The SONET systems are faster than the other optical network but there is a problem of allocation of static channels to the users. If one of the users is in idle condition the channel remains unused through out the who...
详细信息
The SONET systems are faster than the other optical network but there is a problem of allocation of static channels to the users. If one of the users is in idle condition the channel remains unused through out the whole process of frame transmission, this problem decreases the efficiency of the SONET system. In order to overcome this deficiency it is required to design the allocation of the channels dynamically, making the channels not dedicated to any specific user, and any channel could be utilized at any particular time if it is in idle state. Both reserved and priority based channelization are discussed and compared with dynamic channelization.
Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) is one of the fastest growing Internet application. This paper focuses on the support of VoIP over 802.11x WLAN. A multiplexing scheme for VoIP is provided which exploits multicasti...
详细信息
Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) is one of the fastest growing Internet application. This paper focuses on the support of VoIP over 802.11x WLAN. A multiplexing scheme for VoIP is provided which exploits multicasting over WLAN for the downlink VoIP traffic. The 802.11x WLAN can support more than 500 VoIP sessions, but due do the inclusion of large number of over headers this ratio comes to only few VoIP sessions by using GSM 6.10 codec standard. This paper shows the VoIP standard 802.11g is the best by comparing the three standards 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g as well for both CBR and VBR voice sources. This has been discussed by using the features of multicast mode of WLAN by which the large overhead effects of VoIP can be reduced. This paper shows this simulation and calculations, based on multiplex-multicast scheme through which the number of VoIP sessions can be increased and determine the best VoIP standard for CBR and VBR sources.
The relationship among the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), aperiodic autocorrelation co-efficient and power variance (PV) is discussed. We show that low values of PV do not always correspond to low values of PAPR ...
详细信息
The relationship among the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), aperiodic autocorrelation co-efficient and power variance (PV) is discussed. We show that low values of PV do not always correspond to low values of PAPR as has been mentioned in literature. Hence PV cannot be used as a basis for comparison and measure of PAPR for OFDM signals. Further through simulations we assert that PV can be a good criterion for high values for PAPR, while for the moderate ones it might fail. Finally, we show that PV based comparison in SLM and PTS techniques gives degraded PAPR performance compared to the actual PAPR based comparison.
KESC is an electrical utility company involved in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy in Karachi, Pakistan. The total number of consumers of KESC to date is around 2.0 million. KESC started in...
详细信息
KESC is an electrical utility company involved in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy in Karachi, Pakistan. The total number of consumers of KESC to date is around 2.0 million. KESC started installing OPGW for providing data to the SCADA system in 1998 and till year 2006 around 151 km OPGW is installed. These OPGW cables connect the SCADA system to 8 power generating stations including the KESC generation stations and 56 grid stations of IPPs. In the course of testing and monitoring the installed OPGW, it was revealed that the OPGW installed at various transmission lines have been damaged. On close inspection of the samples taken from the damaged OPGW, it is found that the outer OPGW layer was almost melted and strings were broken. The optical fiber cable inside OPGW was also tested with the OTDR and it was also found broken. Therefore, it is concluded that the outer OPGW layer could not stand the voltage introduced due to the lighting strokes. In addition, the distance between the hanging OPGW was not enough to withstand the million of volts and a flash occur between OPGW. In this paper, the selection criteria of OPGW cables based on engineering specification are discussed. This paper also discusses the methods and standardized test procedures for OPGW cables. Finally, the replacement strategy of the conventional ground wire by OPGW is presented.
This paper presents a standalone system that converts static gestures into voice. It is also known as GesTALK. The primary input device is the self design and cost effective Data Glove. It operates in two basic modes....
详细信息
This paper presents a standalone system that converts static gestures into voice. It is also known as GesTALK. The primary input device is the self design and cost effective Data Glove. It operates in two basic modes. In first mode the system speaks a single alphabet for a static gestures made by the user, while in second mode the system speaks complete string by concatenating words. Various gestures of alphabets are made to spell out the words involved in string. This system has been shown to work for both American Sign Language (ASL) and Pakistan Sign Language (PSL) and other language models. Results show that the system recognizes 24 out of 26 letters; an overall accuracy of 90% is achieved.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. It...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)1424418283
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. It has been previously found that using polarized light decreases crosstalk in DWDM systems. Explicit expressions and simulations, based on parameters which enable a quick evaluation of feasibility may be used for the optimization of DWDM network and how to maintain data rate throughout the system, so that the effects of chromatic dispersion and non linear phase shift are minimum.
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. It...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781424418282
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals. It has been previously found that using polarized light decreases crosstalk in DWDM systems. Explicit expressions and simulations, based on parameters which enable a quick evaluation of feasibility may be used for the optimization of DWDM network and how to maintain data rate throughout the system, so that the effects of chromatic dispersion and non linear phase shift are minimum.
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile communication technology based on wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and can facilitate the users in much better way as compared to the second generatio...
详细信息
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile communication technology based on wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and can facilitate the users in much better way as compared to the second generation of mobile communication. UMTS is superior to second generation in terms of bandwidth efficiency, quality of service, speech quality, speed and capacity. At present, more than 60 countries using WCDMA technology are operating commercially in 25 countries. In this paper, we focus on soft and hard handover issues in UMTS networks. In order to simulate a typical UMTS scenario we use OPNET modeler where a number of users are generating traffic and are free to move in various cells.
Within the expanding paradigm of medical imaging in teleradiology-telemedicine there is increasing demand for transmitting diagnostic medical imagery. These are usually rich in radiological contents and the associated...
详细信息
Within the expanding paradigm of medical imaging in teleradiology-telemedicine there is increasing demand for transmitting diagnostic medical imagery. These are usually rich in radiological contents and the associated tile sizes are large which must be compressed with minimal file size to minimize transmission time and robustly coded to withstand required network medium. It has been reinforced through extensive research that the diagnostically important regions of medical images, the region of interest (ROI) must be compressed by lossless or near lossless algorithm while on the other hand, the background region be compressed with some loss of information but recognizable using JP2K standard. Applying on CT image achieved higher compression level analogously minimum transmission time, the MAXSHIFT method proved very effective subjectively and objectively.
In this paper, the expression of the power variance (PV) of an OFDM symbol has been explored for peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction. It is seen through simulation results and complementary cumulative distrib...
详细信息
暂无评论