Background: Air pollution from road transport-related emissions is a well-documented risk to human health. Our study assessed these health impacts under current and potential emission control policies in 186 countries...
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Background: Air pollution from road transport-related emissions is a well-documented risk to human health. Our study assessed these health impacts under current and potential emission control policies in 186 countries and territories, including 13,135 urban areas, until 2040, at a 1km resolution. Methods: We evaluated 15 scenarios based on various policy combinations using ICCT’s Roadmap model for emissions and GEOS-Chem Adjoint v35n for pollutant concentrations. We estimated mortality impacts following GBD 2019 methodology, and an epidemiologically-derived concentration-response model for NO2-attributable pediatric asthma impacts. Findings: Implementing all measures identified is projected to avoid 1·9 million (95% CI of the central risk estimate 1·3 million-2·4 million) premature deaths and 1·4 million (95% CI of the central risk estimate 0·7 million-1·7 million) new cases of paediatric asthma cumulatively from 2023 to 2040. These health benefits differ by region and age group. Adults aged 65 and older account for 70% of avoidable years of life lost, and children under 5 represent 50% of avoidable new paediatric asthma cases. In countries without Euro 6/VI-equivalent standards, implementing these could achieve 64% and 71% of the total benefits of all emission control measures combined for avoidable premature deaths and new paediatric asthma cases respectively. Developing countries and urban areas hold substantial mitigation potential in new pediatric asthma cases. Interpretation: Regional disparities in road transport-attributable health burdens are projected to grow without further policies. Stronger policies are needed to mitigate these health impacts, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and older ***: This project was supported by FIA Foundation (15.17.18/22), Clean Air Fund (001385), and Pisces Foundation (22-00845). Patrick Wiecko was supported by NASA 80NSSC19K0193 and *** of Interest: We declare no competing int
Process-oriented approaches to the responsible development, implementation, and oversight of artificial intelligence (AI) systems have proliferated in recent years. Variously referred to as lifecycles, pipelines, or v...
Process-oriented approaches to the responsible development, implementation, and oversight of artificial intelligence (AI) systems have proliferated in recent years. Variously referred to as lifecycles, pipelines, or value chains, these approaches demonstrate a common focus on systematically mapping key activities and normative considerations throughout the development and use of AI systems. At the same time, these approaches risk focusing on proximal activities of development and use at the expense of a focus on the events and value conflicts that shape how key decisions are made in practice. In this article we report on the results of an ‘embedded’ ethics research study focused on SPOTT– a ‘Smart Physiotherapy Tracking Technology’ employing AI and undergoing development and commercialization at an academic health sciences centre. Through interviews and focus groups with the development and commercialization team, patients, and policy and ethics experts, we suggest that a more expansive design and development lifecycle shaped by key events offers a more robust approach to normative analysis of digital health technologies, especially where those technologies’ actual uses are underspecified or in flux. We introduce five of these key events, outlining their implications for responsible design and governance of AI for health, and present a set of critical questions intended for others doing applied ethics and policy work. We briefly conclude with a reflection on the value of this approach for engaging with health AI ecosystems more broadly.
Human space travel and exploration are of interest to both the industrial and scientific community. However, there are many adverse effects of spaceflight on human physiology. In particular, there is a lack of underst...
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The tribological performance of MoS2-Cr films in a pin-on-disk test sliding against an aluminum ball has been examined in this study. The MoS2-Cr films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (MoS2) and simultaneous...
The tribological performance of MoS2-Cr films in a pin-on-disk test sliding against an aluminum ball has been examined in this study. The MoS2-Cr films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (MoS2) and simultaneous sputter deposition of Cr, giving a Cr content in the film of 10 mol. %. The results were also compared with films of MoS2 alone. The frictional behavior of MoS2-Cr films was not improved compared to the MoS2 alone, so SEM/EDS studies of the ball and flat were conducted to determine the nature of the transfer films and examine any interface reactions that occurred during the pin-on-disk (POD) test. In the early stages of the POD test (500 cycles) on the MoS2-Cr film, Al-oxide particles formed and caused cratering and scratching of the wear track, and the coefficient of friction neared 0.7. At later stages (9000 cycles), a thick oxide-based transfer film formed on the ball, but on the flat the track composition was closer to that of the original coating. For the films without Cr, after 104 cycles a smooth wear track was observed, and a thin transfer film of MoS2 was found within grooves on the ball wear scar along with Al oxide, which resulted in superior tribological performance.
We have developed an organ-on-a-chip that incorporates smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and epithelial cells (ECs) of the lung airway into a microfluidic coculture system. This device, termed SELA-Chip, models a lung airway...
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Composites have been used as the needed material of current interest to curb deficiencies and meeting the ever-increasing demand in science and technology. In this study, production was done by stir casting method and...
Composites have been used as the needed material of current interest to curb deficiencies and meeting the ever-increasing demand in science and technology. In this study, production was done by stir casting method and the mechanical properties of AA606l/clay were assessed. The cast was manufactured with liquid metallurgy route through the reinforcement of 2 - 8 weight percentages of particle sizes of 75 µm clay. The microstructural test such as SEM/EDS and mechanical properties were examined. From the results, the mechanical properties were found to increase at 8 % clay reinforcement. SEM images showed that uniform dispersal of particulates occur in the cast and an increase up to 8 % clay revealed significant blending of matrix and reinforcement as evidenced in the surface morphology study.
In this paper the torsional vibration of size-dependent viscoelastic nanorods embedded in an elastic medium with different boundary conditions is investigated. The novelty of this study consists of combining the nonlo...
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