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Möbius domain-wall fermions on gradient-flowed dynamical HISQ ensembles

Physical Review D 2017年第5期96卷 054513-054513页

作者： Evan Berkowitz Chris Bouchard Chia Cheng Chang (張家丞) M. A. Clark Bálint Joó Thorsten Kurth Christopher Monahan Amy Nicholson Kostas Orginos Enrico Rinaldi Pavlos Vranas André Walker-Loud Institut für Kernphysik and Institute for Advanced Simulation Forschungszentrum Jülich 54245 Jülich Germany Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA School of Physics and Astronomy University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ United Kingdom Department of Physics The College of William & Mary Williamsburg Virginia 23187 USA Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA NVIDIA Corporation 2701 San Tomas Expressway Santa Clara California 95050 USA Scientific Computing Group Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport News Virginia 23606 USA NERSC Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA New High Energy Theory Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA Department of Physics University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Theory Center Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport News Virginia 23606 USA RIKEN-BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA

We report on salient features of a mixed lattice QCD action using valence Möbius domain-wall fermions solved on the dynamical Nf=2+1+1 highly improved staggered quark sea-quark ensembles generated by the MILC Collaboration. The approximate chiral symmetry properties of the valence fermions are shown to be significantly improved by utilizing the gradient-flow scheme to first smear the highly improved staggered quark configurations. The greater numerical cost of the Möbius domain-wall inversions is mitigated by the highly efficient QUDA library optimized for NVIDIA GPU accelerated compute nodes. We have created an interface to this optimized QUDA solver in Chroma. We provide tuned parameters of the action and performance of QUDA using ensembles with the lattice spacings a≃{0.15,0.12,0.09} fm and pion masses mπ≃{310,220,130} MeV. We have additionally generated two new ensembles with a∼0.12 fm and mπ∼{400,350} MeV. With a fixed flow time of tgf=1 in lattice units, the residual chiral symmetry breaking of the valence fermions is kept below 10% of the light quark mass on all ensembles, mres≲0.1×ml, with moderate values of the fifth dimension L5 and a domain-wall height M5≤1.3. As a benchmark calculation, we perform a continuum, infinite volume, physical pion and kaon mass extrapolation of FK±/Fπ± and demonstrate our results are independent of flow time and consistent with the FLAG determination of this quantity at the level of less than one standard deviation.

关键词： Lattice QCD Lattice field theory Quantum chromodynamics

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Dimensionless ratios: Characteristics of quantum liquids and their phase transitions

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Physical Review B 2016年第19期94卷 195129-195129页

作者： Yi-Cong Yu Yang-Yang Chen Hai-Qing Lin Rudolf A. Römer Xi-Wen Guan State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China Beijing Computational Science Research Center Beijing 100094 China Department of Physics and Centre for Scientific Computing University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom Center for Cold Atom Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China Department of Theoretical Physics Research School of Physics and Engineering Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia

Dimensionless ratios of physical properties can characterize low-temperature phases in a wide variety of materials. As such, the Wilson ratio (WR), the Kadowaki-Woods ratio, and the Wiedemann-Franz law capture essential features of Fermi liquids in metals, heavy fermions, etc. Here we prove that the phases of many-body interacting multicomponent quantum liquids in one dimension (1D) can be described by WRs based on the compressibility, susceptibility, and specific heat associated with each component. These WRs arise due to additivity rules within subsystems reminiscent of the rules for multiresistor networks in series and parallel—a novel and useful characteristic of multicomponent Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids (TLL) independent of microscopic details of the systems. Using experimentally realized multispecies cold atomic gases as examples, we prove that the Wilson ratios uniquely identify phases of TLL, while providing universal scaling relations at the boundaries between phases. Their values within a phase are solely determined by the stiffnesses and sound velocities of subsystems and identify the internal degrees of freedom of said phase such as its spin degeneracy. This finding can be directly applied to a wide range of 1D many-body systems and reveals deep physical insights into recent experimental measurements of the universal thermodynamics in ultracold atoms and spins.

关键词： Fermi gases Specific heat Fermi liquid theory

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Machine Learning Unifies the Modelling of Materials and Molecules

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Bartók, Albert P. De, Sandip Poelking, Carl Bernstein, Noam Kermode, James Csányi, Gábor Ceriotti, Michele Scientific Computing Department Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory OxfordshireOX11 0QX United Kingdom Laboratory of Computational Science and Modelling Institute of Materials EPFL Lausanne Switzerland Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge CambridgeCB2 1EW United Kingdom Center for Materials Physics and Technology U.S. Naval Research Laboratory WashingtonDC20375 United States Warwick Centre for Predictive Modelling School of Engineering University of Warwick CoventryCV4 7AL United Kingdom Engineering Laboratory University of Cambridge

Determining the stability of molecules and condensed phases is the cornerstone of atomistic modelling, underpinning our understanding of chemical and materials properties and transformations. Here we show that a machine-learning model, based on a local description of chemical environments and Bayesian statistical learning, provides a unified framework to predict atomic-scale properties. It captures the quantum mechanical effects governing the complex surface reconstructions of silicon, predicts the stability of different classes of molecules with chemical accuracy, and distinguishes active and inactive protein ligands with more than 99% reliability. The universality and the systematic nature of our framework provides new insight into the potential energy surface of materials and molecules. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Molecules

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An accurate calculation of the nucleon axial charge with lattice QCD

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Berkowitz, Evan Brantley, David Bouchard, Chris Chang, Chia Cheng Clark, M.A. Garron, Nicolas Joo, Balint Kurth, Thorsten Monahan, Chris Monge-Camacho, Henry Nicholson, Amy Orginos, Kostas Rinaldi, Enrico Vranas, Pavlos Walker-Loud, Andre Institut fur Kernphysik Institute for Advanced Simulation Forschungszentrum Julich Julich54245 Germany Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LivermoreCA94550 United States Department of Physics College of William and Mary WilliamsburgVA23187 United States Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States School of Physics and Astronomy University of Glasgow GlasgowG12 8QQ United Kingdom NVIDIA Corporation 2701 San Tomas Expressway Santa ClaraCA95050 United States Theoretical Physics Division Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Liverpool LiverpoolL69 3BX United Kingdom Scientific Computing Group Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport NewsVA23606 United States NERSC Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States New High Energy Theory Center Department of Physics and Astronomy State University of New Jersey PiscatawayNJ08854 United States Department of Physics University of California BerkeleyCA94720 United States Theory Center Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport NewsVA23606 United States RIKEN-BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory UptonNY11973 United States

We report on a lattice QCD calculation of the nucleon axial charge, gA, using Mobius Domain-Wall fermions solved on the dynamical Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 HISQ ensembles after they are smeared using the gradient-ow algorithm. The calculation is performed with three pion masses, m ∼ {310;220;130} MeV. Three lattice spacings (a ∼ {0:15;0:12;0:09} fm) are used with the heaviest pion mass, while the coarsest two spacings are used on the middle pion mass and only the coarsest spacing is used with the near physical pion mass. On the m ∼ 220 MeV a ∼ 0:12 fm point, a dedicated volume study is performed with mL ∼ {3:22;4:29;5:36}. Using a new strategy motivated by the Feynman-Hellmann Theorem, we achieve a precise determination of gA with relatively low statistics, and demonstrable control over the excited state, continuum, infinite volume and chiral extrapolation systematic uncertainties, the latter of which remains the dominant uncertainty. Our FInal determination at 2.6% total uncertainty is gA = 1:278(21)(26), with the FIrst uncertainty including statistical and systematic uncertainties from FItting and the second including model selection systematics related to the chiral and continuum extrapolation. The largest reduction of the second uncertainty will come from a greater number of pion mass points as well as more precise lattice QCD results near the physical pion mass. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hadrons

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Electronic structure of palladium in the presence of many-body effects

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Physical Review B 2016年第15期93卷 155152-155152页

作者： A. Östlin W. H. Appelt I. Di Marco W. Sun M. Radonjić M. Sekania L. Vitos O. Tjernberg L. Chioncel Theoretical Physics III Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism Institute of Physics University of Augsburg D-86135 Augsburg Germany Augsburg Center for Innovative Technologies University of Augsburg D-86135 Augsburg Germany Department of Physics and Astronomy Division of Materials Theory Uppsala University Box 516 SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden Scientific Computing Laboratory Institute of Physics Belgrade University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 11080 Belgrade Serbia Andronikashvili Institute of Physics Tamarashvili 6 0177 Tbilisi Georgia Department of Materials Science and Engineering Applied Materials Physics KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-10044 Stockholm Sweden Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics Wigner Research Center for Physics P.O. Box 49 H-1525 Budapest Hungary Materials Physics KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-16440 Kista Sweden

Including on-site electronic interactions described by the multiorbital Hubbard model we study the correlation effects in the electronic structure of bulk palladium. We use a combined density functional and dynamical mean-field theory, LDA+DMFT, based on the fluctuation exchange approximation. The agreement between the experimentally determined and the theoretical lattice constant and bulk modulus is improved when correlation effects are included. It is found that correlations modify the Fermi surface around the neck at the L point while the Fermi surface tube structures show little correlation effects. At the same time we discuss the possibility of satellite formation in the high-energy binding region. Spectral functions obtained within the LDA+DMFT and GW methods are compared to discuss nonlocal correlation effects. For relatively weak local Coulomb interaction and Hund's exchange coupling the LDA+DMFT spectra show no major difference in comparison to GW.

关键词： Electronic structure DFT+DMFT GW method Hubbard model

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Correlations in Scattered X-Ray Laser Pulses Reveal Nanoscale Structural Features of Viruses

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Physical Review Letters 2017年第15期119卷 158102-158102页

作者： Ruslan P. Kurta Jeffrey J. Donatelli Chun Hong Yoon Peter Berntsen Johan Bielecki Benedikt J. Daurer Hasan DeMirci Petra Fromme Max Felix Hantke Filipe R. N. C. Maia Anna Munke Carl Nettelblad Kanupriya Pande Hemanth K. N. Reddy Jonas A. Sellberg Raymond G. Sierra Martin Svenda Gijs van der Schot Ivan A. Vartanyants Garth J. Williams P. Lourdu Xavier Andrew Aquila Peter H. Zwart Adrian P. Mancuso European XFEL GmbH Holzkoppel 4 D-22869 Schenefeld Germany Mathematics Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA Center for Advanced Mathematics for Energy Research Applications 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA Linac Coherent Light Source SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park California 94025 USA Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne 3086 Australia Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 24 Uppsala Sweden Biosciences Division SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park California 94025 USA Stanford PULSE Institute SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park California 94025 USA Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery and School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287-1604 USA NERSC Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA Division of Scientific Computing Science for Life Laboratory Department of Information Technology Uppsala University SE-751 05 Uppsala Sweden Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA Biomedical and X-Ray Physics Department of Applied Physics AlbaNova University Center KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestraße 85 D-22607 Hamburg Germany National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) Kashirskoe shosse 31 115409 Moscow Russia NSLS-II Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton New York 11973 USA Center for Free-Electron Laser Science Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dy

We use extremely bright and ultrashort pulses from an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) to measure correlations in x rays scattered from individual bioparticles. This allows us to go beyond the traditional crystallography and single-particle imaging approaches for structure investigations. We employ angular correlations to recover the three-dimensional (3D) structure of nanoscale viruses from x-ray diffraction data measured at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Correlations provide us with a comprehensive structural fingerprint of a 3D virus, which we use both for model-based and ab initio structure recovery. The analyses reveal a clear indication that the structure of the viruses deviates from the expected perfect icosahedral symmetry. Our results anticipate exciting opportunities for XFEL studies of the structure and dynamics of nanoscale objects by means of angular correlations.

关键词： Biomolecular structure Viruses Coherent X-ray scattering Femtosecond laser irradiation X-ray imaging

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Low temperature synthesis of heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenide alloys (WxMo1-xS2) and graphene with superior catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2017年

作者： Lei, Yu Pakhira, Srimanta Fujisawa, Kazunori Wang, Xuyang Iyiola, Oluwagbenga Oare López, Néstor Perea Eliás, Ana Laura Rajukumar, Lakshmy Pulickal Zhou, Chanjing Kabius, Bernd Alem, Nasim Endo, Morinobu Lv, Ruitao Mendoza-Cortes, Jose L. Terrones, M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering And Materials Research Institute Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States TallahasseeFL32310 United States 3Department of Scientific Computing 400 Dirac Science Library TallahasseeFL32304 United States Materials Science and Engineering Program High Performance Materials Institute FSU TallahasseeFL32310 United States FSU TallahasseeFL32310 United States Department of Physics Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States Institute of Carbon Science and Technology Shinshu University Wakasato 4-17-1 Nagano380-8553 Japan Department of Chemistry Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States

Large-area (~cm2) films of vertical heterostructures formed by alternating graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) alloys are obtained by wet chemical routes followed by a thermal treatment at low temperature. In particular, we synthesized stacked graphene and WxMo1-xS2 alloy phases that were used as hydrogen evolution catalysts. We observed a Tafel slope of 38.7 mV dec-1 and 96 mV onset potential (at current density of 10 mA cm-2) when the heterostructure alloy was annealed at 300 oC. These results indicate that heterostructures formed by graphene and W0.4Mo0.6S2alloys are far more efficient than WS2and MoS2by at least a factor of two, and they are superior than other reported TMD systems. This strategy offers a cheap and low temperature synthesis alternative able to replace Pt in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Furthermore, the catalytic activity of the alloy is stable over time, i.e. the catalytic activity does not experience a significant change even after 1000 cycles. Using density functional theory calculations, we found that this enhanced hydrogen evolution in the WxMo1-xS2alloys is mainly due to the lower energy barrier created by a favorable overlap of the d-orbitals from the transition metals and the s-orbitals of H2;with the lowest energy barrier occurring for the W0.4Mo0.6S2alloy. Thus, it is now possible to further improve the performance of the "inert" TMD basal plane via metal alloying, in addition to the previously reported strategies such as creation of point defects, vacancies and edges. The synthesis of graphene/W0.4Mo0.6S2produced at relatively low temperatures is scalable and could be used as an effective low cost Pt-free catalyst. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Transition metals

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Madness: A multiresolution, adaptive numerical environment for scientific simulation

Madness: A multiresolution, adaptive numerical environment f...

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作者： Harrison, Robert J. Beylkin, Gregory Bischoff, Florian A. Calvin, Justus A. Fann, George I. Fosso-Tande, Jacob Galindo, Diego Hammond, Jeff R. Hartman-Baker, Rebecca Hill, Judith C. Jia, Jun Kottmann, Jakob S. Ou, M-J. Yvonne Pei, Junchen Ratcliff, Laura E. Reuter, Matthew G. Richie-Halford, Adam C. Romero, Nichols A. Sekino, Hideo Shelton, William A. Sundahl, Bryan E. Thornton, W. Scott Valeev, Edward F. Vázquez-Mayagoitia, Álvaro Vence, Nicholas Yanai, Takeshi Yokoi, Yukina Stony Brook University Stony BrookNY11794 United States University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States Institut für Chemie Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin Unter den Linden 6 Berlin10099 Germany Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech. BlacksburgVA24061 United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University TallahasseeFL32306 United States Parallel Computing Lab Intel Corporation PortlandOR97219 United States National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA94720 United States LinkedIn Mountain ViewCA94043 United States Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Delaware NewarkDE19716 United States State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology School of Physics Peking University Beijing100871 China Argonne Leadership Computing Facility Argonne National Laboratory ArgonneIL60439 United States Department of Physics University of Washington SeattleWA98195 United States Computer Science and Engineering Toyohashi University of Technology ToyohashiAichi441-8580 Japan Louisiana State University Baton RougeLA70803 United States Department of Physics LaSierra University RiversideCA92505 United States Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science Institute for Molecular Science OkazakiAichi444-8585 Japan

MADNESS (multiresolution adaptive numerical environment for scientific simulation) is a high-level software environment for solving integral and differential equations in many dimensions that uses adaptive and fast harmonic analysis methods with guaranteed precision that are based on multiresolution analysis and separated representations. Underpinning the numerical capabilities is a powerful petascale parallel programming environment that aims to increase both programmer productivity and code scalability. This paper describes the features and capabilities of MADNESS and briefly discusses some current applications in chemistry and several areas of physics. © 2016 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

关键词： Multiresolution analysis

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Electron contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment at four loops

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Physical Review D 2016年第5期93卷 053017-053017页

作者： Alexander Kurz Tao Liu Peter Marquard Alexander V. Smirnov Vladimir A. Smirnov Matthias Steinhauser Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Germany Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY Platanenallee 6 15738 Zeuthen Germany Department of Physics University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2J1 Canada Scientific Research Computing Center Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia Institut für Mathematik und Institut für Physik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 12489 Berlin Germany

We present results for the QED contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon containing closed electron loops. The main focus is on perturbative corrections at four-loop order where the external photon couples to the external muon. Furthermore, all four-loop contributions involving simultaneously a closed electron and tau loop are computed. In combination with our recent results on the light-by-light-type corrections (see Ref. [1]), the complete four-loop electron-loop contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon has been obtained with an independent calculation. Our calculation is based on an asymptotic expansion in the ratio of the electron and the muon mass and shows the importance of higher-order terms in this ratio. We perform a detailed comparison with results available in the literature and find good numerical agreement. As a byproduct, we present analytic results for the on-shell muon mass and wave function renormalization constants at three-loop order including massive closed electron and tau loops, which we also calculated using the method of asymptotic expansion.

关键词： Electroweak radiative corrections Magnetic moment Quantum electrodynamics

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Gravitational wave astronomy: the current status

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2015年第12期58卷 3-43页

作者： BLAIR David JU Li ZHAO ChunNong WEN LinQing CHU Qi FANG Qi CAI RongGen GAO JiangRui LIN XueChun LIU Dong WU Ling-An ZHU ZongHong REITZE David H. ARAI Koji ZHANG Fan FLAMINIO Raffaele ZHU XingJiang HOBBS George MANCHESTER Richard N. SHANNON Ryan M. BACCIGALUPI Carlo GAO Wei XU Peng BIAN Xing CAO ZhouJian CHANG ZiJing DONG Peng GONG XueFei HUANG ShuangLin JU Peng LUO ZiRen QIANG Li'E TANG WenLin WAN XiaoYun WANG Yue XU ShengNian ZANG YunLong ZHANG HaiPeng LAU Yun-Kau NI Wei-Tou School of Physics The University of Western Australia State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences The School of Physics & Electronic Engineering Shanxi University Laboratory of All-Solid-State Light Sources Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Science State Key Laboratroy of Modern Optical Instrumentation Department of Optical Engineering Zhejiang University Laboratory of Optical Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Gravitational Wave and Cosmology Laboratory Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University LIGO Laboratory California Institute of Technology Department of Physics University of Florida Department of Physics West Virginia University National Astronomical Observatory of Japan CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research Curtin University SISSA Astrophysics Sector Institute of Applied Mathematics Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Morningside Center of Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing Academy of Mathematics and Systems ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Mathematics Henan University Department of Mathematics Capital Normal University Department of Geophysics College of the Geology Engineering and Geomatics Chang'an University QUEST Centre of Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research Leibniz Universitt Hannover Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik(Albert Einstein Institut) Aerospace Flight Dynamics Laboratory Beijing Aerospace Control Center Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Launch Vehicle Technology Center for Gravitation and Cosmology Department of Physics Tsing Hua University

In the centenary year of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, this paper reviews the current status of gravitational wave astronomy across a spectrum which stretches from attohertz to kilohertz frequencies. Sect. 1 of this paper reviews the historical development of gravitational wave astronomy from Einstein's first prediction to our current understanding the spectrum. It is shown that detection of signals in the audio frequency spectrum can be expected very soon, and that a north-south pair of next generation detectors would provide large scientific benefits. Sect. 2 reviews the theory of gravitational waves and the principles of detection using laser interferometry. The state of the art Advanced LIGO detectors are then described. These detectors have a high chance of detecting the first events in the near future. Sect. 3 reviews the KAGRA detector currently under development in Japan,which will be the first laser interferometer detector to use cryogenic test masses. Sect. 4 of this paper reviews gravitational wave detection in the nanohertz frequency band using the technique of pulsar timing. Sect. 5 reviews the status of gravitational wave detection in the attohertz frequency band, detectable in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, and discusses the prospects for detection of primordial waves from the big bang. The techniques described in sects. 1–5 have already placed significant limits on the strength of gravitational wave sources. Sects. 6 and 7 review ambitious plans for future space based gravitational wave detectors in the millihertz frequency band. Sect. 6 presents a roadmap for development of space based gravitational wave detectors by China while sect. 7 discusses a key enabling technology for space interferometry known as time delay interferometry.

关键词： gravitational waves ground based detectors pulsar timing spaced based detectors CMB

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