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Processes and measurements: a framework for understanding neural oscillations in field potentials

Trends in cognitive sciences 2025年第5期29卷 448-466页

作者： van Bree, Sander Levenstein, Daniel Krause, Matthew R. Voytek, Bradley Gao, Richard Department of Medicine Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging School of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom MILA – Quebec AI Institute MontrealQC Canada Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University MontrealQC Canada Department of Cognitive Science Halıcıŏglu Data Science Institute Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind University of California San Diego La JollaCA United States Machine Learning in Science Excellence Cluster Machine Learning and Tübingen AI Center University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Various neuroscientific theories maintain that brain oscillations are important for neuronal computation, but opposing views claim that these macroscale dynamics are ‘exhaust fumes’ of more relevant processes. Here, we approach the question of whether oscillations are functional or epiphenomenal by distinguishing between measurements and processes, and by reviewing whether causal or inferentially useful links exist between field potentials, electric fields, and neurobiological events. We introduce a vocabulary for the role of brain signals and their underlying processes, demarcating oscillations as a distinct entity where both processes and measurements can exhibit periodicity. Leveraging this distinction, we suggest that electric fields, oscillating or not, are causally and computationally relevant, and that field potential signals can carry information even without causality. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Neurons

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Distinct processing stages of cross-modal conflict in schizophrenia: The role of auditory cortex underactivation

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Schizophrenia Research 2025年 281卷 191-200页

作者： Zhou, Heng Yuan, Xiangyong Xie, Pei Wang, Aijun Jiang, Yi State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Psychology Sichuan Normal University Chengdu China Department of psychology Faculty of Education Guangxi Normal University Guilin China Guangxi College and University Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Applied Psychology Guilin China

AbstractBackgroundThe cross-modal conflict deficit is a key feature of schizophrenia. However, it remains largely unknown whether cross-modal conflict in schizophrenia diverges at distinct processing stages and its potential association with the auditory cortex. MethodsIn Experiment 1, we divided cross-modal conflict into semantic and response stages, and we investigated the cross-modal conflict between schizophrenia patients ( n = 30) and health individuals ( n = 32). In Experiment 2, we utilized tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) to inhibit the activity of the auditory cortex in healthy individuals ( n = 20), and we substituted auditory sounds with visual words in healthy individuals ( n = 34) in Experiment 3, exploring the association between the patients' cross-modal conflict patterns and the auditory cortex. Furthermore, we employed machine learning techniques to further validate the stability of the distinct pattern. ResultsWe found that schizophrenia patients exhibited auditory dominance at the semantic conflict stage and visual dominance at the response conflict stage, contrary to healthy individuals. By causally interfering with the normal function of the auditory cortex in healthy individuals, we observed behavioral similarities to those with schizophrenia, supporting the critical role of insufficient auditory cortex activation in the early development of schizophrenia. The classification analysis further confirmed the double dissociation of cross-modal conflicts in schizophrenia and the role of auditory cortex underactivation. ConclusionsThese findings not only demonstrate a unique mechanism and its neural correlate in how schizophrenia patients cope with cross-modal conflicts but also provide potential early diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.

关键词： Schizophrenia Cross-modal conflict Semantic conflict Response conflict Auditory cortex

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Diverging Effects of Violence Exposure and Psychiatric Symptoms on Amygdala-Prefrontal Maturation During Childhood and Adolescence

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Biological Psychiatry: cognitive neuroscience and Neuroimaging 2025年第5期10卷 450-462页

作者： Keding, Taylor J. Russell, Justin D. Zhu, Xiaojin He, Quanfa Li, James J. Herringa, Ryan J. Neuroscience Training Program University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States Department of Psychiatry University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI United States Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven Connecticut United States Department of Computer Science University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States Waisman Center University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States

Background: Violence exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with increased prevalence and severity of psychopathology. Neurobiological correlates suggest that abnormal maturation of emotion-related brain circuitry, such as the amygdala-prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuit, may underlie the development of psychiatric symptoms after exposure. However, it remains unclear how amygdala-PFC circuit maturation is related to psychiatric risk in the context of violence. Methods: In this study, we analyzed individual differences in amygdala-PFC circuit maturity using data collected from the PNC (Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort) (n = 1133 youths). Neurodevelopment models of amygdala-PFC resting-state functional connectivity were built using deep learning and trained to predict chronological age in typically developing youths (not violence exposed and without a psychiatric diagnosis). Using the brain age gap estimate, an index of relative circuit maturation, patterns of atypical neurodevelopment were investigated. Results: Violence exposure was associated with delayed maturation of basolateral amygdala (BLA)–PFC circuits, driven by increased BLA–medial orbitofrontal cortex functional connectivity. In contrast, increased psychiatric symptoms were associated with advanced maturation of BLA-PFC functional connectivity, driven by decreased BLA–dorsolateral PFC functional connectivity. Conclusions: Delayed frontoamygdala maturation after exposure to violence suggests atypical, but adaptive, development of threat appraisal processes, potentially reflecting a greater threat generalization characteristic of younger children. Advanced circuit maturation with increasing symptoms suggests divergent neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying illness after emotion circuits have adapted to adversity, exacerbated by preexisting vulnerabilities to early maturation. Disentangling the effects of adversity and psychopathology on neurodevelopment is crucial for helping youths reco

关键词： Amygdala Brain development Early-life adversity Machine learning Prefrontal cortex Violence

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Mode matters: exploring how modes of cannabis administration affect THC plasma concentrations and subjective effects

Journal of Cannabis Research

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Journal of Cannabis Research 2025年第1期7卷 1-11页

作者： Chen, Margy Y. Brooks-Russell, Ashley Bryan, Angela D. Bidwell, L. Cinnamon Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder Boulder USA Injury and Violence Prevention Center University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora USA Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder Boulder USA

As cannabis products become increasingly accessible and novel modes of administration like dabbing and vaping gain popularity, understanding how these modes impact use experiences and abuse liability is crucial. Existing studies primarily utilized laboratory settings with lower-potency research-grade cannabis, failing to capture common modes among individuals who use higher-potency legal market products. This study investigated how modes of administration impact plasma tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations and subjective effects using naturalistic administration of legal market products. We conducted a secondary analysis of two quasi-experimental studies involving 252 participants (46.4% female). Participants completed a baseline assessment where they reported demographics, substance use, and medical history and an experimental assessment where they administered their products via their preferred modes. These modes were categorized into four general modes of use: dabbing, vaping, bong-like, and joint-like. Primary outcomes included plasma THC concentrations and subjective drug effects, both of which varied significantly across modes. Compared with modes typically associated with flower products (i.e., bong-, joint-like modes), dabbing was associated with higher plasma THC concentrations and subjective effects, indicating greater THC exposure when using this mode and its associated products. Interestingly, dabbing and vaping exhibited more rapid reductions in levels of subjective intoxication over time, suggesting that higher levels of intoxication may not be sustained for these modes. This study underscores the significant impact of modes of administration on THC exposure and subjective drug effects among individuals who regularly use legal market cannabis. Results demonstrate the need for future research to better characterize and account for modes of administration and their associated products.

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cognitive impairments in chronic pain: a brain aging framework

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Trends in cognitive sciences 2025年

作者： Zhao, Lei Zhang, Libo Tang, Yilan Tu, Yiheng Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory Italian Institute of Technology Rome Italy

Chronic pain (CP) not only causes physical discomfort but also significantly affects cognition. This review first summarizes emerging findings that reveal complex associations between CP and cognitive impairments, and then presents neuroimaging evidence showing aging-related brain alterations in CP and proposes a framework where accelerated brain aging links CP to cognitive impairments. This framework explains how CP-related multi-level factors, which either contribute to the onset of CP or arise as a result of CP, influence brain aging in linear and nonlinear ways, leading to cognitive impairments and increased dementia risk. Leveraging interpretable machine learning and molecular brain atlases, this framework enables the development of cognitive risk assessment indicators and elucidates the biological mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments in CP. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： biological insights brain aging chronic pain cognitive impairments dementia multi-level factors

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Transcranial random noise stimulation shifts time reproduction in opposite directions for ADHD and TD individuals

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Neuropsychologia 2025年 211卷 109105页

作者： Asad, Fatima Gladhill, Keri Peterson, Matthew Wiener, Martin Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience (IPN) George Mason University Fairfax VA United States Human Factors and Applied Cognition Psychology Department George Mason University Fairfax VA United States Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Psychology Department George Mason University Fairfax VA United States

Non-invasive brain stimulation is being explored as a potential method for enhancing cognitive function and reducing symptoms in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Time perception, the ability to estimate and process time intervals, is often impaired in individuals with ADHD and is crucial for daily tasks like planning, decision-making, task completion, etc., Here we examined the effect of Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) on time perception in ADHD individuals. A total of 40 participants, including 20 individuals with ADHD and 20 healthy controls, underwent tRNS over the prefrontal cortex while completing a time perception task. The findings indicate that tRNS improved time perception accuracy in the ADHD group, bringing their performance closer to accurate time intervals. In contrast, the healthy control group showed a decline in time perception accuracy, moving further away from accurate time intervals following stimulation. These results suggest that tRNS produced opposite effects on time perception in ADHD individuals compared to healthy controls. We conclude that tRNS may offer potential therapeutic benefits for individuals with ADHD. Future research could explore whether additional tRNS sessions or stimulation of different brain regions might yield even more promising results. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

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Stochastic Block Covariance Matrix Estimation

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Chen, Yunran Tokdar, Surya T. Groh, Jennifer M. Department of Statistical Science Duke University United States Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Duke University United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University United States Duke Institute of Brain Sciences Duke University United States Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Duke University United States

Motivated by a neuroscience application we study the problem of statistical estimation of a high-dimensional covariance matrix with a block structure. The block model embeds a structural assumption: the population of items (neurons) can be divided into latent sub-populations with shared associative covariation within blocks and shared associative or dis-associative covariation across blocks. Unlike the block diagonal assumption, our block structure incorporates positive or negative pairwise correlation between blocks. In addition to offering reasonable modeling choices in neuroscience and economics, the block covariance matrix assumption is interesting purely from the perspective of statistical estimation theory: (a) it offers in-built dimension reduction and (b) it resembles a regularized factor model without the need of choosing the number of factors. We discuss a hierarchical Bayesian estimation method to simultaneously recover the latent blocks and estimate the overall covariance matrix. We show with numerical experiments that a hierarchical structure and a shrinkage prior are essential to accurate recovery when several blocks are present. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Factor analysis

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Understanding episodic memory dynamics: Retrieval and updating mechanisms revealed by fMRI and tDCS

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NeuroImage 2025年 310卷 121170-121170页

作者： Pan, Dong-ni Lin, CuiZhu Xin, Ma Wolf, Oliver T. Xue, Gui Li, Xuebing Key laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences No 16 Lincui Rd Chaoyang District Beijing 100101 China Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 1000490 China Cognitive Science and Allied Health School Beijing Language and Culture University Beijing 100083 China Department of Cognitive Psychology Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Faculty of Psychology Ruhr University Bochum Bochum 44801 Germany State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

This study investigates brain mechanisms in memory preservation and alteration using a three-phase design: memory encoding (Day 1), interference under fMRI (Day 2), and testing (Day 3). Thirty-one participants completed the core experiment, supplemented by a tDCS study (n = 118) targeting the visual cortex. Original memories were more susceptible to incorrect updating during old-background/new-object interference compared to relearning and no-retrieval conditions. Interference trials elicited heightened activation in the Inferior Parietal Lobe (IPL), Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), and Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Gyrus (dACC) versus no-retrieval controls, and increased frontoparietal and Occipital Fusiform Gyrus (OFG) activation versus relearning. Analyzing interference trials by Day 3 outcomes revealed preserved memories correlated with stronger cingulo-opercular and frontoparietal activation (indicating effective conflict resolution), whereas updated memories showed elevated OFG activity (suggesting new sensory integration). Crucially, IPL/DLPFC activation during interference positively correlated with original memory accuracy, while OFG activation showed negative correlation. tDCS stimulation of the occipital cortex during memory reactivation significantly enhanced memory updating, confirming visual cortex involvement in contextual distortion. Findings demonstrate distinct neural profiles underlie memory outcomes: preserved memories require efficient conflict processing networks, while perceptual interference during reactivation promotes updates through sensory integration systems. This supports targeted neuromodulation approaches for memory modification, highlighting intervention potential through visual cortex engagement during critical memory phases. © 2025

关键词： Episodic memory fMRI & tDCS Memory retrieval Prediction error Reconsolidation Visual modality

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Alpha-Band Brain Activity Shapes Online Perceptual Learning of Concurrent Speech Differentially in Musicians vs. Nonmusicians

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European Journal of neuroscience 2025年第9期61卷 e70100页

作者： MacLean, Jessica Stirn, Jack Bidelman, Gavin M. Department of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States Program in Neuroscience Indiana University Bloomington IN United States Cognitive Science Program Indiana University Bloomington IN United States

Plasticity from auditory experience shapes the brain's encoding and perception of sound. Though stronger neural entrainment (i.e., brain-to-acoustic synchronization) aids speech perception, underlying oscillatory activity may uniquely interact with long-term auditory experiences (i.e., music training) and short-term plasticity during concurrent speech perception. Here, we explored oscillatory activity during rapid auditory perceptual learning of concurrent speech sounds in normal-hearing young adults who differed in their amount of self-reported music training (defined as “musicians” and “nonmusicians”). Participants learned to identify double-vowel mixtures during ~45 min training sessions with concurrent high-density EEG recordings. We analyzed alpha-band power (7–12 Hz) following a rhythmic speech-stimulus train (~9 Hz) preceding behavioral identification to determine whether increased (brain-to-speech entrainment) or decreased alpha activity (alpha-band suppression) corresponded with task success. Source and directed functional connectivity analyses of EEG data probed whether behavior was driven by group differences in auditory-motor coupling. Both groups improved in behavioral identification with training. Listeners' alpha-band power prior to target speech predicted behavioral identification performance;surprisingly, stronger alpha oscillations were observed preceding incorrect compared to correct trial responses. We also found stark hemispheric biases in auditory-motor coupling, with greater auditory-motor connectivity in right compared to left hemisphere for musicians (R > L) but not in nonmusicians (R = L). Stronger alpha activity preceding incorrect behavioral responses supports the notion that alpha-band (~10 Hz) suppression is an important modulator of trial-by-trial success in perceptual processing. Our findings suggest that neural oscillations and auditory-motor connectivity interact with music training to impact speech perception. © 2025 Federation of

关键词： auditory-motor interactions concurrent speech perception functional connectivity neural oscillations

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Hearing a code-switch increases bilinguals’ attention to and memory for information

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Journal of Memory and Language 2025年 143卷

作者： Salig, Lauren K. Valdés Kroff, Jorge R. Slevc, L. Robert Novick, Jared M. Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science University of Maryland College Park United States Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies University of Florida United States Department of Psychology University of Maryland College Park United States Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences University of Maryland College Park United States

In conversation with each other, bilinguals sometimes code-switch between their shared languages. While psycholinguistic research often highlights the challenges of processing code-switches compared to single-language utterances, bilinguals seem to navigate code-switching with ease. Alongside empirical evidence that code-switching does not always disrupt comprehension in natural contexts, this raises intriguing questions about the potential benefits of code-switching. We propose that code-switching enhances bilingual listeners’ attention to the speech signal, improving the encoding and memory of linguistic messages near the switch. In Experiment 1, Spanish-English bilinguals listened to code-switched and single-language stories, occasionally reported their attention levels, and later answered comprehension questions. They reported greater attention to and demonstrated increased memory for code-switched content. Experiment 2 tested whether this attentional effect was simply due to the saliency of language changes by having English-speaking monolinguals complete the same task. Although monolinguals showed better memory when reporting higher attention, they did not show increased attention following code-switches. These findings suggest that bilinguals’ experience with the communicative contexts in which code-switches typically occur enables them to focus their attention on speech content during a code-switch, aiding in their collection and retention of that content over time. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Attention Bilingual Code-switching Language comprehension Memory

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