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arXiv 2023年

作者： Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 València PaternaE-46980 Spain Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale University 52 Hillhouse Avenue New HavenCT06511 United States Department of Physics University of Illinois 1110 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory MS209 P.O. Box 500 BataviaIL60510 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States East Asian Observatory 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard PasadenaCA91125 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 645 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI

Astrophysical black holes are expected to be described by the Kerr metric. This is the only stationary, vacuum, axisymmetric metric, without electromagnetic charge, that satisfies Einstein’s equations and does not have pathologies outside of the event horizon. We present new constraints on potential deviations from the Kerr prediction based on 2017 EHT observations of Sagittarius A∗ (Sgr A∗). We calibrate the relationship between the geometrically defined black hole shadow and the observed size of the ring-like images using a library that includes both Kerr and non-Kerr simulations. We use the exquisite prior constraints on the mass-to-distance ratio for Sgr A∗ to show that the observed image size is within ∼ 10% of the Kerr predictions. We use these bounds to constrain metrics that are parametrically different from Kerr as well as the charges of several known spacetimes. To consider alternatives to the presence of an event horizon we explore the possibility that Sgr A∗ is a compact object with a surface that either absorbs and thermally re-emits incident radiation or partially reflects it. Using the observed image size and the broadband spectrum of Sgr A∗, we conclude that a thermal surface can be ruled out and a fully reflective one is unlikely. We compare our results to the broader landscape of gravitational tests. Together with the bounds found for stellar mass black holes and the M87 black hole, our observations provide further support that the external spacetimes of all black holes are described by the Kerr metric, independent of their mass. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Black holes

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results IX: Detection of Near-Horizon Circular Polarization

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yut Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna ValènciaE-46980 Spain Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-43992 Sweden Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale University 52 Hillhouse Avenue New HavenCT06511 United States Astronomy Department Universidad de Concepción Casilla 160-C Concepción Chile Department of Physics University of Illinois 1110 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory MS209 P.O. Box 500 BataviaIL60510 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States East Asian Observatory 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI

Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations have revealed a bright ring of emission around the supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. EHT images in linear polarization have further identified a coherent spiral pattern around the black hole, produced from ordered magnetic fields threading the emitting plasma. Here, we present the first analysis of circular polarization using EHT data, acquired in 2017, which can potentially provide additional insights into the magnetic fields and plasma composition near the black hole. Interferometric closure quantities provide convincing evidence for the presence of circularly polarized emission on event-horizon scales. We produce images of the circular polarization using both traditional and newly developed methods. All methods find a moderate level of resolved circular polarization across the image (〈|v|〉 int| ∗ © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Circular polarization

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Numerical equivalence between sph and probabilistic mass transfer methods for lagrangian simulation of dispersioni

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Sole-Mari, Guillem Schmidt, Michael J. Pankavich, Stephen D. Benson, David A. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Spain UPC-CSIC Barcelona Spain Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States

Several Lagrangian methodologies have been proposed in recent years to simulate advection-dispersion of solutes in fluids as a mass exchange between numerical particles carrying the fluid. In this paper, we unify these methodologies, showing that mass transfer particle tracking (MTPT) algorithms can be framed within the context of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), provided the choice of a Gaussian smoothing kernel whose bandwidth depends on the dispersion and the time discretization. Numerical simulations are performed for a simple dispersion problem, and they are compared to an analytical solution. Based on the results, we advocate for the use of a kernel bandwidth of the size of the characteristic dispersion length ` = √2D∆t, at least given a "dense enough" distribution of particles, for in this case the mass transfer operation is not just an approximation, but in fact the exact solution, of the solute’s displacement Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mass transfer

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Nonbacktracking bounds on the influence in independent cascade models

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Abbe, Emmanuel Kulkarni, Sanjeev Lee, Eun Jee Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton United States Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton United States Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Princeton University Princeton United States

This paper develops upper and lower bounds on the influence measure in a network, more precisely, the expected number of nodes that a seed set can influence in the independent cascade model. In particular, our bounds exploit nonbacktracking walks, Fortuin–Kasteleyn–Ginibre (FKG) type inequalities, and are computed by message passing implementation. Nonbacktracking walks have recently allowed for headways in community detection, and this paper shows that their use can also impact the influence computation. Further, we provide a knob to control the trade-off between the efficiency and the accuracy of the bounds. Finally, the tightness of the bounds is illustrated with simulations on various network models. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Economic and social effects

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Measurement of cross sections for production of a Z boson in association with a flavor-inclusive or doubly b-tagged large-radius jet in proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

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Physical Review D 2023年第1期108卷 012022-012022页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott D. C. Abbott A. Abed Abud K. Abeling D. K. Abhayasinghe S. H. Abidi O. S. AbouZeid N. L. Abraham H. Abramowicz H. Abreu Y. Abulaiti B. S. Acharya B. Achkar L. Adam C. Adam Bourdarios L. Adamczyk L. Adamek J. Adelman A. Adiguzel S. Adorni T. Adye A. A. Affolder Y. Afik C. Agapopoulou M. N. Agaras A. Aggarwal C. Agheorghiesei J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra A. Ahmad F. Ahmadov W. S. Ahmed X. Ai G. Aielli S. Akatsuka M. Akbiyik T. P. A. Åkesson E. Akilli A. V. Akimov K. Al Khoury G. L. Alberghi J. Albert M. J. Alconada Verzini S. Alderweireldt M. Aleksa I. N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa T. Alexopoulos A. Alfonsi F. Alfonsi M. Alhroob B. Ali S. Ali M. Aliev G. Alimonti C. Allaire B. M. M. Allbrooke P. P. Allport A. Aloisio F. Alonso C. Alpigiani E. Alunno Camelia M. Alvarez Estevez M. G. Alviggi Y. Amaral Coutinho A. Ambler L. Ambroz C. Amelung D. Amidei S. P. Amor Dos Santos S. Amoroso C. S. Amrouche F. An C. Anastopoulos N. Andari T. Andeen J. K. Anders S. Y. Andrean A. Andreazza V. Andrei C. R. Anelli S. Angelidakis A. Angerami A. V. Anisenkov A. Annovi C. Antel M. T. Anthony E. Antipov M. Antonelli D. J. A. Antrim F. Anulli M. Aoki J. A. Aparisi Pozo M. A. Aparo L. Aperio Bella N. Aranzabal V. Araujo Ferraz R. Araujo Pereira C. Arcangeletti A. T. H. Arce J-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos J.-H. Arling A. J. Armbruster A. Armstrong O. Arnaez H. Arnold Z. P. Arrubarrena Tame G. Artoni H. Asada K. Asai S. Asai T. Asawatavonvanich N. A. Asbah E. M. Asimakopoulou L. Asquith J. Assahsah K. Assamagan R. Astalos R. J. Atkin M. Atkinson N. B. Atlay H. Atmani P. A. Atmasiddha K. Augsten V. A. Austrup G. Avolio M. K. Ayoub G. Azuelos D. Babal H. Bachacou K. Bachas F. Backman P. Bagnaia H. Bahrasemani A. J. Bailey V. R. Bailey J. T. Baines C. Bakalis O. K. Baker P. J. Bakker E. Bakos D. Bakshi Gupta S. Balaji R. Balasubramanian E. M. Baldin P. Balek F. Balli W. K. Balunas J. Balz E. Banas M. Bandieramonte A. Bandyopadhyay Sw. Banerjee L. Barak W. M. Barbe E. L. Barberio D. Barberis M. Barbero G. Barbour T. Barillari M-S. Barisits CPPM Aix-Marseille Université CNRS/IN2P3 Marseille France Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA Department of Physics University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts USA CERN Geneva Switzerland II. Physikalisches Institut Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany Department of Physics Royal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York USA Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physics Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel High Energy Physics Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne Illinois USA INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine Sezione di Trieste Udine Italy ICTP Trieste Italy Institut für Physik Universität Mainz Mainz Germany LAPP Université Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS/IN2P3 Annecy France AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science Krakow Poland Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada Department of Physics Northern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois USA Department of Physics Bogazici University Istanbul Türkiye Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire Université de Genève Genève Switzerland Particle Physics Department Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA IJCLab Université Paris-Saclay CNRS/IN2P3 91405 Orsay France LPC Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS/IN2P3 Clermont-Ferrand France Institute for Mathematics Astrophysics and Particle Physics Radboud University/Nikhef Nijmegen Netherlands Department of Physics Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi Iasi Romania D

We present measurements of cross sections for production of a leptonically decaying Z boson in association with a large-radius jet in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC, using 36 fb−1 of data from the ATLAS detector. Integrated and differential cross sections are measured at particle level in both a flavor inclusive and a doubly b-tagged fiducial phase space. The large-radius jet mass and transverse momentum, its kinematic relationship to the Z boson, and the angular separation of b-tagged small-radius track jets within the large-radius jet are measured. This measurement constitutes an important test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics in kinematic and flavor configurations relevant to several Higgs boson and beyond-Standard-Model physics analyses. The results highlight issues with modeling of additional hadronic activity in the flavor-inclusive selection, and a distinction between flavor-number schemes in the b-tagged phase space.

关键词： Jets & heavy flavor physics Perturbative QCD W & Z bosons

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Rethinking CO antibiosignatures in the search for life beyond the solar system

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Schwieterman, Edward W. Reinhard, Christopher T. Olson, Stephanie L. Ozaki, Kazumi Harman, Chester E. Hong, Peng K. Lyons, Timothy W. Department of Earth Sciences University of California RiversideCA United States NASA Postdoctoral Program Universities Space Research Association ColumbiaMD United States NASA Astrobiology Institute Alternative Earths & Virtual Planetary Laboratory Teams United States Blue Marble Space Institute of Science SeattleWA United States School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA United States Department of Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago ChicagoIL United States Department of Environmental Science Toho University Tokyo Japan NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies New YorkNY United States Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics Columbia University New YorkNY United States Planetary Exploration Research Center Chiba Institute of Technology 2-17-1 Tsudanuma Narashino Chiba275-0016 Japan

Some atmospheric gases have been proposed as counter indicators to the presence of life on an exoplanet if remotely detectable at sufficient abundance (i.e., antibiosignatures), informing the search for biosignatures and potentially fingerprinting uninhabited habitats. However, the quantitative extent to which putative antibiosignatures could exist in the atmospheres of inhabited planets is not well understood. The most commonly referenced potential antibiosignature is CO, because it represents a source of free energy and reduced carbon that is readily exploited by life on Earth and is thus often assumed to accumulate only in the absence of life. Yet, biospheres actively produce CO through biomass burning, photooxidation processes, and release of gases that are photochemically converted into CO in the atmosphere. We demonstrate with a 1D ecosphere-atmosphere model that reducing biospheres can maintain CO levels of ~100 ppmv even at low H2fluxes due to the impact of hybrid photosynthetic ecosystems. Additionally, we show that photochemistry around M dwarf stars is particularly favorable for the buildup of CO, with plausible concentrations for inhabited, oxygen-rich planets extending from hundreds of ppm to several percent. Since CH4buildup is also favored on these worlds, and because O2and O3are likely not detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope, the presence of high CO (>100 ppmv) may discriminate between oxygen-rich and reducing biospheres with near-future transmission observations. These results suggest that spectroscopic detection of CO can be compatible with the presence of life and that a comprehensive contextual assessment is required to validate the significance of potential antibiosignatures. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Free energy

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Author Correction: Comprehensive molecular characterization of mitochondrial genomes in human cancers

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Nature genetics 2023年第6期55卷 1078页

作者： Yuan Yuan Young Seok Ju Youngwook Kim Jun Li Yumeng Wang Christopher J Yoon Yang Yang Inigo Martincorena Chad J Creighton John N Weinstein Yanxun Xu Leng Han Hyung-Lae Kim Hidewaki Nakagawa Keunchil Park Peter J Campbell Han Liang Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Cancer Genome Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea. Department of Health Science and Technology Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea. Samsung Genome Institute Samsung Medical Center Seoul Korea. Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA. Division of Biostatistics The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health Houston TX USA. Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA. Department of Systems Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School Houston TX USA. Department of Biochemistry Ewha Womans University School of Medicine Seoul Korea. Laboratory for Cancer Genomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan. Division of Hematology/Oncology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea. kpark@skku.edu. Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul South Korea. kpark@skku.edu. Cancer Genome Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk. Department of Haematology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk. Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. hliang1@mdanderson.org. Quantitative and Comp

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Correlations between flow and transverse momentum in Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC with the ATLAS detector: A probe of the heavy-ion initial state and nuclear deformation

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Physical Review C 2023年第5期107卷 054910-054910页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott D. C. Abbott K. Abeling S. H. Abidi A. Aboulhorma H. Abramowicz H. Abreu Y. Abulaiti A. C. Abusleme Hoffman B. S. Acharya B. Achkar L. Adam C. Adam Bourdarios L. Adamczyk L. Adamek S. V. Addepalli J. Adelman A. Adiguzel S. Adorni T. Adye A. A. Affolder Y. Afik M. N. Agaras J. Agarwala A. Aggarwal C. Agheorghiesei J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra A. Ahmad F. Ahmadov W. S. Ahmed X. Ai G. Aielli I. Aizenberg M. Akbiyik T. P. A. Åkesson A. V. Akimov K. Al Khoury G. L. Alberghi J. Albert P. Albicocco M. J. Alconada Verzini S. Alderweireldt M. Aleksa I. N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa T. Alexopoulos A. Alfonsi F. Alfonsi M. Alhroob B. Ali S. Ali M. Aliev G. Alimonti C. Allaire B. M. M. Allbrooke P. P. Allport A. Aloisio F. Alonso C. Alpigiani E. Alunno Camelia M. Alvarez Estevez M. G. Alviggi Y. Amaral Coutinho A. Ambler C. Amelung C. G. Ames D. Amidei S. P. Amor Dos Santos S. Amoroso K. R. Amos C. S. Amrouche V. Ananiev C. Anastopoulos N. Andari T. Andeen J. K. Anders S. Y. Andrean A. Andreazza S. Angelidakis A. Angerami A. V. Anisenkov A. Annovi C. Antel M. T. Anthony E. Antipov M. Antonelli D. J. A. Antrim F. Anulli M. Aoki J. A. Aparisi Pozo M. A. Aparo L. Aperio Bella C. Appelt N. Aranzabal V. Araujo Ferraz C. Arcangeletti A. T. H. Arce E. Arena J.-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos J.-H. Arling A. J. Armbruster O. Arnaez H. Arnold Z. P. Arrubarrena Tame G. Artoni H. Asada K. Asai S. Asai N. A. Asbah E. M. Asimakopoulou J. Assahsah K. Assamagan R. Astalos R. J. Atkin M. Atkinson N. B. Atlay H. Atmani P. A. Atmasiddha K. Augsten S. Auricchio A. D. Auriol V. A. Austrup G. Avner G. Avolio K. Axiotis M. K. Ayoub G. Azuelos D. Babal H. Bachacou K. Bachas A. Bachiu F. Backman A. Badea P. Bagnaia M. Bahmani A. J. Bailey V. R. Bailey J. T. Baines C. Bakalis O. K. Baker P. J. Bakker E. Bakos D. Bakshi Gupta S. Balaji R. Balasubramanian E. M. Baldin P. Balek E. Ballabene F. Balli L. M. Baltes W. K. Balunas J. Balz E. Banas M. Bandieramonte A. Bandyopadhyay S. Bansal L. Barak E. L. Barberio D. Barberis M. Barbero G. Barbour K. N. Bare CPPM Aix-Marseille Université CNRS/IN2P3 Marseille France Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA Department of Physics University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts USA II. Physikalisches Institut Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York USA Faculté des sciences Université Mohammed V Rabat Morocco Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physics Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel Department of Physics New York University New York New York USA Departamento de Física Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine Sezione di Trieste Udine Italy ICTP Trieste Italy Institut für Physik Universität Mainz Mainz Germany LAPP Université Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS/IN2P3 Annecy France Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow Poland Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada Department of Physics Brandeis University Waltham Massachusetts USA Department of Physics Northern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois USA Department of Physics Istanbul University Istanbul Türkiye Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire Université de Genève Genève Switzerland Particle Physics Department Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA CERN Geneva Switzerland Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain INFN Sezione di Pavia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Pavia Pavia Italy Department of Physics Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi Iasi Romania Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos Universidad de Granada Granada (Spain) Por

The correlations between flow harmonics vn for n=2, 3, and 4 and mean transverse momentum [pT] in Xe129+Xe129 and Pb208+Pb208 collisions at s=5.44 and 5.02 TeV, respectively, are measured using charged particles with the ATLAS detector. The correlations are potentially sensitive to the shape and size of the initial geometry, nuclear deformation, and initial momentum anisotropy. The effects from nonflow and centrality fluctuations are minimized, respectively, via a subevent cumulant method and an event-activity selection based on particle production at very forward rapidity. The vn−[pT] correlations show strong dependencies on centrality, harmonic number n, pT, and pseudorapidity range. Current models qualitatively describe the overall centrality- and system-dependent trends but fail to quantitatively reproduce all features of the data. In central collisions, where models generally show good agreement, the v2−[pT] correlations are sensitive to the triaxiality of the quadruple deformation. Comparison of the model with the Pb+Pb and Xe+Xe data confirms that the Xe129 nucleus is a highly deformed triaxial ellipsoid that has neither a prolate nor oblate shape. This provides strong evidence for a triaxial deformation of the Xe129 nucleus from high-energy heavy-ion collisions.

关键词： Collective flow Nuclear structure & decays Particle correlations & fluctuations Quark-gluon plasma Relativistic heavy-ion collisions

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Efficient algorithms for T-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2017年

作者： Linderman, George C. Rachh, Manas Hoskins, Jeremy G. Steinerberger, Stefan Kluger, Yuval Applied Mathematics Program Yale University New HavenCT06511 United States Department of Mathematics Yale University New HavenCT06511 United States Department of Pathology and Applied Mathematics Program Yale University School of Medicine New HavenCT06511 United States

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE) is a method for dimensionality reduction and visualization that has become widely popular in recent years. Efficient implementations of t-SNE are available, but they scale poorly to datasets with hundreds of thousands to millions of high dimensional data-points. We present Fast Fourier Transform-accelerated Interpolation-based t-SNE (FIt-SNE), which dramatically accelerates the computation of t-SNE. The most time-consuming step of t-SNE is a convolution that we accelerate by interpolating onto an equispaced grid and subsequently using the fast Fourier transform to perform the convolution. We also optimize the computation of input similarities in high dimensions using multi-threaded approximate nearest neighbors. We further present a modification to t-SNE called "late exaggeration," which allows for easier identification of clusters in t-SNE embeddings. Finally, for datasets that cannot be loaded into the memory, we present out-of-core randomized principal component analysis (oocPCA), so that the top principal components of a dataset can be computed without ever fully loading the matrix, hence allowing for t-SNE of large datasets to be computed on resource-limited machines. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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