Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,despite the transition from an El Ni?o to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temper...
Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere,despite the transition from an El Ni?o to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temperature(SST) and upper2000 m ocean heat content(OHC) reached unprecedented highs in the historical record. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2024exceeded that of 2023 by 16 ± 8 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules, with a 95% confidence interval)(IAP/CAS data), which is confirmed by two other data products: 18 ± 7 ZJ(CIGAR-RT reanalysis data) and 40 ± 31 ZJ(Copernicus Marine data,updated to November 2024). The Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean also experienced record-high OHC values in 2024. The global SST continued its record-high values from2023 into the first half of 2024, and declined slightly in the second half of 2024, resulting in an annual mean of 0.61°C ±0.02°C(IAP/CAS data) above the 1981–2010 baseline, slightly higher than the 2023 annual-mean value(by 0.07°C ±0.02°C for IAP/CAS, 0.05°C ± 0.02°C for NOAA/NCEI, and 0.06°C ± 0.11°C for Copernicus Marine). The record-high values of 2024 SST and OHC continue to indicate unabated trends of global heating.
In this paper, the effect of wind airflow over a monocrystalline photovoltaic panel (PV) was examined in relation to general velocity and temperature contours. The analysis was obtained using the developed numerical C...
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In this paper, the effect of wind airflow over a monocrystalline photovoltaic panel (PV) was examined in relation to general velocity and temperature contours. The analysis was obtained using the developed numerical C...
详细信息
In this paper, the effect of wind airflow over a monocrystalline photovoltaic panel (PV) was examined in relation to general velocity and temperature contours. The analysis was obtained using the developed numerical CFD model that was validated by available experimental results. The airflow velocity ranged from 0.5 m/s up to 4.0 m/s and the gained results are specified for different longitudinal cross-sections of the PV panel. The obtained results gave detailed insight into velocity profiles and temperature stratification over the PV panel surface, where specific discovered effects were addressed. The provided research results in this paper are important for the development of a novel or improved existing cooling techniques for PV panels where the final effect is a targeted increase in average PV panel efficiency.
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