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Speech Coding Methods, Standards, and Applications

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 2005年第4期5卷 30-49页

作者： Gibson, Jerry D. Department of Media Arts and Technology and Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Santa Barbara

Voice is the preferred method of human communication. Although there have been times when it seemed that the voice communications problem was solved, such as when the PSTN was our primary network or later when digital cellular networks reached maturity, such is not the case today. This paper addresses the challenges and opportunities starting from the basic issues in speech coder design, developing the important speech coding techniques and standards, discussing current and future applications, outlining techniques for evaluating speech coder performance, and identifying research directions. The most prominent speech coding standards are presented and their properties, such as performance, complexity, and coding delay, analyzed. Particular networks and applications for each standard are included. Further, reflecting upon the issues and developments high-lighted in this paper, it becomes evident that there is a diverse set of challenges and opportunities for research and innovation in speech coding and voice communications. © 2005 IEEE.

关键词： Speech coding

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Enhanced UV emission by means of infrared optical pumping in UV light emitting diodes

Enhanced UV emission by means of infrared optical pumping in...

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43rd State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors (SOTAPOCS XLIII)and Nitride and Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Sensors, Photonics, and Electronics VI Symposium - 208th Meetingof the Electrochemical Society

作者： Batoni, P. Stokes, E.B. Leboeuf, S.F. Yang, N.V. Pagan, J.G. Hudgins, R.A. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. William States Lee College of Engineering The University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Boulevard Charlotte NC 28223-0001 United States Center for Optoelectronics and Optical Communications Charlotte Research Institute University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Boulevard Charlotte NC 28223-0001 United States Department of Physics and Optical Science College of Arts and Sciences University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Boulevard Charlotte NC 28223-0001 United States GE Global Research General Electric Company Semiconductor Technology Lab One Research Circle Niskayuna NY 12309-0008 United States Dot Metrics Technologies Inc. Charlotte Research Institute 9201 University City Blvd Charlotte NC 28223 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781607685395

In this paper we report the effects on both forward current and light output in ultraviolet (UV) III-nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) optically pumped with mid-IR radiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate an enhanced UV light emission in the ultraviolet LEDs optically pumped at low bias in the mid-IR range, and we investigate their emission, and optoelectronic behavior at low temperature. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society.

关键词： Light emitting diodes

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Signals and systems using MATLAB: An integrated suite of applications for exploring and teaching media signal processing

Signals and systems using MATLAB: An integrated suite of app...

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Frontiers in Education - 35th Annual Conference 2005, FIE' 05

作者： Sturm, Bob L. Gibson, Jerry D. Graduate Program 3431 South Hall University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 Department of Media Arts and Technology and Electrical and Computer Engineering

ISBN: (纸本)0780390776

Effectively teaching introductory media signal processing (MSP) to students requires a means of communicating complex concepts without advanced mathematics. At the media arts and technology program at UCSB we are teaching graduate media arts students concepts of MSP. These students, while interested in learning how their digital tools work, have an incredibly tough time working through the material the way traditional engineering students do. To address this we have used MATLAB to build a comprehensive suite of exploratory demonstrations and applications tailored to illustrate sophisticated concepts, and to inspire students that may not possess a strong background in mathematics. Our application, "Signals and Systems Using MATLAB" (SSUM), is presented here, and its use in a course designed to teach MSP to media arts students is discussed. Its usefulness extends beyond media arts to engineering and computer science curriculum. SSUM can be obtained for free from http://***/***. © 2005 IEEE.

关键词： Teaching

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Synthetic adversaries for urban combat training

Synthetic adversaries for urban combat training

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作者： Wray, Robert E. Laird, John E. Nuxoll, Andrew Stokes, Devvan Kerfoot, Alex Soar Technology Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan AAAI Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor Electronic Arts

This article describes requirements for synthetic adversaries for urban combat training and a prototype application, MOUTBots. MOUTBots use a commercial computer game to define, implement, and test basic behavior representation requirements and the Soar architecture as the engine for knowledge representation and execution. The article describes how these components aided the development of the prototype and presents an initial evaluation against competence, taskability, fidelity, variability, transparency, and efficiency requirements. Copyright © 2005, American Association for Artificial Intelligence. All rights reserved.

关键词： Personnel training

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On musical stylometry-a pattern recognition approach

On musical stylometry-a pattern recognition approach

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作者： Backer, Eric Kranenburg, Peter Van Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Faculty of Arts Department of Musicology University of Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands

In this short communication we describe some experiments in which methods of statistical pattern recognition are applied for musical style recognition and disputed musical authorship attribution. Values of a set of 20 features (also called "style markers") are measured in the scores of a set of compositions, mainly describing the different sonorities in the compositions. For a first study over 300 different compositions of Bach, Handel, Telemann, Mozart and Haydn were used and from this data set it was shown that even with a few features, the styles of the various composers could be separated with leave-one-out-error rates varying from 4% to 9% with the exception of the confusion between Mozart and Haydn which yielded a leave-one-out-error rate of 24%. A second experiment included 30 fugues from J.S. Bach, W.F. Bach and J.L. Krebs, all of different style and character. With this data set of compositions of undisputed authorship, the F minor fugue for organ, BWV 534 (of which Bach's authorship is disputed) then was confronted. It could be concluded that there is experimental evidence that J.L. Krebs should be considered in all probability as the composer of the fugue in question. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pattern recognition

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A compact mathematical formulation for shared path protection with general shared risk groups

A compact mathematical formulation for shared path protectio...

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2005 International Conference on Wirelessand Optical Communications Networks

作者： Tapolcai, János Ho, Pin-Han Cinkler, Tibor Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics Budapest University of Technology and Economics Magyar Tudósok könitja 2 Budapest Hungary Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Ont. Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0780390199

This paper provides a compact mathematical formulation for shared protection in communication networks with bandwidth guaranteed tunnels. The formulation is characterized by taking the most general definition of the Shared Risk Group (SRG) with the complete routing information in the single failure scenario, which can facilitate solving the Shared Path Protection Problem on various network topologies and various graph models of networks. The general SRGs are essential for survivable routing in multi-layer grooming networks as well as in multi-domain networks. With the formulation, a general approach and a unified expression for solving the dynamic survivable routing problem can be developed. A case study is given at the end to verify the proposed formulation on a well studied special case, namely protecting against a single node or a single link failure. © 2005 IEEE.

关键词： Wireless telecommunication systems

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Energy-efficient and scalable group key agreement for large ad hoc networks

Energy-efficient and scalable group key agreement for large ...

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PE-WASUN'05 - Second ACM International Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks

作者： Teo, Joseph Chee Ming Tan, Chik How Information Communication Institute of Singapore School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore NISlab Department of Computer Science and Media Technology Gjøvik University College

ISBN: (纸本)1595931821

Wireless ad hoc networks are gaining popularity as these networks are self organizing without requiring fixed infrastructure such as servers or access points. Nodes in wireless ad hoc networks are typically low-power devices and in some large scale ad hoc networks such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), there might be tens of thousands of low-power energy constrained nodes in the network. In order to secure group communication for a wireless ad hoc network, the low-power nature of the nodes and the network size has to be taken into consideration. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient and scalable group key agreement (GKA) scheme for wireless ad hoc networks, which uses a generalized circular hierarchical (C-H) group model, where the network is partitioned into subgroups at h different layers and each subgroup is arranged in a circle. Next, we describe the computational and communication energy analysis of a typical node found in ad hoc networks and provide some formulas that can be used to calculate the energy consumption costs for protocols implemented using different microprocessors and radio transceiver modules, A complexity analysis and energy consumption costs analysis conclude that our proposed scheme is the most energy-efficient and scalable GKA scheme as compared to three other GKA protocols. Copyright 2005 ACM.

关键词： Telecommunication networks

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Signals and Systems using MATLAB: an integrated suite of applications for exploring and teaching media signal processing

Signals and Systems using MATLAB: an integrated suite of app...

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Frontiers in Education (FIE) Conference

作者： B.L. Sturm J.D. Gibson Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Media Arts & Technology (MAT) University of California슠Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA

Effectively teaching introductory media signal processing (MSP) to students requires a means of communicating complex concepts without advanced mathematics. At the media arts and technology program at UCSB we are teaching graduate media arts students concepts of MSP. These students, while interested in learning how their digital tools work, have an incredibly tough time working through the material the way traditional engineering students do. To address this we have used MATLAB to build a comprehensive suite of exploratory demonstrations and applications tailored to illustrate sophisticated concepts, and to inspire students that may not possess a strong background in mathematics. Our application, "Signals and Systems using MATLAB" (SSUM), is presented here, and its use in a course designed to teach MSP to media arts students is discussed. Its usefulness extends beyond media arts to engineering and computer science curriculum. SSUM can be obtained for free from http://***/***

关键词： Signal processing MATLAB Art Application software Mathematics Digital signal processing engineering students computer science education Educational programs Signal processing algorithms

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A multiplication-accumulation computation unit with optimized compressors and minimized switching activities

A multiplication-accumulation computation unit with optimize...

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IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems 2005, ISCAS 2005

作者： Chen, Li-Hsun Chen, Oscal T.-C. Wang, Teng-Yi Ma, Yung-Cheng Signal and Media Laboratories Department of Electrical Engineering National Chung Cheng University Chia-Yi 621 Taiwan Computer System Development Dept. Computer and Communications Research Labs. Industrial Technology Research Institute Hsinchu 310 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9780780388345

A low-power Multiplication-Accumulation Computation (MAC) unit using the radix-4 Booth algorithm is proposed in this work, by reducing its architectural complexity and minimizing the switching activities. However, to maintain a high performance, the critical delays and hardware complexities of MAC units are explored to derive at a MAC unit with a high performance and a low hardware complexity. In addition, a carry-save addition operation with optimized compressors is proposed to omit the use of half adders to further reduce the hardware complexity. Furthermore, the scheme to reduce the switching activity is proposed in this work to lower the power consumption of the proposed MAC unit. In performing a MAC for XY+Z, the effective dynamic ranges of X and Y are detected, the one with the smaller effective dynamic range is processed for Booth decoding so as to increase the probability of the partial products being zero, and thus the switching activity of the MAC unit is reduced. Moreover, the effective dynamic range of the result from this multiplication is also estimated and compared with the effective dynamic range of the datum, Z. The larger effective dynamic range of the two data is considered as the effective word length for an addition operation. Pipelined latches are used to make the non-effective operation maintaining the status of the previous operation so to reduce the switching activities from the addition performed in MAC. After the addition operation, sign extension is performed on the result from the effective sign bit copied to non-effective bits to derive at a correct output datum. When comparing to the conventional MAC units, the proposed MAC unit is able to reduce 21.09% to 43.74% of power consumption. Additionally, the proposed MAC unit outperforms the conventional ones in comparing the product of critical delay, area, and power consumption. © 2005 IEEE.

关键词： Electric power utilization

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A Study on Users' Preference on Interruption When Using Wearable computers and Head Mounted Displays

A Study on Users' Preference on Interruption When Using Wear...

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IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom)

作者： M. Nilsson M. Drugge U. Liljedahl K. Synnes P. Parnes Department of Computer Science & Electrical Engineering Division of Media Technology Luleå University of Technology Lulea Sweden Department of Computer Science & Electrical Engineering Division of Computer Science and Networking Luleå University of Technology Lulea Sweden

An important part of making a wearable computer unobtrusive is the user interface and the way it interrupts the user. The amount of interruption that have to be made on the users primary task should be minimized. Usage without interruption is of course best for the performance of the primary task but is often not possible as many tasks that the wearable computer is involved in do need interaction with the user. It is therefore important to understand what type of interruption that will benefit the user most. The question about which interruption that causes the least amount of stress for the user is as important as which interruption that gives the best performance. This paper continues on previous work where performance of the users was measured for different types of interruption. In this paper subjective data is analyzed to understand how to build user interfaces for wearable computers and head mounted displays that considers stress and other subjective variables

关键词： Wearable computers computer displays Stress User interfaces Pharmaceutical technology computer science Pervasive computing Data analysis Head Fires

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