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Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (vol 395, pg 1779, 2020)

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LANCET 2020年第10239期395卷 1762-1762页

作者： Reiner, R. C., Jr. Hay, S., I Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States College of Health and Medical Sciences Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Nursing and Midwifery Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Pharmacy Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Public Health Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Cancer Biology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Cancer Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Management and Economics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Microbiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Iran National Institute of Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and

Summary Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood *** We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor *** The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy *** By co-analysing geospatial trends in d

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Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第10期8卷 e633-e651页

作者： Jahagirdar, Deepa Walters, Magdalene K. Novotney, Amanda Brewer, Edmond D. Frank, Tahvi D. Carter, Austin Biehl, Molly H. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abhilash, E.S. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Adekanmbi, Victor Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Saira Aghababaei, Soodabeh Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Salih, Yusra Ahmed Aklilu, Addis Akram, Tayyaba Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. Alene, Kefyalew Addis Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amu, Hubert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Arulappan, Judie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Darshan, B.B. Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, Sanjay Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana Berheto, Tezera Moshago Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Bisignano, Catherine Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Boloor, Archith Boltaev, Azizbek A. Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Butt, Zahid A. Cao, Chao Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.S. Cowden, Richard G. Dachew, Berihun Assefa Dadras, Omid Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dahlawi, Saad M.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi das Neves, José Degenhardt, Louisa Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu Deuba, Keshab Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhungana, Govinda Prasad Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Doan, Linh Phuong Dorostkar, Fariba Edinur, Hisham Atan Effiong, Andem Eftekharzadeh, Sahar El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Elayedath, Rajesh Elhadi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States School of Social Work University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones Columbia University Medical Center New York NY United States Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact WHO Geneva Switzerland Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Psychiatry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Botany Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur Kozhikode India Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mass Communication Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health-Care Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Population Medicine Ca

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was

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Effect of Annealing on High Frequency Viscoelastic Waves in Spincoated Polymer thin Films

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 2011年第1期356卷 535-540页

作者： J. R. Dutcher Z. Wang B. J. Neal T. Copeland J. R. Stevens Department of Physics and Guelph-Waterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics University of Guelph Guelph Canada

We present a study of the effect of elevated temperatures on the high frequency viscoelastic waves guided by thin films of poly(styrene) [PS] and poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA]. The films, which are spincoated onto Si(OOl) wafers, have thicknesses h ~ 1000 Å. The frequencies and linewidths of the film-guided waves were measured using Brillouin light scattering (BLS). In both PS and PMMA, we observed guided waves for temperatures above the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymers, however, the damping of the waves for temperatures above Tg was significantly higher for PS. We observed no significant (< 1 %) difference between room temperature guided-wave frequencies for films annealed at temperatures below and above Tg for PS, and a slight (4 %) increase in the wave frequency for PMMA following annealing at a temperature above Tg. The heating effects due to the focussing of the laser beam on the film surface are quite small (~ 16°C/100 mW laser power).

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Brillouin Light Scattering Determination of the Glass Transition in Thin, Freely-Standing Poly(styrene) Films

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 2011年第1期407卷 131-136页

作者： J.A. Forrest K. Dalnoki-Veress J.R. Dutcher A.C. Rowat J.R. Stevens Department of Physics and Guelph-Waterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics University of Guelph Guelph Canada

We have used Brillouin light scattering (BLS) to measure the glass transition temperature of thin, freely-standing poly(styrene) (PS) films. The freely-standing films were prepared by spincoating solutions of PS in toluene onto glass substrates, annealing the supported films in vacuum, and then using a water surface transfer technique to place the films across a 3 mm diameter orifice. Ellipsometry measurements of similar floated films transferred to Si(001) wafers allow the determination of the film thicknesses. Atomic force microscopy measurements revealed that the films have an rms roughness of less than 10 Å. With the freely-standing films placed in an optical furnace, we performed BLS measurements of the films using a high-contrast, multipassed, tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer. We obtained a reliable, reproducible measure of the glass transition temperature, Tg, from the large changes in the frequencies of the thermally-excited, viscoelastic, film-guided waves within the PS films as the films were heated above Tg. BLS results for bulk PS and a 1800 Å thick, freely-standing PS film are presented. We find the same glass transition temperature for the 1800 Å thick film as the bulk PS sample. This Tg value is the same as that obtained using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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Vacuum electromagnetic counterparts of binary black-hole mergers

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Physical Review D 2010年第6期81卷 064017-064017页

作者： Philipp Mösta Carlos Palenzuela Luciano Rezzolla Luis Lehner Shin’ichirou Yoshida Denis Pollney Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik Albert-Einstein-Institut Potsdam-Golm Germany Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics Toronto Ontario Canada Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Ontario Canada Department of Physics University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Cosmology & Gravity Program Department of Earth Science and Astronomy Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo

As one step towards a systematic modeling of the electromagnetic (EM) emission from an inspiralling black hole binary we consider a simple scenario in which the binary moves in a uniform magnetic field anchored to a distant circumbinary disc. We study this system by solving the Einstein-Maxwell equations in which the EM fields are chosen with strengths consistent with the values expected astrophysically and treated as test fields. Our initial data consists of a series of binaries with spins aligned or antialigned with the orbital angular momentum and we study the dependence of gravitational and EM signals with different spin configurations. Overall we find that the EM radiation in the lowest ℓ=2, m=2 multipole accurately reflects the gravitational one, with identical phase evolutions and amplitudes that differ only by a scaling factor. This is no longer true when considering higher ℓ modes, for which the amplitude evolution of the scaled EM emission is slightly larger, while the phase evolutions continue to agree. We also compute the efficiency of the energy emission in EM waves and find that it scales quadratically with the total spin and is given by EEMrad/M≃10−15(M/108M⊙)2(B/104G)2, hence 13 orders of magnitude smaller than the gravitational energy for realistic magnetic fields. Although large in absolute terms, the corresponding luminosity is much smaller than the accretion luminosity if the system is accreting at near the Eddington rate. Most importantly, this EM emission is at frequencies of ∼10−4(108M⊙/M) Hz, which are well outside those accessible to astronomical radio observations. As a result, it is unlikely that the EM emission discussed here can be detected directly and simultaneously with the gravitational-wave one. However, indirect processes, driven by changes in the EM fields behavior could yield observable events. In particular we argue that if the accretion rate of the circumbinary disc is small and sufficiently stable over the timescale of the fi

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Understanding possible electromagnetic counterparts to loud gravitational wave events: Binary black hole effects on electromagnetic fields

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Physical Review D 2010年第8期81卷 084007-084007页

作者： Carlos Palenzuela Luis Lehner Shin Yoshida Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) Toronto Ontario M5S 3H8 Canada Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik Albert-Einstein-Institut Berlin D-14476 Golm Germany Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Ontario N2L 2Y5 Canada Department of Physics University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada Canadian Institute For Advanced Research (CIFAR) Cosmology and Gravity Program Canada Department of Earth Science and Astronomy Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo Meguro Tokyo 153-8902 Japan

In addition to producing loud gravitational waves, the dynamics of a binary black hole system could induce emission of electromagnetic radiation by affecting the behavior of plasmas and electromagnetic fields in their vicinity. We study how the electromagnetic fields are affected by a pair of orbiting black holes through the merger. In particular, we show how the binary’s dynamics induce a variability in possible electromagnetically induced emissions as well as an enhancement of electromagnetic fields during the late-merge and merger epochs. These time dependent features will likely leave their imprint in processes generating detectable emissions and can be exploited in the detection of electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational waves.

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Non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics model for conductance of low-conductance potassium ion channels

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Physical Review E 2005年第2期71卷 021912-021912页

作者： Igor S. Tolokh Illya I. Tolokh Hee Cheol Cho Nazzareno D’Avanzo Peter H. Backx Saul Goldman C. G. Gray Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1 Department of Physiology and Medicine Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Center University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3E2 Division of Cardiology University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada M5G 2C4 Guelph-Waterloo Center for Graduate Work in Chemistry University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1

A reduced kinetics model is proposed for ion permeation in low-conductance potassium ion channels with zero net electrical charge in the selectivity filter region. The selectivity filter is assumed to be the only conductance-determining part of the channel. Ion entry and exit rate constants depend on the occupancy of the filter due to ion-ion interactions. The corresponding rates are assumed slow relative to the rates of ion motion between binding sites inside the filter, allowing a reduction of the kinetics model of the filter by averaging the entry and exit rate constants over the states with a particular occupancy number. The reduced kinetics model for low-conductance channels is described by only three states and two sets of effective rate constants characterizing transitions between these states. An explicit expression for the channel conductance as a function of symmetrical external ion concentration is derived under the assumption that the average electrical mobility of ions in the selectivity filter region in a limited range of ion concentrations does not depend on these concentrations. The simplified conductance model is shown to provide a good description of the experimentally observed conductance-concentration curve for the low-conductance potassium channel Kir2.1, and also predicts the mean occupancy of the selectivity filter of this channel. We find that at physiological external ion concentrations this occupancy is much lower than the value of two ions observed for one of the high-conductance potassium channels, KcsA.

关键词： SINGLE-FILE PORES K+ CHANNEL SELECTIVITY FILTER CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE MOLECULAR-BASIS PERMEATION SIMULATION TRANSPORT STATE KCSA

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Erratum: “Molecular constants and Rydberg–Klein–Rees (RKR) potential curve for the Na2 1 3Σg− state” [J. Chem. Phys. 111, 3494 (1999)]

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The Journal of Chemical physics 2002年第13期117卷 6380-6380页

作者： Yaoming Liu Jian Li Dieyan Chen Li Li Kevin M. Jones Bing Ji Robert J. Le Roy Department of Modern Applied Physics and Center of Atomic Molecular Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Physics Williams College Williamstown Massachusetts 01267 Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada

Yaoming Liu, Jian Li, Dieyan Chen, Li Li, Kevin M. Jones, Bing Ji, Robert J. Le Roy; Erratum: “Molecular constants and Rydberg–Klein–Rees (RKR) potential curve

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Dual wavelength chirped pulse amplification system

Dual wavelength chirped pulse amplification system

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Advanced Solid State Lasers, ASSL 2000

作者： Zhang, Zhuhong Deslauriers, Adam M. Strickland, Donna Physics Department Guelph-Waterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics G/W University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada

We demonstrate a Chirped Pulse Amplification system that simultaneously amplifies dual wavelength pulses from a two-colour oscillator in a single regenerative amplifier. © 1999 Optical Society of America

ISBN: (纸本)1557526281

关键词： Chirp modulation

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Dual wavelength chirped pulse amplification system

Dual wavelength chirped pulse amplification system

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO)

作者： Zhuhong Zhang A.M. Deslauriers D. Strickland Physics Department Guelph waterloo program for Graduate work in physics University of waterloo Waterloo Canada

ISBN: (纸本)1557526346

Summary form only given.A rapidly expanding field of research is coherent control of molecules. Several of the proposed techniques require two synchronized, broadband, high-intensity pulses. The dual wavelength mode-locked Ti:sapphire oscillators that have recently been developed give the appropriate wavelength separations for these techniques, but the pulses must be amplified to carry out these experiments.

关键词： Chirp Pulse amplifiers

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