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SSRN 2024年

作者： Choi, Junggu Hur, Tak Park, Daniel Kyungdeock Shin, Na-Young Lee, Seung-Koo Lee, Hakbae Han, Sanghoon Yonsei Graduate Program in Cognitive Science Yonsei University Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Statistics and Data Science Yonsei University Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Applied Statistics Yonsei University Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Radiology College of Medicine Yonsei University Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Psychology Yonsei University Seoul Korea Republic of Cleveland Clinic United States

Following recent developments in quantum machine learning techniques, several algorithms have been developed for disease detection. This study explored the application of a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for classifying region-of-interest time-series data obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) in patients with early-stage cognitive impairment. Classical one-dimensional convolutional layers were used in conjunction with quantum convolutional neural networks in our hybrid algorithm. In a classical simulation, the proposed hybrid algorithms in our study exhibited higher balanced accuracies than classical convolutional neural networks under similar training conditions. In addition, in our study, among the 116 brain regions, two brain regions (the right hippocampus and left parahippocampus) were found to be relatively effective for classification based on the model performance. The associations of the two selected regions with cognitive decline, as found in previous studies, were validated using seed-based functional connectivity analysis. Thus, we confirmed both improvement in model performance with the quantum convolutional neural network and neuroscientific validity of brain regions from our hybrid quantum-classical model. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Prototype theory and emotion semantic change 42

Prototype theory and emotion semantic change

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42nd Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Developing a Mind: Learning in Humans, Animals, and Machines, CogSci 2020

作者： Xu, Aotao Stellar, Jennifer Xu, Yang Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Canada Department of Psychology University of Toronto Canada Department of Computer Science Cognitive Science Program University of Toronto Canada

An elaborate repertoire of emotions is one feature that distinguishes humans from animals. Language offers a critical form of emotion expression. However, it is unclear whether the meaning of an emotion word remains stable, and what factors may underlie changes in emotion meaning. We hypothesize that emotion word meanings have changed over time and that the prototypicality of an emotion term drives this change beyond general factors such as word frequency. We develop a vector-space representation of emotion and show that this model replicates empirical findings on prototypicality judgments and basic categories of emotion. We provide evidence that more prototypical emotion words have undergone less change in meaning than peripheral emotion words over the past century, and that this trend holds within each family of emotion. Our work extends synchronic theories of emotion to its diachronic development and offers a computational characterization of emotion semantics in natural language use. © 2020 The Author(s)

关键词： Semantics

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Object permanence in newborn chicks is robust against opposing evidence

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Wood, Justin N. Ullman, Tomer D. Wood, Brian W. Spelke, Elizabeth S. Wood, Samantha M.W. Informatics Department Indiana University Bloomington BloomingtonIN United States Cognitive Science Program Indiana University Bloomington BloomingtonIN United States Neuroscience Department Indiana University Bloomington BloomingtonIN United States Department of Psychology Harvard University CambridgeMA United States Center for Brains Minds & Machines MIT CambridgeMA United States

Newborn animals have advanced perceptual skills at birth, but the nature of this initial knowledge is unknown. Is initial knowledge flexible, continuously adapting to the statistics of experience? Or can initial knowledge be rigid and robust to change, even in the face of opposing evidence? We address this question through controlled-rearing experiments on newborn chicks. First, we reared chicks in an impoverished virtual world, where objects never occluded one another, and found that chicks still succeed on object permanence tasks. Second, we reared chicks in a virtual world in which objects teleported from one location to another while out of view: an unnatural event that violates the continuity of object motion. Despite seeing thousands of these violations of object permanence, and not a single non-violation, the chicks behaved as if object permanence were true, exhibiting the same behavior as chicks reared with natural object permanence events. We conclude that object permanence develops prenatally and is robust to change from opposing evidence. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Interactive computer graphics

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Implantable Biosensor for Continuous Serotonin Detection in Freely Moving Crayfish 22

Implantable Biosensor for Continuous Serotonin Detection in ...

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22nd International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, Transducers 2023

作者： Han, Jinjing Ho, Tawen Stine, Justin M. Straker, Michael A. Herberholz, Jens Ghodssi, Reza University Of Maryland Department Of Electrical And Computer Engineering College ParkMD United States University Of Maryland Institute For System Research College ParkMD United States University Of Maryland Robert E. Fischell Institute For Biomedical Devices College ParkMD United States University Of Maryland Department Of Psychology College ParkMD United States University Of Maryland Program In Neuroscience And Cognitive Science College ParkMD United States University Of Maryland Fischell Department Of Bioengineering College ParkMD United States

ISBN: (纸本)9784886864352

This work presents, for the first time, an implantable biosensor for continuous in vivo serotonin (5-HT) monitoring in freely moving crayfish. 5-HT is an important neurotransmitter that regulates animal behaviors. Conventional methods for detecting 5-HT do not provide real-time information. Our approach facilitates continuous electrochemical monitoring of 5-HT levels without impeding animal natural behavior. The sensing system shows a linear range of 0.4 - 1.2 μΜ with a sensitivity of 0.07 μA/μΜ for 5-HT detection. With a 3D-printed package, the sensor can be easily attached to crayfish dorsal carapace allowing electrodes implantation into crayfish heart to monitor neurohormonal dynamics of 5-HT. The implantable biosensor system displayed a significant increase in oxidation currents after 5-HT injections. The device successfully demonstrates the application for in vivo detection of 5-HT in the hemolymph (i.e., blood) of freely behaving crayfish underwater. © 2023 IEEJ.

关键词： Biosensing Electrochemical Device Electrochemistry Implantable Electrode In Vivo Sensing

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Passive Versus Active: Frameworks of Active Learning for Linking Humans to Machines 43

Passive Versus Active: Frameworks of Active Learning for Lin...

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43rd Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds, CogSci 2021

作者： Lim, Jaeseo Jo, Hwiyeol Zhang, Byoung-Tak Park, Jooyong Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Institute of Computer Technology Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul Korea Republic of

There are numerous studies that show that the more learner actively participate in the learning process, the more they learn. Although the use of active learning to increase learning outcomes has been recently introduced in a variety of methods, empirical experiments are lacking. In this study, we introduce two frameworks of human active learning and then conducted two experiments to determine how these frameworks can be used as leaning tools. In experiment 1, we compared three types of active learning and passive learning in order to empirically confirm the effect of active learning. In experiment 2, based on the results of experiment 1, we explored through simulation on machine learning with the frameworks that the more active the learners are, the better outcomes can be obtained. Both experiments showed that active learning both also effective in human and machine learning. Therefore, our analyses of the two experiments fit within the taxonomy and classification of the frameworks of active learning. This result is further significant in that it gives practical implications on human and machine learning methods. © cognitive science Society: Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds, CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： Knowledge management

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Association between Prefrontal fNIRS signals during cognitive tasks and College scholastic ability test (CSAT) scores: Analysis using a quantum annealing approach

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Kim, Yeaju Choi, Junggu Kim, Bora Park, Yongwan Cha, Jihyun Choi, Jongkwan Han, Sanghoon Yonsei Graduate Program in Cognitive Science Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of Department of Counselling Honam University Gwangju62399 Korea Republic of Department of Business Administration Gyeongsang National University Jinju52828 Korea Republic of OBELAB Inc. Seoul06211 Korea Republic of Department of Psychology Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of

Background: Academic achievement is a critical measure of intellectual ability, prompting extensive research into cognitive tasks as potential predictors. Neuroimaging technologies, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), offer insights into brain hemodynamics, allowing understanding of the link between cognitive performance and academic achievement. Herein, we explored the association between cognitive tasks and academic achievement by analyzing prefrontal fNIRS signals. Methods: A novel quantum annealer (QA) feature selection algorithm was applied to fNIRS data to identify cognitive tasks correlated with CSAT scores. Twelve features (signal mean, median, variance, peak, number of peaks, sum of peaks, slope, minimum, kurtosis, skewness, standard deviation, and root mean square) were extracted from fNIRS signals at two time windows (10- and 60-second) to compare results from various feature variable conditions. The feature selection results from the QA-based and XGBoost regressor algorithms were compared to validate the former's performance. In a three-step validation process using multiple linear regression models, correlation coefficients between the feature variables and the CSAT scores, model fitness (adjusted R2), and model prediction error (RMSE) values were calculated. Results: The quantum annealer demonstrated comparable performance to classical machine learning models, and specific cognitive tasks, including verbal fluency, recognition, and the Corsi block tapping task, were correlated with academic achievement. Group analyses revealed stronger associations between Tower of London and N-back tasks with higher CSAT scores. Conclusions: Quantum annealing algorithms have significant potential in feature selection using fNIRS data, and represents a novel research approach. Future studies should explore predictors of academic achievement and cognitive ability. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Infrared devices

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The novel psychoactive substances epidemic: A scientometric perspective

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Addiction Neuroscience 2023年 5卷

作者： Neoh, Michelle Jin Yee Carollo, Alessandro Lim, Mengyu Corazza, Ornella Coppola, Aurora Esposito, Gianluca Psychology Program Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639818 Singapore Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento TN Rovereto 38068 Italy School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield United Kingdom Psychology Unit Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari TN Trento Rovereto 38068 Italy

The unprecedented proliferation of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in the illicit drug market has been a public health concern since their emergence in the 2000s. Their consumption can pose severe health risks as their mechanism of action is poorly understood and their level of toxicity is high mainly due to the diffusion of very potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and synthetic opioids. This study systemically analyses the evolution of the scientific literature on NPS to gain a better understanding of the areas of major research interests and how they interlink. Findings indicate that the published evidence covers clusters focused on classes of NPS that have received widespread media attention, such as mephedrone and fentanyl, and have largely been concerned with the pharmacological and the toxicological profiles of these substances. This scientometric perspective also provides greater insight into the knowledge gaps within this new and rapidly growing field of study and highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach in tackling the NPS epidemic. © 2022 The Authors

关键词： Document co-citation analysis Novel psychoactive substances Substance use Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists Synthetic opioids

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The Impact of Ignorance Beyond Causation: An Experimental Meta-Analysis 43

The Impact of Ignorance Beyond Causation: An Experimental Me...

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43rd Annual Meeting of the cognitive science Society: Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds, CogSci 2021

作者： Kirfel, Lara Phillips, Jonathan Department of Experimental Psychology University College London 26 Bedford Way London WC1H 0AP United Kingdom Program in Cognitive Science Dartmouth College 23 N Main Street HanoverNH03755 United States

Norm violations have been demonstrated to impact a wide-range of seemingly non-normative judgments. Among other things, when agents’ actions violate prescriptive norms they tend to be seen as having done those actions more freely, as having acted more intentionally, as being more of a cause of subsequent outcomes, and even as being less happy. The explanation of this effect continue to be debated, with some researchers appealing to features of actions that violate norms, and other researcher emphasizing the importance of agents’ mental states when acting. Here, we report the results of a large-scale experiment that replicates and extends twelve of the studies that originally demonstrated the pervasive impact of norm violations. In each case, we build on the pre-existing experimental paradigms to additionally manipulate whether the agents knew that they were violating a norm while holding fixed the action done. We find evidence for a pervasive impact of ignorance: the impact of norm violations on non-normative judgments depends largely on the agent knowing that they were violating a norm when acting. © cognitive science Society: Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds, CogSci *** rights reserved.

关键词： ignorance knobe effect knowledge normality norms

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Are you there, God? It's me, gender bias in 100 years of coming-of-age novels

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Journal of Research on Adolescence 2025年第2期35卷

作者： Mary Kate Koch Haily Merritt Misha N. Inniss-Thompson Kathleen C. McCormick Jane Mendle Department of Psychology Gonzaga University Spokane Washington USA Department of Informatics Cognitive Science Program Indiana University Bloomington Indiana USA Department of Psychology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA

Coming-of-age novels are an important genre, often assigned in schools, that adolescents draw on as they develop their identity and future expectations. Mapping gender stereotypical patterns in coming-of-age novels is critical to understanding how gendered information may be learned during development. In 303 American coming-of-age novels, we used word embeddings to capture evidence of gender stereotypes in the attributes and occupations associated with feminine and masculine characters. Further, we capture dynamic change across 100 years to show that language in coming-of-age novels is becoming more gender-equal (e.g., feminine representation became more agentic). We situate results in historical context to highlight that coming-of-age novels reflect trends in societal values, making them symbols of progress and symptoms of problems.

关键词： gender stereotypes identity development reading word embeddings

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Cortical network reconfiguration aligns with shifts of basal ganglia and cerebellar influence

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Nestor, Kimberly Rasero, Javier Betzel, Richard Gianaros, Peter J. Verstynen, Timothy Department of Psychology Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition PittsburghPA United States Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute PittsburghPA United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States School of Data Science University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA United States Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Cognitive Science Program Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Indiana University Network Science Institute BloomingtonIN United States Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA United States

Mammalian functional architecture flexibly adapts, transitioning from integration where information is distributed across the cortex, to segregation where information is focal in densely connected communities of brain regions. This flexibility in cortical brain networks is hypothesized to be driven by control signals originating from subcortical pathways, with the basal ganglia shifting the cortex towards integrated processing states and the cerebellum towards segregated states. In a sample of healthy human participants (N=242), we used fMRI to measure temporal variation in global brain networks while participants performed two tasks with similar cognitive demands (Stroop and Multi-Source Inference Task (MSIT)). Using the modularity index, we determined cortical networks shifted from integration (low modularity) at rest to high modularity during easier i.e. congruent (segregation). Increased task difficulty (incongruent) resulted in lower modularity in comparison to the easier counterpart indicating more integration of the cortical network. Influence of basal ganglia and cerebellum was measured using eigenvector centrality. Results correlated with decreases and increases in cortical modularity respectively, with only the basal ganglia influence preceding cortical integration. Our results support the theory the basal ganglia shifts cortical networks to integrated states due to environmental demand. Cerebellar influence correlates with shifts to segregated cortical states, though may not play a causal role. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Integration

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