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Mechanistic modeling of copper corrosions in data center environments

Building Simulation 2024年第3期17卷 483-492页

作者： Rui Zhang Jianshun Zhang Roger Schmidt Jeremy L.Gilbert Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering College of Engineering and Computer ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNY13244USA Buildings and Transportation Science Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37830USA SyracuseCoE-New York Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems Syracuse University727 E.Washington StreetSyracuseNY13244USA Department of Bioengineering Clemson UniversityClemson-Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering ProgramCharlestonSC29425USA

Air-side economizers are increasingly used to take advantage of“free-cooling”in data centers with the intent of reducing the carbon footprint of ***,they can introduce outdoor pollutants to indoor environment of data centers and cause corrosion damage to the information technology *** evaluate the reliability of information technology equipment under various thermal and air-pollution conditions,a mechanistic model based on multi-ion transport and chemical reactions was *** model was used to predict Cu corrosion caused by Cl_(2)-containing pollutant *** also accounted for the effects of temperature(25℃and 28℃),relative humidity(50%,75%,and 95%),and *** also identified higher air temperature as a corrosion barrier and higher relative humidity as a corrosion accelerator,which agreed well with the experimental *** average root mean square error of the prediction was 13.7Å.The model can be used to evaluate the thermal guideline for data centers design and operation when Cl_(2)is present based on pre-established acceptable risk of corrosion in data centers’environment.

关键词： chloride pollutant mixture copper corrosion model data center temperature relative humidity synergistic effect

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MODEL UPDATING OF CONSTITUTIVE RELATION OF TI64 ALLOY BASED ON GLEEBLE TESTING

MODEL UPDATING OF CONSTITUTIVE RELATION OF TI64 ALLOY BASED ...

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ASME 2024 International Design engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in engineering Conference, IDETC-CIE 2024

作者： Xu, Dong Frame, Lesley D. Kim, Jeongho Tang, J. School of Mechanical Aerospace and Manufacturing Engineering University of Connecticut StorrsCT06269 United States Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Connecticut StorrsCT06269 United States Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Connecticut StorrsCT06269 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780791888346

This study investigates the mechanical behavior of Ti64 alloy at high temperature (750°C) using digital twinning technology based on finite element analysis in combination with Gleeble testing. In the realm of high-temperature alloy materials, empirical constitutive models, such as the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation, have conventionally been utilized to delineate the mechanical behavior of metallic substances under conditions of elevated temperatures and strain rates. This research applies a modified Johnson-Cook model tailored specifically for characterizing the unique strength hardening mechanisms inherent to Ti64 alloy. Subsequently, computational simulation is conducted to implement the modified Johnson-Cook model within finite element analyses. Furthermore, to address the computational challenge inherent in finite element simulation based inverse analysis through optimization, a multi-response Gaussian process model is constructed as a surrogate model to replicate thermomechanical analyses, thereby facilitating efficient simulation. Finally, the parametric identification is cast into an optimization problem, that minimizes the difference between Gleeble testing results and the model prediction in the parametric space, to determine the model parameters of the modified Johnson-Cook model. This framework is successfully applied to the model updating of Ti64 alloy. The algorithms, including the custom user subroutines and the parameter identification process, provide valuable tools for exploring the constitutive relations of various alloys. © 2024 by ASME.

关键词： Strain rate

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FEM simulation and optimization on rotating extrusion of bi-metal rod with constant shear friction 8

FEM simulation and optimization on rotating extrusion of bi-...

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8th International Conference of Precision Machinery and Manufacturing Technology, ICPMMT 2023

作者： Huang, P.H. Huang, S.W. Teng, H.Y. Tzou, G.Y. Lu, C. Department of Mechanical Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou Yunlin64002 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering Institute of Mechatronic Engineering Cheng Shiu University Niaosong Kaohsiung83347 Taiwan School of Mechanical Materials Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences University of Wollongong Northfields Ave. WollongongNSW2522 Australia

This study assuming constant shear friction adopts FEM simulation and the optimization to investigate into extrusion of bi-metal rod which consisted of Aluminum alloy (Core) and Copper alloy (Sleeve) with a rotating die taking tonto account the interface at bi-metal rod under the bonding situation. The forming characteristics, e.g. the effective stress, the effective strain, the velocity field, the extrusion force, the extrusion torque, and die stress can be gained by using FEM commercial software. The FEM optimization for extrusion force combines Taguchi method to establish the L934 orthogonal table that includes four control factors which are rotating angular velocity (ω), frictional factor at the interface of sleeve and die (m1), half die angle (α°), and inner die filet (R). The ranking of influence factors and the optimization combination can be obtained from FEM simulation to provide the reference to the industries. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Dies

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Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction of Industrial Hematite Pellets: Chemical Composition and Microstructural Evolution

Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction of Industrial Hematite Pelle...

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AISTech 2024 Iron and Steel Technology Conference

作者： Zakeri, Ali Coley, Kenneth Tafaghodi, Leili McMaster University Department of Materials Science and Engineering McMaster University HamiltonONL8S 4L7 Canada Western University Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Western University LondonONN6A 3K7 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780930767259

In recent years, the hydrogen-based direct reduction process has emerged as a sustainable solution to mitigate CO2 emissions. This paper presents the results of research focusing on the reduction behavior of industrial hematite pellets. The investigation involved using a custom-built thermogravimetric setup, which allowed for precise weight loss measurements during the reduction. The isothermal reduction experiments were conducted at 800°C under pure hydrogen. The surface morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition were investigated for an initial stage (33% reduced), an intermediate state (50% reduced), and near-complete reduction (>95% reduced). The results revealed a significant difference in the morphology of reduction products and metallization along the pellet radius. © 2024 by the Association for Iron & Steel Technology.

关键词： Morphology

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Selenium-fused Y6 derivatives and their derived polymerized small molecule acceptors for efficient organic solar cells

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science China Chemistry 2023年第3期66卷 615-619页

作者： Qunping Fan Francis RLin Wei Ma Alex K.-Y.Jen State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Department of Chemistry City University of Hong KongKowloon 999077Hong KongChina Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong KongKowloon 999077Hong KongChina Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy City University of Hong KongKowloon 999077Hong KongChina Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWashington 98195-2120USA

Before 2015,only few organic solar cells(OSCs)obtained power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)over 10%because the commonly used fullerene derivatives as acceptors have narrow absorption,low extinction coefficient,and are difficult to adjust energy *** overcome these shortcomings,in 2015,Zhan et al.[1]developed acceptor(A)-donor(D)-A-type fused-ring small-molecule acceptors(SMAs)with good planarity and strong intramolecular charge transfer(ICT)effect to fulfill both broad absorption and high extinction coefficient,offering the revolutionary PCEs of 13%–15%.In 2019,another milestone SMA(Y6)with A-DA′D-A structure was developed by Zou et al.

关键词： fused extinction absorption

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A review on zero energy buildings-Pros and cons

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Energy and Built Environment 2023年第1期4卷 25-38页

作者： Tabbi Wilberforce A.G.Olabi Enas Taha Sayed Khaled Elsaid Hussein M.Maghrabie Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem Mechanical Engineering and Design Aston UniversitySchool of Engineering and Applied ScienceAston TriangleBirmingham B47ETUK Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering University of SharjahP.O.Box 27272SharjahUnited Arab Emirates Center for Advanced Materials Research University of SharjahPO Box 27272SharjahUnited Arab Emirates Chemical Engineering Department Minia UniversityElminiaEgypt Chemical Engineering Department Texas A&M UniversityTX 77843-3122College StationTXUSA Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringSouth Valley UniversityQena 83521Egypt

Enhancing the energy efficiency of structures has been a staple of energy *** key goal is to slash elec-tricity usage in order to minimize the footprint of *** goal is sought by putting restrictions on the design specifications with respect to the properties of the raw materials and components as well as the exploitation of sustainable sources of *** facts for the basis for zero-energy building(ZEB)being *** novel technology has faced several obstacles impeding its commercialization and future *** inves-tigation therefore holistically explored and evaluated the state of zero energy building and factors impeding their *** review further proposed some suggestion in terms of technology that can be considered by the sector to augment existing ***,the investigation touched on the effect of occupant’s character in zero energy *** in terms of government subsidies and tax rebates were recommended to encourage more investors into the ***,the perception of zero energy building being more expensive compared to the traditional structures can equally be curbed via efficient and effective public sensitization.

关键词： Zero energy buildings Policies Renewable energy Construction industry

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Direct ink writing of programmable functional silicone-based composites for 4D printing applications

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Interdisciplinary materials 2022年第4期1卷 507-516页

作者： Zhiyang Lyu J.ustin Koh Gwendolyn J.H.Lim Danwei Zhang Ting Xiong Lei Zhang Siqi Liu Junfei Duan Jun Ding John Wang Jinlan Wang Yunfei Chen Chaobin He Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments School of Mechanical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore Agency for Science Technologyand Research(A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringSingaporeSingapore School of Materials Science and Engineering Changsha University of Science and TechnologyChangshaChina School of Physics Southeast UniversityNanjingChina

Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)has been widely used in flexible electronics,soft robotics,and ***,the fabrication of PDMS-based devices has mostly relied on conventional approaches,such as casting and molding,thereby limiting their *** we fabricate PDMS-based composites with programmable microstructures by direct ink writing and realize their practical functionalities of four-dimensional(4D)*** mechanical,thermomechanical and magnetic properties of the three-dimensional-printed composites can be well tailored by using carbon,metal,or ceramic functional *** taking advantage of the printable,flexible,and magnetic PDMS composites,we demonstrate new practical functionalities of 4D printing by designing programmable architectures,including magnetic-field-driven battery cases and patchworks,as well as arbitrary morphing ceramic *** particular,4D-printed batteries are constructed by PDMS-based battery cases for the first time,which can be actuated via external magnetic *** study broadens the paradigm of 4D printing for prospective applications,such as implant batteries,biomimetic engineering,and customized biomedical devices.

关键词： 4D printing 4D-printed batteries direct ink writing PDMS polymer-derived ceramics

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Random Walker based Automated Phase Discrimination and Morphological Insights in Ultra-High Carbon Steel 4

Random Walker based Automated Phase Discrimination and Morph...

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4th International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry, ICDABI 2023

作者： Jain, Varnit Kumar, Vidyapati Mistri, Ankita Jain, Mohit Choudhury, Amitava Ghosh, Manojit Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering West Bengal Shibpur711103 India Indian Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering West Bengal Kharagpur721302 India Indian Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Jharkhand Dhanbad826004 India Pandit Deendayal Energy University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Gandhinagar India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350369786

Image analysis is an important process required for characterization in different engineering domains. This work presents a novel image processing methodology to segment phases and quantify grain morphology in ultra-high carbon steel (UHCS) micrographs. Unlike conventional global thresholding methods, an interactive random walker technique which leverages user-defined markers for localized phase discrimination was deployed. Adaptive histogram equalization enhances contrast to identify seed markers representing distinct phases. The random walker algorithm propagates labels from these seeds by minimizing an edge-weighted cost function. This interactive approach provides precise phase boundaries despite variability in grain morphology. The segmented output enables statistical grain size, shape, and orientation quantification. The study demonstrates the UHCS micrograph data for an input grayscale image, and the mean area, mean intensity, and mean orientation of all the grains are computed to be 716.667 px2, 129.449, and -53.648, respectively. By combining accessible preprocessing, interactive localization, and rigorous postprocessing, our pipeline automates the characterization of microstructural features from image customizable nature of this physics-based machine learning technique makes it widely applicable for robust characterization of varied material microstructures from images. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Cost functions

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Current research status on advanced lattice structures for impact and energy absorption applications: A systematic review

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Thin-Walled Structures 2025年 215卷

作者： Yu, Zhao Savinov, Roman Matura, Max Zhang, Peize Shi, Jing Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering College of Engineering and Applied Science University of Cincinnati CincinnatiOH45221 United States

Lattice structures are becoming widely recognized for their potential in energy absorption and impact applications. They are often the preferred choice for high-strain-rate events due to their capability to even out peak stress and distribute it until densification. This comprehensive and systematic review provides an in-depth analysis of the recent developments in lattice structures that are specifically designed for such applications. In this review, the lattice structures are first categorized based on unit cell topology, which leads to a comprehensive overview of 2D, 3D, hybrid, and gradient lattice structures developed for energy absorption. Thereafter, the performances of those lattice structures are summarized and compared. Besides the conventional 2D and 3D lattice structures, much of the focus is on novel structures such as bio-inspired, triply periodic minimum surfaces (TPMS), Voronoi and Delaunay structures. Also, the effectiveness of both experimental and computational methods for evaluating energy absorption is assessed, and the primary factors that influence impact behaviors are thoroughly investigated. Despite these insights, major challenges remain in optimizing material selection, refining design processes, and achieving manufacturing precision. Therefore, this review critically evaluates the barriers and proposes actionable mitigation strategies, and explores future research directions, including machine learning-driven optimization and hierarchical structuring. It is believed that this review can shed light on future advancement of next-generation lattice structures that possess both economic viability and high performance. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Crystal lattices

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Training β relaxation to rejuvenate metallic glasses

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Journal of materials science & Technology 2023年第27期158卷 53-62页

作者： L.T.Zhang Yun-Jiang Wang Y.Yang J.C.Qiao School of Mechanics Civil Engineering and ArchitectureNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics Institute of MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Engineering Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Mechanical Engineering College of EngineeringCity University of Hong KongTat Chee AvenueKowloon TongKowloonHong Kong SARChina Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of EngineeringCity University of Hong KongTat Chee AvenueKowloon TongKowloonHong Kong SARChina Innovation Center NPU-ChongqingChongqing 401135China

In the current work,we demonstrated that the rejuvenation of metallic glasses can be achieved through training theβrelaxation *** the increase in the training frequency,a transition from structural relaxation to rejuvenation can be *** rejuvenation treatment is unexpected due to it occurs at a relatively small cyclic strain of 0.2%.Rejuvenation is beneficial to increase the relaxation enthalpy and promotes the decoupling of theβrelaxation process andαrelaxation process.A cluster ofβrelaxation time curves are formulated to describe any energetic state between ultrastable and ultimately rejuvenated metallic *** addition,rejuvenation expands the distribution ofβrelaxation process,anelastic and viscoplastic components during the deformation process.

关键词： Metallic glass βrelaxation Rejuvenation Structural heterogeneity

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