Burmistrov, L. Burton, M. Buscemi, M. Cailleux, J. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Cantlay, B.K. Capasso, G. Caproni, A. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R. Caraveo, P. Caroff, S. Carosi, A. Carosi, R. Carquin, E. Carrasco, M.-S. Cascone, E. Cassol, F. Castaldini, L. Castrejon, N. Castro-Tirado, A.J. Cerasole, D. Ceribella, G. Cerruti, M. Chadwick, P.M. Chaty, S. Chen, A.W. Chernyakova, M. Chiavassa, A. Chudoba, J. Chytka, L. Cicciari, G.M. Cifuentes, A. Araujo, C.H. Coimbra Colapietro, M. Conforti, V. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Costa, A. Costantini, H. Cotter, G. Cristofari, P. Cuevas, O. Curtis-Ginsberg, Z. D’Aì, A. D’Amico, G. D’Ammando, F. Dai, S. Dazzi, F. de Lavergne, M. de Bony De Caprio, V. De Cesare, G. Laadim, F. De Frondat Pino, E.M. de Gouveia Dal De Lotto, B. De Lucia, M. de Martino, D. de Menezes, R. de Naurois, M. Wilhelmi, E. de Ona de Souza, V. del Peral, L. del Valle, M.V. Delgado, C. Dell’aiera, M. Valle, M. Della Volpe, D. della Depaoli, D. Devin, J. Di Girolamo, T. Di Piano, A. Di Pierro, F. Di Tria, R. Di Venere, L. Diebold, S. Dima, R. Dinesh, A. Department of Physics Tokai University 4-1-1 Kita-Kaname Kanagawa Hiratsuka259-1292 Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan ETH Zürich Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics Otto-Stern-Weg 5 Zürich8093 Switzerland Sezione di Fisica Via Roma 56 Siena53100 Italy Université Paris-Saclay Université Paris Cité CEA CNRS AIM Gif-sur-YvetteF-91191 Cedex France FSLAC IRL 2009 CNRS/IAC Tenerife La Laguna Spain University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Department of Physics and Astronomy Gallalee Hall Box 870324 TuscaloosaAL35487-0324 United States Université Côte d’Azur Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur CNRS Laboratoire Lagrange France Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet CNRS IN2P3 École polytechnique Institut Polytechnique de Paris Palaiseau91120 France Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica Institut de Ciències del Cosmos Universitat de Barcelona IEEC-UB Martí i Franquès 1 Barcelona08028 Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Institute for Computational Cosmology Department of Physics Durham University South Road DurhamDH1 3LE United Kingdom Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340 Santiago Chile Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Delegación Coyoacán Ciudad de México04510 Mexico IPARCOS-UCM Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain Instituto de Física Teórica UAM CSIC Departamento de Física Teórica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco UAM c/ Nicolás Cabrera 13-15 Madrid28049 Spain LUTH GEPI and LERMA Observatoire de Paris Université PSL Université Paris Cité CNRS 5 place Jules Janssen Meudon92190 France INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Largo E. Fermi 5 Firenze50125 Italy INFN Sezione di Perugia Università degli Studi di Perugia Via A. Pascoli Perug

A wide variety of Galactic sources show transient emission at soft and hard X-ray energies: low-mass and high-mass X-ray binaries containing compact objects (e.g., novae, microquasars, transitional millisecond pulsars, supergiant fast X-ray transients), isolated neutron stars exhibiting extreme variability as magnetars as well as pulsar wind nebulae. Although most of them can show emission up to MeV and/or GeV energies, many have not yet been detected in the TeV domain by Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of detecting new Galactic transients with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) and the prospects for studying them with Target of Opportunity observations. We show that CTA will likely detect new sources in the TeV regime, such as the massive microquasars in the Cygnus region, low-mass X-ray binaries with low-viewing angle, flaring emission from the Crab pulsar-wind nebula or other novae explosions, among others. We also discuss the multi-wavelength synergies with other instruments and large astronomical facilities. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Gamma rays

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Probabilistic safety analysis of high speed railway lines including human errors

Probabilistic safety analysis of high speed railway lines in...

引用

作者： Castillo, E. Grande, Z. Calviño, A. Nogal, M. O'Connor, A.J. Royal Academy of Engineering Spain Department of Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences University of Cantabria Santander Spain Complutensis University of Madrid Spain Trinity College Dublin Ireland

In this paper Markovian-Bayesian network models able to perform a probabilistic safety analysis of high speed or conventional railway lines and to evaluate the probability of incidents associated with the circulation of trains along the lines with special consideration of human errors are presented. Since this probability increases as trains pass through the different elements encountered along the line, all the line relevant elements, such as light and speed limit signals, rolling stock failures, falling materials, slope slides in cuttings and embankments, tunnel or viaduct entries or exits, automatic train protection systems and other elements are reproduced with a special consideration of human behavior and human error. Bayesian networks, made of a sequence of several connected Bayesian subnetworks are used. A subnetwork is associated with each element in the line that implies a concentrated risk of accident or produce a drivers attention change and also the risks associated with segments without signals where some elements add a continuous risk. All subnetworks are connected with the previous ones and some of them are multi-connected because some consequences are dependent on previous errors. Since the drivers attention plays a crucial role, its degradation with driving time and the changes due to seeing light signals or receiving acoustic signals is taken into consideration too. The model updates the drivers attention level and accumulates the probability of accidents associated with the different elements encountered along the line. This permits the generation of a continuously increasing risk graph that includes continuous and sudden changes indicating where the main risks appear and whether or not an action must be taken by the infrastructure manager. Sensitivity analysis allows the identification of the relevant and the irrelevant parameters and whether or not the different risk protection systems are equilibrated avoiding waste of time and money by concent

关键词： Bayesian networks

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A detailed study of the very-high-energy Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Abe, K. Abe, S. Abhishek, A. Acero, F. Aguasca-Cabot, A. Agudo, I. Alvarez Crespo, N. Antonelli, L.A. Aramo, C. Arbet-Engels, A. Arcaro, C. Artero, M. Asano, K. Aubert, P. Baktash, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, A. Baroncelli, L. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batkovic, I. Baxter, J. Becerra González, J. Bernardini, E. Bernete Medrano, J. Berti, A. Bhattacharjee, P. Bigongiari, C. Bissaldi, E. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bordas, P. Brunelli, G. Bulgarelli, A. Burelli, I. Burmistrov, L. Buscemi, M. Cardillo, M. Caroff, S. Carosi, A. Carrasco, M.S. Cassol, F. Castrejón, N. Cauz, D. Cerasole, D. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Cheng, K. Chiavassa, A. Chikawa, M. Chon, G. Chytka, L. Cicciari, G.M. Cifuentes, A. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Costantini, H. Da Vela, P. Dalchenko, M. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. de Bony de Lavergne, M. De Lotto, B. de Menezes, R. Del Peral, L. Delgado, C. Delgado Mengual, J. della Volpe, D. Dellaiera, M. Di Piano, A. Di Pierro, F. Di Tria, R. Di Venere, L. Díaz, C. Dominik, R.M. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Eisenberger, L. Elsässer, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fallah Ramazani, V. Ferrarotto, F. Fiasson, A. Foffano, L. Freixas Coromina, L. Fröse, S. Fukazawa, Y. Garcia López, R. Gasbarra, C. Gasparrini, D. Gavira, L. Geyer, D. Giesbrecht Paiva, J. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinovic, N. Grau, R. Green, D. Green, J. Gunji, S. Günther, P. Hackfeld, J. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Hayashi, K. Heckmann, L. Heller, M. Herrera Llorente, J. Hirotani, K. Hoffmann, D. Horns, D. Houles, J. Hrabovsky, M. Hrupec, D. Hui, D. Iarlori, M. Imazawa, R. Inada, T. Inome, Y. Ioka, K. Iori, M. Jimenez Martinez, I. Jiménez Quiles, J. Jurysek, J. Kagaya, M. Karas, V. Katagiri, H. Kataoka, J. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kohri, K. Kong, A. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lainez, M. Lamanna, G. Lamastra, A. Lemoigne, L. Linhoff, M. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Lorini, A. Lozano Bahilo, J. Luque-Escamilla, P.L. Department of Physics Tokai University 4-1-1 Kita-Kaname Hi-ratsuka Kanagawa259-1292 Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan Sezione di Fisica Via Roma 56 Siena53100 Italy Université Paris-Saclay Université Paris Cité CEA CNRS AIM Gif-sur-YvetteF-91191 Cedex France FSLAC IRL 2009 CNRS IAC Tenerife La Laguna Spain Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica Institut de Ciències del Cosmos Universitat de Barcelona IEEC-UB Martí i Franquès 1 Barcelona08028 Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la As-tronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain IPARCOS-UCM Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria Plaza de Ciencias 1 Madrid28040 Spain INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Via di Frascati 33 Monteporzio Catone00040 Italy INFN Sezione di Napoli Via Cintia ed. G Napoli80126 Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Föhringer Ring 6 München80805 Germany INFN Sezione di Padova Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 8 Padova35131 Italy The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona08193 Spain Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3 Annecy74000 France Universität Hamburg Institut für Experimentalphysik Luruper Chaussee 149 Hamburg22761 Germany Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033 Japan Faculty of Science and Technology Universidad del Azuay Cuenca Ecuador INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello spazio di Bologna Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 Bologna40129 Italy Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Rua Xavier Sigaud 150 RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Departamento de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna C. Vía Láctea s/n Santa Cruz de Tenerife La Laguna38205 Spain CIEMAT Avda. Complutense

Context. There are currently three pulsars firmly detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), two of them reaching the TeV energy range, challenging models of very-high-energy (VHE) emission in pulsars. More precise observations are needed to better characterize pulsar emission at these energies. The LST-1 is the prototype of the Large-Sized Telescope, that will be part of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). Its improved performance over previous IACTs makes it well suited for studying pulsars. Aims. In this work we aim to study the Crab pulsar emission with the LST-1, improving and complementing the results from other telescopes. Crab pulsar observations can also be used to characterize the potential of the LST-1 to study other pulsars and detect new ones. Methods. We analyzed a total of ∼103 hours of gamma-ray observations of the Crab pulsar conducted with the LST-1 in the period from September 2020 to January 2023. The observations were carried out at zenith angles less than 50 degrees. To characterize the Crab pulsar emission over a broader energy range, a new analysis of the Fermi-LAT data was also performed, including ∼14 years of observations. Results. The Crab pulsar phaseogram, long-term light-curve, and phase-resolved spectra is reconstructed with the LST-1 from 20 GeV to 450 GeV for P1 and up to 700 GeV for P2. The pulsed emission is detected with a significance level of 15.2σ. The two characteristic emission peaks of the Crab pulsar are clearly detected (>10σ), as well as the so-called bridge emission between them (5.7σ). We find that both peaks are well described by power laws, with spectral indices of ∼3.44 and ∼3.03 respectively. The joint analysis of Fermi-LAT and LST-1 data shows a good agreement between both instruments in the overlapping energy range. The detailed results obtained in the first observations of the Crab pulsar with LST-1 show the potential that CTAO will have to study this type of sources. © 2024, CC

关键词： Gamma rays

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The mathematical theory of turbulence (2nd edition), by M. M. Stanisic. Pp 501. DM88. 1988. ISBN 3-540-96685-4 (Springer)

引用

The Mathematical Gazette 2016年第472期75卷 256-258页

作者： Philip Chatwin Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics The University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2UN

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Causal unit of rotors in a cardiac system

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2017年

作者： Ashikaga, Hiroshi Prieto-Castrillo, Francisco Kawakatsu, Mari Dehghani, Nima Cardiac Arrhythmia Service Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 600 N Wolfe Street Carnegie 568 BaltimoreMD21287 United States Media Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Princeton University PrincetonNJ United States Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States

The heart exhibits complex systems behaviors during atrial fibrillation (AF), where the macroscopic collective behavior of the heart causes the microscopic behavior. However, the relationship between the downward causation and scale is nonlinear. We describe rotors in multiple spatiotemporal scales by generating a renormalization group from a numerical model of cardiac excitation, and evaluate the causal architecture of the system by quantifying causal emergence. Causal emergence is an information-theoretic metric that quantifies emergence or reduction between microscopic and macroscopic behaviors of a system by evaluating effective information at each spatiotemporal scale. We find that there is a spatiotemporal scale at which effective information peaks in the cardiac system with rotors. There is a positive correlation between the number of rotors and causal emergence up to the scale of peak causation. In conclusion, one can coarse-grain the cardiac system with rotors to identify a macroscopic scale at which the causal power reaches the maximum. This scale of peak causation should correspond to that of the AF driver, where networks of cardiomyocytes serve as the causal units. Those causal units, if identified, can be reasonable therapeutic targets of clinical intervention to cure AF. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Heart

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Reducing storage of global wind ensembles with stochastic generators

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Jeong, Jaehong Castruccio, Stefano Crippa, Paola Genton, Marc G. CEMSE Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics University of Notre Dame Notre DameIN46556 United States Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science University of Notre Dame Notre DameIN46556 United States

Wind has the potential to make a significant contribution to future energy resources. Locating the sources of this renewable energy on a global scale is however extremely challenging, given the difficulty to store very large data sets generated by modern computer models. We propose a statistical model that aims at reproducing the data-generating mechanism of an ensemble of runs via a Stochastic Generator (SG) of global annual wind data. We introduce an evolutionary spectrum approach with spatially varying parameters based on large-scale geographical descriptors such as altitude to better account for different regimes across the Earth's orography. We consider a multi-step conditional likelihood approach to estimate the parameters that explicitly accounts for nonstationary features while also balancing memory storage and distributed computation. We apply the proposed model to more than 18 million points of yearly global wind speed. The proposed SG requires orders of magnitude less storage for generating surrogate ensemble members from wind than does creating additional wind fields from the climate model, even if an effective lossy data compression algorithm is applied to the simulation output. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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Nonlinear fluid simulation study of stimulated raman and brillouin scatterings in shock ignition

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2017年

作者： Hao, L. Yan, R. Li, J. Liu, W.D. Ren, C. Department of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory for Laser Energetics University of Rochester RochesterNY14627 United States University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui230026 China Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester RochesterNY14627 United States Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing100094 China

We developed a new nonlinear fluid laser-plasma-instability code (FLAME) using a multi-fluid plasma model combined with full electromagnetic wave equations. The completed one-dimensional (1D) version of FLAME was used to study laser-plasma instabilities in shock ignition. The simulations results showed that absolute SRS modes growing near the quarter-critical surface were saturated by Langmuir-wave Decay Instabilities (LDI) and pump depletion. The ion-acoustic waves from LDI acted as seeds of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), which displayed a bursting pattern and caused strong pump depletion. Re-scattering of SRS at the 1/16th-critical surface was also observed in a high temperature case. These results largely agreed with corresponding Particle-in-Cell simulations. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Plasma diagnostics

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Properties of kinetic transition networks for atomic clusters and glassy solids

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Morgan, John W.R. Mehta, Dhagash Wales, David J. Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2136 United States Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics University of Notre Dame Notre DameIN46556 United States University Chemical Laboratories Lensfield Road CambridgeCB2 1EW United Kingdom

A database of minima and transition states corresponds to a network where the minima represent nodes and the transition states correspond to edges between the pairs of minima they connect via steepest- descent paths. Here we construct networks for small clusters bound by the Morse potential for a selection of physically relevant parameters, in two and three dimensions. The properties of these unweighted and undirected networks are analysed to examine two features: whether they are small-world, where the shortest path between nodes involves only a small number or edges;and whether they are scale-free, having a degree distribution that follows a power law. Small-world character is present, but statistical tests show that a power law is not a good fit, so the networks are not scale-free. These results for clusters are compared with the corresponding properties for the molecular and atomic structural glass formers ortho-terphenyl and binary Lennard-Jones. These glassy systems do not show small-world properties, suggesting that such behaviour is linked to the structure-seeking landscapes of the Morse clusters. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Morse potential

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ALBEDOS, EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES, AND SURFACE TEMPERATURES OF HABITABLE PLANETS

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Del Genio, Anthony D. Kiang, Nancy Y. Way, Michael J. Amundsen, David S. Sohl, Linda E. Fujii, Yuka Chandler, Mark Aleinov, Igor Colose, Christopher M. Guzewich, Scott D. Kelley, Maxwell NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 2880 Broadway New YorkNY10025 United States Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics Columbia University New YorkNY10027 United States Center for Climate Systems Research Columbia University New YorkNY10027 United States Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama Meguro Tokyo152-8550 Japan NASA Postdoctoral Program Goddard Institute for Space Studies New YorkNY10025 United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD20771 United States SciSpace LLC 2880 Broadway New YorkNY10025 United States

The potential habitability of known exoplanets is often categorized by a nominal equilibrium temperature assuming a Bond albedo of either ~0.3, similar to Earth, or 0. As an indicator of habitability, this leaves much to be desired, because albedos of other planets can be very different, and because surface temperature exceeds equilibrium temperature due to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. We use an ensemble of 3-dimensional general circulation model simulations to show that for a range of habitable planets, much of the variability of Bond albedo, equilibrium temperature, and even surface temperature can be predicted with useful accuracy from incident stellar flux and stellar temperature, two known external parameters for every confirmed exoplanet. Earth’s Bond albedo is near the minimum possible for habitable planets orbiting G stars, because of increasing contributions from clouds and sea ice/snow at higher and lower instellations, respectively. For habitable M star planets, Bond albedo is usually lower than Earth’s because of near-IR H2O absorption, except at high instellation where clouds are important. We apply the relationships derived from this behavior to several known exoplanets to derive zeroth-order estimates of their potential habitability. More expansive multivariate statistical models that include currently non-observable parameters suggest that greenhouse gas variations could account for significant variance in albedo and surface temperature, while orbital and surface features can have significant but not clearly consistent effects. We discuss how emerging information from global climate models might resolve some degeneracies and help focus scarce observing resources on the most promising planets. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surface properties

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Effect of non-Gaussian lensing deflections on CMB lensing measurements

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Physical Review D 2018年第12期98卷 123510-123510页

作者： Vanessa Böhm Blake D. Sherwin Jia Liu J. Colin Hill Marcel Schmittfull Toshiya Namikawa Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 93720 USA Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge Wilberforce Road Cambridge CB3 0WA United Kingdom Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 USA Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute 162 5th Avenue New York New York 10010 USA Institute for Advanced Study Einstein Drive Princeton New Jersey 08540 USA Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan

We investigate the impact of non-Gaussian lensing deflections on measurements of the CMB lensing power spectrum. We find that the false assumption of their Gaussianity significantly biases these measurements in current and future experiments at the percent level. The bias is detected by comparing CMB lensing reconstructions from simulated CMB data lensed with Gaussian deflection fields to reconstructions from simulations lensed with fully non-Gaussian deflection fields. The non-Gaussian deflections are produced by ray tracing through snapshots of an N-body simulation and capture both the non-Gaussianity induced by nonlinear structure formation and by multiple correlated deflections. We find that the amplitude of the measured bias can be modeled with analytic expressions for a lensing bispectrum-induced bias derived by Böhm et al. in 2016 when post-Born corrections are included in the lensing bispectrum model. The bias is largest in temperature-based measurements, where it is detected with a significance of 2.84σ in the power spectrum of reconstructed convergence fields. Cross-correlating the reconstruction with the noiseless input convergence fields results in a 5.21σ detection. We do not find evidence for the bias in measurements from a combination of polarization fields (EB,EB). We argue that this non-Gaussian bias should be even more important for measurements of cross-correlations of CMB lensing with low-redshift tracers of large-scale structure.

关键词： Cosmic microwave background Evolution of the Universe Gravitational lenses Large scale structure of the Universe Sky surveys

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