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Full-stack quantum computing systems in the NISQ era: Algorithm-driven and hardware-aware compilation techniques

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Bandic, Medina Feld, Sebastian Almudever, Carmen G. Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering QuTech Delft University of Technology Netherlands Technical University of Valencia Spain

The progress in developing quantum hardware with functional quantum processors integrating tens of noisy qubits, together with the availability of near-term quantum algorithms has led to the release of the first quantum computers. These quantum computing systems already integrate different software and hardware components of the socalled "full-stack", bridging quantum applications to quantum devices. In this paper, we will provide an overview on current full-stack quantum computing systems. We will emphasize the need for tight co-design among adjacent layers as well as vertical cross-layer design to extract the most from noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors which are both error-prone and severely constrained in resources. As an example of co-design, we will focus on the development of hardware-aware and algorithm-driven compilation techniques. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Application programs

End-to-end physics-based modeling of laser-activated color centers in silicon

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Gu, Qiushi Saggio, Valeria Papon, Camille Buzzi, Alessandro Christen, Ian Panuski, Christopher Errando-Herranz, Carlos Englund, Dirk Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands

Color centers are among the most promising candidates for quantum information processing. Central requirements for their practical applications include controlled and efficient local activation in nanophotonic devices and identical spectral features. However, producing color centers in a controlled and reliable way is inherently challenging due to the lack of comprehensive theoretical insights into their formation and the difficulty of streamlining the generation process for rapid in-situ optimization. We address these challenges by developing an end-to-end first-principles model that captures the underlying formation process of color centers. Emitters are activated through laser annealing, which allows for in-situ creation and the possibility of model-based control. Notably, our model enables the estimation of the emitters’ inhomogeneous broadening down to ∼ 16 GHz in bare silicon, which translates into the creation of emitters with highly similar spectral properties. Finally, we address the challenge of in-situ deterministic activation of color centers in nanophotonic devices by going beyond bare silicon and demonstrating successful laser writing in photonic crystal optical cavities. These results lay the foundation for deterministic and large-scale integration of color centers within quantum photonic platforms. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Nanophotonics

Deep Learning-Optimized, Fabrication Error-Tolerant Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Scalable On-Chip Diamond quantum Systems

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arXiv 2025年

作者： van Haagen, Sander Nur, Salahuddin Ishihara, Ryoichi Department of Applied Sciences Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Department of Quantum & Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CD Netherlands QuTech Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands

Cavity-enhanced diamond color center qubits can be initialized, manipulated, entangled, and read individually with high fidelity, which makes them ideal for large-scale, modular quantum computers, quantum networks, and distributed quantum sensing systems. However, diamond’s unique material properties pose significant challenges in manufacturing nanophotonic devices, leading to fabrication-induced structural imperfections and inaccuracies in defect implantation, which hinder reproducibility, degrade optical properties and compromise the spatial coupling of color centers to small mode-volume cavities. A cavity design tolerant to fabrication imperfections—such as surface roughness, sidewall slant, and non-optimal emitter positioning—can improve coupling efficiency while simplifying fabrication. To address this challenge, a deep learning-based optimization methodology is developed to enhance the fabrication error tolerance of nanophotonic devices. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are applied to promising designs, such as L2 and fishbone nanobeam cavities, predicting Q-factors up to one million times faster than traditional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, enabling efficient optimization of complex, high-dimensional parameter spaces. The CNNs achieve prediction errors below 3.99% and correlation coefficients up to 0.988. Optimized structures demonstrate a 52% reduction in Q-factor degradation, achieving quality factors of 5 × 104 under real-world conditions and a two-fold expansion in field distribution, enabling efficient coupling of non-optimally positioned emitters. This methodology enables scalable, high-yield manufacturing of robust nanophotonic devices, including the cavity-enhanced diamond quantum systems developed in this study. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Color centers

Optimizing the Electrical Interface for Large-Scale Color-Center quantum Processors

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Enthoven, Luc Babaie, Masoud Sebastiano, Fabio QuTech Delft University of Technology GA Delft2600 Netherlands Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology GA Delft2600 Netherlands Department of Microelectronics Delft University of Technology GA Delft2600 Netherlands

quantum processors based on color centers in diamond are promising candidates for future large-scale quantum computers thanks to their flexible optical interface, (relatively) high operating temperature, and high-fidelity operation. Similar to other quantum-computing platforms, the electrical interface required to control and read out such qubits may limit both the performance of the whole system and its scalability. To address this challenge, this work analyzes the requirements of the electrical interface and investigates how to efficiently implement the electronic controller in a scalable architecture comprising a large number of identical unit cells. Among the different discussed functionalities, a specific focus is devoted to the generation of the static and dynamic magnetic fields driving the electron and nuclear spins, because of their major impact on fidelity and scalability. Following the derived requirements, different system architectures, such as a qubit frequency-multiplexing scheme, are considered to identify the most power efficient approach, especially in the presence of inhomogeneity of the qubit Larmor frequency across the processor. As a result, a non-frequency-multiplexed, 1-mm2 unit-cell architecture is proposed as the optimal solution, able to address up to one electron-spin qubit and 9 nuclear-spin qubits within a 3-mW average power consumption, thus establishing the baseline for the scalable electrical interface for future large-scale color-center quantum computers. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Qubits

beSnake: A routing algorithm for scalable spin-qubit architectures

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Paraskevopoulos, Nikiforos Almudever, Carmen G. Feld, Sebastian Quantum and Computer Engineering Department Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CD Netherlands QuTech Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Computer Engineering Department Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n València46022 Spain

As quantum computing devices increase in size with respect to the number of qubits, two-qubit interactions become more challenging, necessitating innovative and scalable qubit routing solutions. In this work, we introduce beSnake, a novel algorithm specifically designed to address the intricate qubit routing challenges in scalable spin-qubit architectures. Unlike traditional methods in superconducting architectures that solely rely on SWAP operations, beSnake also incorporates the shuttle operation to optimize the execution time and fidelity of quantum circuits and achieves fast computation times of the routing task itself. Employing a simple breadth-first search approach, beSnake effectively manages the restrictions created by diverse topologies and qubit positions acting as obstacles, for up to 72% qubit density. It also has the option to adjust the level of optimization and to dynamically tackle parallelized routing tasks, all the while maintaining noise awareness. Our simulations demonstrate beSnake’s advantage over an existing routing solution on random circuits and real quantum algorithms with up to 1, 000 qubits, showing an average improvement of up to 80% in gate overhead and 54% in depth overhead, and up to 8.33 times faster routing times. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Qubits

ArtA: Automating Design Space Exploration of Spin Qubit Architectures

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Paraskevopoulos, Nikiforos Hamel, David Sarkar, Aritra Almudever, Carmen G. Feld, Sebastian Quantum and Computer Engineering Department Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CD Netherlands QuTech Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Computer Engineering Department Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera s/n València46022 Spain

In the fast-paced field of quantum computing, identifying the architectural characteristics that will enable quantum processors to achieve high performance across a diverse range of quantum algorithms continues to pose a significant challenge. Given the extensive and costly nature of experimentally testing different designs, this paper introduces the first Design Space Exploration (DSE) for quantum-dot spin-qubit architectures. Utilizing the upgraded SpinQ compilation framework, this study explores a substantial design space comprising 29,312 spin-qubit-based architectures and applies an innovative optimization tool, ArtA (Artificial Architect), to speed up the design space traversal. ArtA can leverage 17 optimization configurations, significantly reducing exploration times by up to 99.1% compared to a traditional brute force approach while maintaining the same result quality. After a comprehensive evaluation of best-matching optimization configurations per quantum circuit, ArtA suggests specific and universal architectural features that provide optimal performance across the examined circuits. Our work demonstrates that the synergy between DSE methodologies and optimization algorithms can effectively be deployed to provide useful suggestions to quantum processor designers. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Space research

Large-Range Tuning and Stabilization of the Optical Transition of Diamond Tin-Vacancy Centers by In-Situ Strain Control

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Brevoord, Julia M. Wienhoven, Leonardo G.C. Codreanu, Nina Ishiguro, Tetsuro van Leeuwen, Elvis Iuliano, Mariagrazia De Santis, Lorenzo Waas, Christopher Beukers, Hans K.C. Turan, Tim Errando-Herranz, Carlos Kawaguchi, Kenichi Hanson, Ronald QuTech Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Quantum Laboratory Fujitsu Limited 10-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya Kanagawa Atsugi243-0197 Japan Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands

The negatively charged tin-vacancy (SnV−) center in diamond has emerged as a promising platform for quantum computing and quantum networks. To connect SnV− qubits in large networks, in-situ tuning and stabilization of their optical transitions are essential to overcome static and dynamic frequency offsets induced by the local environment. Here we report on the large-range optical frequency tuning of diamond SnV− centers using micro-electro-mechanically mediated strain control in photonic integrated waveguide devices. We realize a tuning range of >40 GHz, covering a major part of the inhomogeneous distribution. In addition, we employ real-time feedback on the strain environment to stabilize the resonant frequency and mitigate spectral wandering. These results provide a path for on-chip scaling of diamond SnV-based quantum networks. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum computers

YAQQ: Yet Another quantum Quantizer - Design Space Exploration of quantum Gate Sets using Novelty Search

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Sarkar, Aritra Kundu, Akash Steinberg, Matthew Mishra, Sibasish Fauquenot, Sebastiaan Acharya, Tamal Miszczak, Jaroslaw A. Feld, Sebastian Quantum Intelligence research team Quantum Machine Learning research group Quantum Computing division QuTech Netherlands Department of Quantum & Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology Netherlands Joint Doctoral School Silesian University of Technology Gliwice Poland Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics Polish Academy of Sciences Gliwice Poland QTF Centre of Excellence Department of Physics University of Helsinki Finland

The standard model of quantum computation is based on quantum circuits, where the number and quality of the quantum gates composing the circuit influence the runtime and fidelity of the computation. The fidelity of the decomposition of quantum algorithms, represented as unitary matrices, to bounded depth quantum circuits depends strongly on the set of gates available for the decomposition routine. To investigate this dependence, we explore the design space of discrete quantum gate sets and present a software tool for comparative analysis of quantum processing units and control protocols based on their native gates. The evaluation is conditioned on a set of unitary transformations representing target use cases on the quantum processors. The cost function considers three key factors: (i) the statistical distribution of the decomposed circuits’ depth, (ii) the statistical distribution of process fidelities for the approximate decomposition, and (iii) the relative novelty of a gate set compared to other gate sets in terms of the aforementioned properties. The developed software, called YAQQ (Yet Another quantum Quantizer), enables the discovery of an optimized set of quantum gates through this tunable joint cost function. To identify these gate sets, we use the novelty search algorithm, circuit decomposition techniques (like Solovay-Kitaev, Cartan, and quantum Shannon decomposition), and stochastic optimization to implement YAQQ within the Qiskit quantum simulator environment. YAQQ exploits reachability tradeoffs conceptually derived from quantum algorithmic information theory. Our results demonstrate the pragmatic application of identifying gate sets that are advantageous to popularly used quantum gate sets in representing quantum algorithms. Consequently, we demonstrate pragmatic use cases of YAQQ in comparing transversal logical gate sets in quantum error correction codes, designing optimal quantum instruction sets, and compiling to specific quantum processors. © 202

关键词： Cost functions

Spectral tuning and nanoscale localization of single color centers in silicon via controllable strain

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Buzzi, Alessandro Papon, Camille Pirro, Matteo Hooybergs, Odiel Raniwala, Hamza Saggio, Valeria Errando-Herranz, Carlos Englund, Dirk Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States QuTech Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft2628 CJ Netherlands

The development of color centers in silicon enables scalable quantum technologies by combining telecom-wavelength emission and compatibility with mature silicon fabrication. However, large-scale integration requires precise control of each emitter’s optical transition to generate indistinguishable photons for quantum networking. Here, we demonstrate a foundry-fabricated photonic integrated circuit (PIC) combining suspended silicon waveguides with a microelectromechanical (MEMS) cantilever to apply local strain and spectrally tune individual G-centers. Applying up to 35 V between the cantilever and the substrate induces a reversible wavelength shift of the zero-phonon line exceeding 100 pm, with no loss in brightness. Moreover, by modeling the strain-induced shifts with a ‘digital twin’ physical model, we achieve vertical localization of color centers with sub-3 nm vertical resolution, directly correlating their spatial position, dipole orientation, and spectral behavior. This method enables on-demand, low-power control of emission spectrum and nanoscale localization of color centers, advancing quantum networks on a foundry-compatible platform. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Nanocantilevers