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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jahn, Hannes Fröhlich, Thomas Zentner, Lena Mechanics of Compliant Systems Group Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau P.O. Box 100565 Ilmenau98684 Germany Institute for Process Measurement and Sensor Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau P.O. Box 100565 Ilmenau98684 Germany

Compliant mechanisms with solid-state hinges are gaining prominence in research and industry due to their desirable attributes like reproducibility, zero backlash and low maintenance requirements. Load cells, a type of compliant mechanism, find frequent application in force measurement and weighing technology. They can be categorized into strain-based cells and compensation ***-based load cells, considered deformation-based cells, are commonly seen in household kitchen scales. These cells register deformation caused by a load, measured as resistance using strain gauges. Current design methods rely on finite element simulations or complex empirical approaches, but an analytical approach is also *** theory of large deflections of rod-like structures proves suitable for analytically describing compliant mechanisms, which are symmetric along the beam axis. It enables the analysis of deformations and strains along the entire beam axis, which is crucial for measuring forces. This paper aims to develop an analytical model for describing such load cells, which consist of transversally symmetric hinges and, therefore, are not described analytically. Additionally, the authors aim to implement the developed model in a user-friendly graphical interface for broader accessibility. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Strain gages

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Portable Electronic Devices in Cabin and Cockpit – Analysis of Hazards

Portable Electronic Devices in Cabin and Cockpit – Analysis...

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AIAA Science and technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2025

作者： Holz, Simon Pfaff, Jonas Kuder, Jürgen Schopferer, Sebastian May, Michael Norrefeldt, Victor Pathak, Arnav Pschirer, Marie Kienberger, Maximilian Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Ernst-Mach-Institut Research Group Computational Physics EMI Dpt. Materials and Simulation Methods Freiburg79104 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Dpt. Measurement and Sensor Technology Ernst-Mach-Institut EMI Freiburg79104 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Department Resilience Safety and Security Ernst-Mach-Institut EMI Freiburg79104 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP Research Group Vehicle Climate Control Systems Dpt. Indoor Climate Valley83626 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP Valley83626 Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781624107238

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107238

Multiple portable electronic devices (PED) such as smartphones and laptops are carried during flight in cabin and cockpit by passenger and crew. When the Lithium-Ion batteries of PEDs go into thermal runaway flammable and toxic gases are released. In the first part of this study a total of 26 laptops, tablets, smartphones, and power tool batteries have been forced into thermal runaway in a ventilated test box (V=350 l, V=13 l/s) observing smoke and fire as the main hazards. Correlations of the venting volume depending on the energy content of the PED are presented. The volume released during fire hazard is seven times the volume released during smoke hazard. Up to 3 l of electrolyte and up to 0.4 l hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and formaldehyde as well as up 20 l of combustion products of plastics are released during the full test time. For tablets and smartphones, the smoldering of plastics prior to the thermal runaway could be noted visually and due to a rise in propane emissions. In the second part of this study thermal runaway tests with laptops in a A320 mockup (V=13 m³) under realistic ventilation (V=60 l/s) are presented. The nine tested laptops were used to generate thermal runaway events on the floor, on seats and in the overhead bin. The increase of air temperature in the cabin depends on the distance from the floor, and may be as high as 60 K. The CO2 concentration level in the cabin increases and it takes 16 to 26 min to restore 105 % of the level measured prior to thermal runaway. Finally, the absolute amounts of vent gases are presented and clustered for e.g. toxic and flammable gases or evaporated electrolyte. The presented data will enable the prediction of local concentrations inside occupied areas of the cabin during thermal runaway by CFD simulations. © 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fire hazards

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Fiber-optic multimode interference sensing: comprehensive characterization and its potential for strain-insensitive temperature sensing

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Wang, Kun Mizuno, Yosuke Dong, Xingchen Kurz, Wolfgang Fink, Maximilian Lee, Heeyoung Jakobi, Martin Koch, Alexander W. Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology Munich80333 Germany Yokohama National University Faculty of Engineering Yokohama240-8501 Japan College of Engineering Shibaura Institute of Technology Tokyo135-8548 Japan

A strain-insensitive temperature sensor based on multimode interference using standard multimode fibers (MMFs) is proposed according to the comprehensive study of the characteristics of the MMFs. The temperature and strain dependences on the core diameter, numerical aperture (NA), and the length of the MMF section in the single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure are investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the larger core diameter of the MMF leads to higher temperature sensitivity but lower strain sensitivity (absolute values);the higher NA does not influence the temperature sensitivity but results in higher absolute value of strain sensitivity;the longer MMF section brings lower temperature sensitivity but does not have an impact on strain sensitivity. These findings also contribute to the theoretical analysis of the length dependence in the SMS fiber sensors. Besides, the results of the characterization study show that the strain sensitivity is relatively low, which brings a possibility to develop a strain-insensitive temperature sensor. The proposed sensor is used for temperature sensing while the strain is constantly applied from 0 to 1100 µΕ with steps of 100 µΕ. The measured results are consistent with the comprehensive study. The mean temperature sensitivity is 6.14 pm/◦C with a standard deviation of 0.39 pm/◦C, which proves that the proposed temperature sensor exhibits good stability and is insensitive to strain. We expect that these results will provide a profound guideline to fiber sensors based on multimode interference. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multimode fibers

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Flexible Human-Machine Interface Touch Pad S Based on Double-Network Solid-State Ionic Conductive Elastomers

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Zhan, Wang Zhang, Qi Ye, Zhilu Yang, Zihao Wang, Yijing Zhang, Cuiling Zhang, Zeying Xue, Li Ma, Feng Wang, Zhiguang Peng, Niancai Jiang, Zhuangde Lyu, Yi Liu, Ming Zhang, Xiaohui State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine School of Life Science and Technology International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology Xi'an Key Laboratory for Biomedical Testing and High-end Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Shannxi Xi’an710049 China National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetic Medicine Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University No. 277 West Yanta Road Shaanxi Xi’an710061 China State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Electronic Materials Research Laboratory Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Spin Quantum Sensor Chips Universities of Shaanxi Province School of Electronic Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering School of Instrument Science and Technology International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology Xi’an Key Laboratory for Biomedical Testing and High-end Equipment Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710054 China State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China

In the rapidly evolving fields of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoTs), traditional rigid touch pads fall short in fulfilling the flexibility demands of cutting-edge human-machine interface technologies. Recent trends have seen the adoption of soft gel-based ionic conductors in the development of touch pads to enhance flexibility. Yet, these gel-based systems are hampered by intrinsic limitations like dehydration and ion/organic reagent leakage. Here, we report a flexible touch pad, ingeniously combining a surface-capacitive system with solid-state ionic conductive elastomers. Combination of salt-in-polymer and double-network structure strategies effectively addresses the longstanding trade-off between mechanical robustness and ionic conductivity. This pad supports a range of applications, from singular "point" interactions (flexible touch buttons) to "line" applications (stepless sound control and page turning) and finally, "surface" functionalities (game control and handwriting recognition). This research contributes significant insights to the advancement of next-generation human interfaces and IoTs. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Interface states

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Multi-frequency photothermal interferometry of single aerosol particles

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Journal of Aerosol Science 2025年 189卷

作者： Felix W. Stollberger Michael J. Gleichweit Ruth Signorell Alexander Bergmann Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 33 Graz 8010 Austria Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 Zurich 8093 Switzerland

The frequency dependence of photothermal and photoacoustic signals provides information on evaporation, condensation, and heat transfer processes in aerosol particles. Performing such measurements at the single particle level increases accuracy and provides access to various particle properties. Previously, this was not possible due to the resonant acoustic signal amplification required in photoacoustics, which restricted usable modulation frequencies to a single value. In this study, we introduce the use of multi-frequency photothermal interferometry (n ω -PTI) on single, optically trapped particles and experimentally investigate the frequency dependence of the photothermal signal. The observed signal and its dependence on the optical and thermophysical properties of the particle and the interferometer probe beam are analyzed by an accompanying theoretical model. Our measurements prove the applicability of the presented method and indicate a stronger frequency dependence of the photothermal amplitude from single particles than previously observed in bulk measurements. Furthermore, we were able to decouple the contributions from the particle temperature and the thermal wave propagation and examine their frequency dependencies individually. Finally, we analyzed the direct influence of the particle on the measured signal and showed the potential of frequency-resolved photothermal measurements to study thermophysical parameters or optical properties at the single particle level in the Knudsen transition regime.

关键词： Photothermal interferometry Single particle Heat transfer Multi-frequency Fabry–Pérot interferometer Thermal wave

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Quantization of Acoustic Modes in Dumbbell Nanoparticles

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Physical Review Letters 2022年第4期128卷 048003-048003页

作者： Zuyuan Wang Hojin Kim Maria Secchi Maurizio Montagna Eric M. Furst Bahram Djafari-Rouhani George Fytas Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz 55128 Germany Institute for Measurement and Automation Division of Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems Bundeswehr University Munich Werner Heisenberg Weg 39 85579 Neubiberg Germany Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Allan P. Colburn Laboratory University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento via Sommarive 9 I-38123 Trento Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Universitá di Trento via Sommarive 14 I-38123 Trento Italy Institut d’Électronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) UMRCNRS 8520 Department of Physics University of Lille Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655 France

The vibrational eigenmodes of dumbbell-shaped polystyrene nanoparticles are recorded by Brillouin light spectroscopy (BLS), and the full experimental spectra are calculated theoretically. Different from spheres with a degeneracy of (2l+1), with l being the angular momentum quantum number, the eigenmodes of dumbbells are either singly or doubly degenerate owing to their axial symmetry. The BLS spectrum reveals a new, low-frequency peak, which is attributed to the out-of-phase vibration of the two lobes of the dumbbell. The quantization of acoustic modes in these molecule-shaped dumbbell particles evolves from the primary colloidal spheres as the separation between the two lobes increases.

关键词： Light-matter interaction Scattering theory Soft colloids Brillouin scattering & spectroscopy Finite-element method Inelastic light scattering

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Switching mechanism for off-grid hybrid power system (photovoltaic-wind) with storage battery 7

Switching mechanism for off-grid hybrid power system (photov...

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7th IEEE Palestinian International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, PICECE 2019

作者： Khozondar, Hala Jarallah El Zainuddin, Siti Zafarh Bte Koch, Alexander W. Electrical Engineering Department Islamic University of Gaza P.O.Box 108 Gaza Palestine Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology German Institute for Science and Technology GIST-TUM Asia Singapore Singapore Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology Technische Universitaet Muenchen TUM MuenchenD-80333 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538662915

This work describes a modelling and simulation of the switching mechanism of an off-grid hybrid power system. An offgrid system means that it is not connected to an electricity grid or network. An off-grid power system is important especially at catastrophe times and war where it is hard to get electricity from a utility grid. In addition to that, owners of residential and small-scale commercial structures which are located in remote areas will be able to have access to the electricity. The switching mechanism depends on the renewable energy amount. An off-grid hybrid power system utilizes an array of deep-cycle batteries to store the power generated by the solar panels and a wind turbine. When the renewable sources have excess energy, it is stored in the battery. However, If the renewable sources do not supply enough energy to the loads, the switching mechanism will let the battery provide the load with the required energy. The simulation results in this work show the advantages of using the off-grid system to produce electricity or power from one or more source of renewable energy. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Electric power transmission networks

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Randomized reduced forward models for efficient metropolis–hastings MCMC, with application to subsurface fluid flow and capacitance tomography

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Fox, Colin Cui, Tiangang Neumayer, Markus Department of Physics University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand School of Mathematics Monash University Melbourne Australia Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems Graz University of Technology Graz Austria

Bayesian modelling and computational inference by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is a principled framework for large-scale uncertainty quantification, though is limited in practice by computational cost when implemented in the simplest form that requires simulating an accurate computer model at each iteration of the MCMC. The delayed acceptance Metropolis–Hastings MCMC leverages a reduced model for the forward map to lower the compute cost per iteration, though necessarily reduces statistical efficiency that can, without care, lead to no reduction in the computational cost of computing estimates to a desired accuracy. Randomizing the reduced model for the forward map can dramatically improve computational efficiency, by maintaining the low cost per iteration but also avoiding appreciable loss of statistical efficiency. Randomized maps are constructed by a posteriori adaptive tuning of a randomized and locally-corrected deterministic reduced model. Equivalently, the approximated posterior distribution may be viewed as induced by a modified likelihood function for use with the reduced map, with parameters tuned to optimize the quality of the approximation to the correct posterior distribution. Conditions for adaptive MCMC algorithms allow practical approximations and algorithms that have guaranteed ergodicity for the target distribution. Good statistical and computational efficiencies are demonstrated in examples of calibration of large-scale numerical models of geothermal reservoirs and electrical capacitance tomography. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational efficiency

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Mechanical properties of an adjustable weighing cell prototype 19

Mechanical properties of an adjustable weighing cell prototy...

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19th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2019

作者： Darnieder, Maximilian Pabst, Markus Fröhlich, Thomas Zentner, Lena Theska, René Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau Institute for Design and Precision Engineering Precision Engineering Group Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau Institute for Process Measurement and Sensor Technology Process Measurement Technology Group Germany Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau Compliant Systems Group Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775145

Weighing cells based on the principle of electromagnetic force compensation are highly sensitive force measuring devices. A compliant mechanism with thin flexure hinges constitutes the mechanical basis of the balance. The weighing cells are the core components of high-performance vacuum mass comparators, e.g. for the comparison of one kilogram mass standards. According to the mechanical models, the achievable sensitivity of the measurement device is only limited by the adjustment resolution. Without further measures, the vertical adjustment of small trim masses represents a trade-off between resolution and tilt sensitivity. The numerical test of the underlying adjustment concept by finite element models reveals that the objectives of a high sensitivity and a low tilt sensitivity can be achieved simultaneously by a meaningful combination of adjustment measures. This represents a promising concept for the further enhancement of vacuum mass comparators. The prototypes are planar weighing cell structures for a flexible choice of the manufacturing process. The planar mechanism facilitates the comparison between models and measurements. The weighing cells for a nominal mass of 300g are experimentally investigated. The measurement of tilt reactions is enabled by the use of a precision tilt table as base for the weighing cell. Properties like stiffness and tilt sensitivity are determined as a function of the adjustment parameters. This way the mechanical models are verified, and the property enhancement of the weighing cell is evaluated. © 2019 European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, Conference Proceedings - 19th International Conference and Exhibition, EUSPEN 2019. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cells

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Micro- And nanofabrication technologies using the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines 11

Micro- And nanofabrication technologies using the nanopositi...

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Optical measurement systems for Industrial Inspection XI 2019

作者： Weidenfeller, Laura Hofmann, Martin Kirchner, Johannes Supreeti, Shraddha Rangelow, Ivo W. Sinzinger, Stefan Manske, Eberhard Ilmenau University of Technology Institute for Process Measurement and Sensor Technology Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 1 Ilmenau Germany Ilmenau University of Technology Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronic Systems Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 1 Ilmenau Germany Ilmenau University of Technology Department of Microsystems Technology Max-Planck-Ring 12 Ilmenau Germany Ilmenau University of Technology Department of Technical Optics Helmholtzring 1 Ilmenau Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781510627925

ISBN: (纸本)9781510627918

To keep up with Moore's law in future, the critical dimensions of device features must further decrease in size. Thus, the nano-electronics and nano-optics manufacturing is based on the ongoing development of the lithography and encompasses also some unconventional methods. In this context, we use the Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine (NPMM) to generate features in resist layers by means of Direct Laser Writing (DLW),1 Field Emission Scanning Probe Lithography (FE-SPL)2 and Soft UV-Nanoimprint Lithography (Soft UV-NIL)3 with highest accuracy. The NPMM was collaboratively developed by TU Ilmenau and SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH.4 The tool provides a large positioning volume of 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm with a positioning resolution of 0.1 nm and a repeatability of less than 0.3 nm over the full range. Previously a single electron transistor (SET) working at room temperature generated by FE-SPL has been demonstrated.5 However, the throughput is limited because of the serial writing scheme making Tennant's law (At ∼R5) valid.6 Here, At is the areal throughput and R the lithographic resolution. Thus, patterning of the whole NPMM positioning area by FE-SPL is very time consuming. In order to address this problem, different strategies and/or combinations are conceivable. In this work a so-called Mix-and-Match lithography is conducted. A fast generation of structures in the sub-micron range is possible by means of DLW. By this, features such as electrical wires, contact patches for bonding or labels are generated in resist. Subsequently, we use FE-SPL in order to define the actual nano-scaled features for quantum or single electron devices. In combination, DLW and FE-SPL are maskless lithography strategies, hence, offering completely novel opportunities for rapid nanoscale prototyping of largescale resist patterns. An explanation of this technique is given in a previous publication.7 Furthermore, after reactive ion etching, the sample can be used as template for Soft UV-NIL, th

关键词： Single electron transistors

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