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Retinal disorder diagnosis based on hybrid deep learning models

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-25页

作者： Sedik, Ahmed El-Shafai, Walid El-Hag, Noha A. El-Banby, Ghada M. Abd El-Samie, Fathi E. Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory College of Engineering Prince Sultan University Riyadh11586 Saudi Arabia Department of the Robotics and Intelligent Machines Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Kafrelsheikh University Kafr el-Sheikh Egypt Computer Science Department Prince Sultan University Riyadh11586 Saudi Arabia Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University Menouf32952 Egypt The Higher Institute of Commercial Sciences Algarbia Al Mahalla Al Kubra31951 Egypt Department of Industrial Electronics and Control Engineering Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University Menouf32952 Egypt Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information Sciences Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh11671 Saudi Arabia

Anomaly detection from medical images is badly needed for automated diagnosis. For example, medical images obtained with several modalities, such as magnetic resonance (MR) and confocal microscopy, need to be classified for anomaly detection. The MR images may contain tumors that need to be detected with anomaly detection techniques. In MR imaging, brain tumors are represented as areas composed of abnormal cells that need to be detected. On the other hand, confocal microscopy can be used for retinal imaging. Hence, there is a need to apply classification techniques for diagnosing diseases of the eye, such as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), which leads to exudates in different regions of the retina. The detection of exudates is necessary for the diagnosis of DR. In this paper, two models are presented for the classification of MR and retinal images. Much research has been done in this area, but it did not achieve high accuracy of classification in an acceptable time. In addition, the previous models did not consider both types of image modalities considered in this paper. The suggested models are Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (Conv-LSTM). They are used to classify normal and abnormal cases of both brain tumor and DR diseases. The CNN model is composed of six convolutional layers and six max-pooling layers. A soft-max activation function takes the classification decision. The proposed Conv-LSTM model is composed of three stages: pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. The deep learning model performance is better than those of traditional networks. The CNN gives an accuracy of 94.26% for DR classification and 95.8% for brain tumor classification, while the Conv-LSTM gives the maximum accuracy of 96.41% for DR classification and 97.4% for brain tumor classification. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Confocal microscopy

Towards Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Survey of the Current Research Landscape

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Field Robotics

Field robotics 2025年 2卷 971-1000页

作者： Pierre-Yves Lajoie Benjamin Ramtoula Fang Wu Giovanni Beltrame Department of Computer and Software Engineering Polytechnique Montréal Canada Oxford Robotics Institute Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford United Kingdom Desay SV Automotive Singapore

Motivated by the tremendous progress, we witnessed in recent years, this paper presents a survey of the scientific literature on the topic of Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (C-SLAM), also known as multi-robot SLAM. With fleets of self-driving cars on the horizon and the rise of multi-robot systems in industrial applications, we believe that Collaborative SLAM will soon become a cornerstone of future robotic applications. In this survey, we introduce the basic concepts of C-SLAM and present a thorough literature review. We also outline the major challenges and limitations of C-SLAM in terms of robustness, communication, and resource management. We conclude by exploring the area's current trends and promising research avenues.

关键词： Robots Simultaneous localization and mapping Robot kinematics Robot sensing systems Collaboration Surveys Multi-robot systems Sensors Market research Trajectory

Toward a Low-Cost Perception System in Autonomous Vehicles: A Spectrum Learning Approach

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Alsakabi, Mohammed Erickson, Aidan Dolan, John M. Tonguz, Ozan K. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering The Robotics Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States

We present a cost-effective new approach for generating denser depth maps for Autonomous Driving (AD) and Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) by integrating the images obtained from deep neural network (DNN) 4D radar detectors with conventional camera RGB images. Our approach introduces a novel pixel positional encoding algorithm inspired by Bartlett’s spatial spectrum estimation technique. This algorithm transforms both radar depth maps and RGB images into a unified pixel image subspace called the Spatial Spectrum, facilitating effective learning based on their similarities and differences. Our method effectively leverages high-resolution camera images to train radar depth map generative models, addressing the limitations of conventional radar detectors in complex vehicular environments, thus sharpening the radar output. We develop spectrum estimation algorithms tailored for radar depth maps and RGB images, a comprehensive training framework for data-driven generative models, and a camera-radar deployment scheme for AV operation. Our results demonstrate that our approach also outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) by 27.95% in terms of Unidirectional Chamfer Distance (UCD). © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Radar imaging

Multi-Agent Path Finding Using Conflict-Based Search and Structural-Semantic Topometric Maps

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Fredriksson, Scott Bai, Yifan Saradagi, Akshit Nikolakopoulos, George Robotics and AI group Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Sweden

As industries increasingly adopt large robotic fleets, there is a pressing need for computationally efficient, practical, and optimal conflict-free path planning for multiple robots. Conflict-Based Search (CBS) is a popular method for multi-agent path finding (MAPF) due to its completeness and optimality;however, it is often impractical for real-world applications, as it is computationally intensive to solve and relies on assumptions about agents and operating environments that are difficult to realize. This article proposes a solution to overcome computational challenges and practicality issues of CBS by utilizing structural-semantic topometric maps. Instead of running CBS over large grid-based maps, the proposed solution runs CBS over a sparse topometric map containing structural-semantic cells representing intersections, pathways, and dead ends. This approach significantly accelerates the MAPF process and reduces the number of conflict resolutions handled by CBS while operating in continuous time. In the proposed method, robots are assigned time ranges to move between topometric regions, departing from the traditional CBS assumption that a robot can move to any connected cell in a single time step. The approach is validated through real-world multi-robot path-finding experiments and benchmarking simulations. The results demonstrate that the proposed MAPF method can be applied to real-world non-holonomic robots and yields significant improvement in computational efficiency compared to traditional CBS methods while improving conflict detection and resolution in cases of corridor symmetries. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Continuous time systems

A Graph-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach with Frontier Potential Based Reward for Safe Cluttered Environment Exploration

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Calzolari, Gabriele Sumathy, Vidya Kanellakis, Christoforos Nikolakopoulos, George Robotics and AI Group Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Sweden

Autonomous exploration of cluttered environments requires efficient exploration strategies that guarantee safety against potential collisions with unknown random obstacles. This paper presents a novel approach combining a graph neural network-based exploration greedy policy with a safety shield to ensure safe navigation goal selection. The network is trained using reinforcement learning and the proximal policy optimization algorithm to maximize exploration efficiency while reducing the safety shield interventions. However, if the policy selects an infeasible action, the safety shield intervenes to choose the best feasible alternative, ensuring system consistency. Moreover, this paper proposes a reward function that includes a potential field based on the agent’s proximity to unexplored regions and the expected information gain from reaching them. Overall, the approach investigated in this paper merges the benefits of the adaptability of reinforcement learning-driven exploration policies and the guarantee ensured by explicit safety mechanisms. Extensive evaluations in simulated environments demonstrate that the approach enables efficient and safe exploration in cluttered environments. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

Curriculum-based Sample Efficient Reinforcement Learning for Robust Stabilization of a Quadrotor

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Suarez, Fausto Mauricio Lagos Saradagi, Akshit Sumathy, Vidya Kotpalliwar, Shruti Nikolakopoulos, George Robotics and AI group in the Department of Computer Science Electrical and Space Engineering Luleå University of Technology Sweden

This article introduces a curriculum learning approach to develop a reinforcement learning-based robust stabilizing controller for a Quadrotor that meets predefined performance criteria. The learning objective is to achieve desired positions from random initial conditions while adhering to both transient and steady-state performance specifications. This objective is challenging for conventional one-stage end-to-end reinforcement learning, due to the strong coupling between position and orientation dynamics, the complexity in designing and tuning the reward function, and poor sample efficiency, which necessitates substantial computational resources and leads to extended convergence times. To address these challenges, this work decomposes the learning objective into a three-stage curriculum that incrementally increases task complexity. The curriculum begins with learning to achieve stable hovering from a fixed initial condition, followed by progressively introducing randomization in initial positions, orientations and velocities. A novel additive reward function is proposed, to incorporate transient and steady-state performance specifications. The results demonstrate that the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)based curriculum learning approach, coupled with the proposed reward structure, achieves superior performance compared to a single-stage PPO-trained policy with the same reward function, while significantly reducing computational resource requirements and convergence time. The curriculum-trained policy’s performance and robustness are thoroughly validated under random initial conditions and in the presence of disturbances. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

ENHANCING SMART ENVIRONMENTS WITH CONTEXT-AWARE CHATBOTS USING LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Polo-Rodríguez, Aurora Fiorini, Laura Rovini, Erika Cavallo, Filippo Medina-Quero, Javier Department of Computer Science Automatics and Robotics University of Granada Granada Spain Department of Industrial Engineering University of Florence Florence Italy

This work presents a novel architecture for context-aware interactions within smart environments, leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance user experiences. Our system integrates user location data obtained through UWB tags and sensor-equipped smart homes with real-time human activity recognition (HAR) to provide a comprehensive understanding of user context. This contextual information is then fed to an LLM-powered chatbot, enabling it to generate personalised interactions and recommendations based on the user’s current activity and environment. This approach moves beyond traditional static chatbot interactions by dynamically adapting to the user’s real-time situation. A case study conducted from a real-world dataset demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed architecture, showcasing its potential to create more intuitive and helpful interactions within smart homes. The results highlight the significant benefits of integrating LLM with real-time activity and location data to deliver personalised and contextually relevant user experiences. © 2025, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Smart homes

Automated Parts Segmentation of Sperm via a Contrastive Learning-Based Part Matching Network

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IEEE Transactions on Automation science and engineering 2025年 22卷 15314-15325页

作者： Chen, Wenyuan Song, Haocong Shan, Guanqiao Dai, Changsheng Liu, Hang Jiang, Aojun Sun, Chen Ru, Changhai Librach, Clifford Zhang, Zhuoran Sun, Yu University of Toronto Department of Computer Science TorontoONM5S 2E4 Canada University of Toronto Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering TorontoONM5S 3G8 Canada Dalian University of Technology Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems Liaoning Dalian China Suzhou University of Science and Technology School of Electronic and Information Engineering Suzhou215009 China CReATe Fertility Centre TorontoONM5G 1N8 Canada

Sperm morphology measurement is vital for diagnosing male infertility, which involves quantification of multiple subcellular parts for each sperm. Instance-aware part segmentation networks have been introduced to address this task by automatically identifying individual sperm and segmenting their subcellular parts. However, major limitations of state-of-the-art instance-aware part segmentation networks include: 1) they are time-consuming and computational expensive due to sequential processing and multi-stage frameworks;2) they perform poorly for densely packed sperm that overlap or cross over one another. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes 1) integrating instance identification and subcellular part segmentation within a single-stage framework to save inference time and memory usage;2) dividing a sperm target into simpler components (head and tail) to improve prediction accuracy, followed by a contrastive learning-based matching method to pair the head and tail. Experimental results on our clinically collected human sperm dataset demonstrated that the proposed network not only outperformed state-of-the-art CP-Net (by 3.5% APpvol) but also achieved realtime inference (48.0 frames per second), effectively meeting the clinical requirements for automated parts segmentation of sperm. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Image segmentation

BIRD: Battlefield-Integrated Reconnaissance Drone with VQA

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BIRD: Battlefield-Integrated Reconnaissance Drone with VQA

AIAA science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2025

作者： Rayon, Nathan Menser, Kobi Catalano, Louis Vega, Jonathan Najarro, Julio Sevil, Hakki Erhan Department of Computer Science University of West Florida FL32514 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering University of West Florida FL32514 United States Catalano Aerospace LLC FL32502 United States Department of Intelligent Systems & Robotics University of West Florida FL32514 United States

ISBN: (数字)9781624107238

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107238

This paper introduces a new unmanned aerial system (UAS) design featuring coaxial rotors and tethered operation with a base station. The coaxial rotor configuration enhances stability and maneuverability, particularly in challenging environments. The tethered connection to a base station ensures prolonged flight duration and enables continuous power and data transmission. Moreover, the UAS incorporates a visual question answering (VQA) based target identification system. This system leverages advanced computer vision algorithms to analyze visual input from onboard cameras, coupled with natural language processing techniques to interpret and respond to queries regarding identified targets. The integration of VQA technology enables critical decision-making decisions through providing crucial information identify about targets in real-time scenarios. The new design has a significant potential for applications in surveillance, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and disaster response, as this design was conceptualized to provide persistent Intelligence, Reconnaissance & Surveillance (ISR) capabilities. Further analysis of the concept design was conducted to investigate the feasibility of novel design characteristics. © 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.

关键词： Reconnaissance aircraft