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23rd Annual Advanced Metallization Conference, AMC 2006

作者： Khoo, Khyoupin Onuki, Jin Nagano, Takahiro Chonan, Yasunori Akahoshi, Haruo Tobita, Toshimi Chiba, Masahiro Saito, Tatsuyuki Ishikawa, Kensuke Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ibaraki University 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa-cho Hitachi Ibaraki 316-8511 Japan Department of Electronics and Information System Faculty of System Science and Technology Akita Prefectural University Honjyo Akita 015-0055 Japan Hitachi Research Laboratory Hitachi Ltd. Hitachi Ibaraki 319-1292 Japan Hitachi Kyowa Engineering Ltd. Hitachi Ibaraki 319-1292 Japan Micro Device Division Hitachi Ltd. Ome Tokyo 198-8512 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)1558999477

The effect of aspect-ratios of very narrow Cu interconnects less than 100 nm on the resistivity has been discussed. From longitudinal cross-sectional TEM observation, many very small grains were observed at the bottom of trench, while larger grain sizes are predominant in the upper part of Cu interconnects. Resistivity decreases significantly with the increasing aspect-ratio in fine line Cu wires due to the larger grain size distributions in the upper part of Cu interconnects with higher aspect-ratios. This result demonstrate that the aspect-ratio of Cu wires are effective for controlling the resistivity in future Cu interconnects with very narrow and shallow dimensions. © 2007 Materials Research Society.

关键词： Optical interconnects

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An efficient branch and bound algorithm for the optimal arrangement problem in the linear consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n:F system

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Journal of Japan Industrial Management Association 2006年第6期56卷 429-438页

作者： Yamamoto, Hisashi Akiba, Tomoaki Yun, Won Young Faculty of System Design Tokyo Metropolitan University Hino Tokyo Japan Information Management Engineering Yamagata College of Industry and Technology Yamagata Yamagata Japan Department of Industrial Engineering Pusan National University Kumjeong-Gu Pusan Korea Republic of

A linear consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system consists of n components in a line. The system fails if and only if k or more consecutive components fail. A great deal of research work in this topic has been conducted since the beginning of the 1980s. The consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n:F system is an extended system of a linear consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system. This system similarly consists of n linearly ordered components. The system fails if and only if there are at least k failed components among any r consecutive components. So, this system can represent quality control problems and inspection procedures, radar detection problems, and so on. The optimal arrangement problem in the linear consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n:F system is to obtain the arrangement (optimal arrangement) that provides maximum system reliability within all the arrangements of components when all components don't necessarily have the same failure probability. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm based on a branch and bound method, for the optimal arrangement problem in the linear consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n:F system. Our proposed algorithm conducts the following procedures (1) Searches only the arrangement that satisfies the necessary conditions for optimal arrangement, (2) Obtains reliability of the system and subsystems efficiently by "Malinowski and Preuss(1995)," and (3) Removes searches for arrangements that are no useful. We executed numerical experiments for solving an optimal arrangement problem in order to evaluate the proposed algorithm. From the results of actually solving the optimal arrangement using a computer, we showed the efficiency of our proposed algorithm, although the conclusions within the range of our executed experiments. We also show combinations of component failure probabilities that the proposed algorithm can solve more efficiently.

关键词： Linear systems

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Three factors for contextmapping in East Asia: Trust, control and nunchi

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Codesign 2006年第3期2卷 157-177页

作者： van Rijn, Helma Bahk, Yoonnyong Stappers, Pieter p.j.stappers@io.tudelft.nl Lee, Kun-Pyo ID-StudioLab Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Delft University of Technology Landbergstraat 15 2628CE Delft The Netherlands Department of Industrial Design Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 373-1 Gusong-dong Yusong-gu Deajeon 305-701 South Korea

Contextmapping techniques have been tried and tuned for participants in Western cultures and are known to provide inspiration in the conceptual phase of design. Because these techniques rely heavily on activities such as expressing feelings in public and discussing in groups, they are less attuned to participants from more ‘reserved’ cultures, e.g. East Asia. In this project we adapted the techniques for use with East Asian participants. Our findings indicate that, when conducted in appropriate forms, contextmapping techniques can work in East Asia. However, more than in the West, a well-demarcated script is needed. By ‘script’ we mean a construct that frames the roles of the participants and the researcher, and provides a clear stage on which the participant plays the role of ‘expert of his experience’ and outside of which he/she is free from the burden of expressing him- or herself. The importance of a script in East Asia led us to review the value of scripting and staging as design parameter for the techniques in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Contextmapping Cultural differences design research Participatory design User study

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Ion Modification for Improvement of Electrical Properties of Perovskite-based Ferroelectric Thin Films Fabricated by Chemical Solution Deposition Method

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 2006年第1期902卷 1-6页

作者： Hiroshi Uchida Shintaro Yasui Risako Ueno Hiroshi Nakaki Ken Nishida Minoru Osada Hiroshi Funakubo Takashi Katoda Seiichiro Koda Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Sophia University Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials Tokyo Institute of Technology Midori-ku Yokohama Japan Department of Electronic and Photonic System Engineering Kochi University of Technology Kochi Japan Advanced Materials Laboratory National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS) Tsukuba Japan

Ion modification for various perovskite-based ferroelectric thin film using rare-earth cation was attempted for improving the electrical properties. Strategy for controlling the electrical properties is mainly based on two concepts, that is, (i) substituting the volatile cations such as Pb2+ and Bi3+, and (ii) controlling the crystal anisotropy of perovskite unit cell. In this study, the influences of ion-modification conditions (i.e., amount, species and occupying site of substituent cations) on the electrical properties of perovskite-based ferroelectric films fabricated by a chemical solution deposition were investigated. Substituting volatile cation in simple-perovskite oxides, such Pb2+ in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and Bi3+ in BiFeO3, for the rare-earth cations like La3+ and Nd3+ reduced the leakage current density of these films due to suppressing the metal and / or oxygen vacancies, as well as in layered-perovskite oxides, such as Bi4Ti3O12 films [i.e., strategy (i]). Also, crystal anisotropy of perovskite-based oxides could controlled by varying the species and the occupying site of substituent cations [i.e., strategy (ii]); for example, the crystal anisotropy of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 lattice was elongated by Ti- and Zr-site (B-site) substitution using rare-earth cations whose ionic radii locate on the smaller part of rare-earth series (such as Y3+, Dy3+), that resulted in enhancing the spontaneous polarization from 20 to 25 µC/cm2. We concluded that the strategy for controlling the electrical property mentioned in this study would be applicable for a various kind of perovskite-based ferroelectric films.

关键词： ferroelectric electrical properties sol-gel

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The Tinyphoon's Control Concept

The Tinyphoon's Control Concept

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International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM)

作者： Gregor Novak Charlotte Roesener Markus Bader Tobias Deutsch Stefan Jakubek Stefan Krywult Martin Seyr Institute of Computer Technology University of Technology Vienna Vienna Austria Department of System Design Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University Yokohama Japan Division of Control and Process Automation Institute for Mechanic and Mechatronic University of Technology Vienna Vienna Austria

Control concepts for mobile service robots are a key issue in robotic research. With the use of mobile robots in the domestic area, further challenges entail new designs facilitating efficient control concepts for fast motion with reduced computational capacity. This paper presents motion control designed for an autonomously acting two-wheel driven robot, which fits in a cuboid with 75times75times150mm. Due to the outstanding design of mechanical and electrical components, the robot is capable to perform high precision movements up to a speed of 2.5m/s, featuring a vision unit that allows a fast environment recognition interpreting current position based on an application dependent world model. Based on predictive control algorithms, trajectory tracking and point stabilization are facilitated. The use of realtime communication for all units allows fast interaction of all components exchanging information, which is indispensable for fast motion control

关键词： Service robots Motion control Robotics and automation Automatic control Mobile robots Control systems Electrical equipment industry Robot sensing systems Mobile computing Robotic assembly

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Study of >100 GeV electrons with BETS detector using a long duration balloon flight in Antarctica

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Advances in Space Research 2006年第11期37卷 2095-2102页

作者： Torii, S. Yoshida, K. Tamura, T. Kitamura, H. Yamagami, T. Tateyama, N. Anraku, K. Yamashita, T. Chang, J. Nishimura, J. Saito, Y. Ohta, S. Namiki, M. Matsuzaka, Y. Iijima, I. Yamagishi, H. Kadokura, A. Kasahara, K. Ogawa, S. Fujii, M. Tasaki, Y. Kaiho, H. Shibata, M. Katayose, Y. Inoue, T. Mizutani, K. Hirai, Y. Murakami, H. Kobayashi, T. Komori, Y. Yuda, T. Faculty of Engineering Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi Kanagawa-ku Yokohama Japan National Institute of Radiological Sciences Japan Institute of Space and Astronautical Science JAXA Japan Japan Space Forum Japan Purple Mountain Observatory China National Institute of Polar Research Japan Department of System Engineerings Shibaura Institute of Technology Japan Department of Physics Yokohama National University Japan Department of Physics Saitama University Japan Department of Physics Rikkyou University Japan Department of Physics Aoyamagakuin University Japan Kanagawa University Human Services Japan ICRR University of Tokyo Japan

We have observed cosmic-ray electrons from 10 to 1000 GeV by a long duration balloon flight using Polar Patrol Balloon (PPB) in Antarctica. The observation was carried out for 13 days at an altitude of 35 km in January 2004. The detector is an imaging calorimeter composed of scintillating-fiber belts and plastic scintillators inserted between lead plates. The geometrical factor of detector is about 600 cm2sr and the total thickness of lead absorber is 9 radiation lengths. The performance of the detector has been confirmed by the CERN-SPS beam test and also investigated by Monte-Carlo simulations. New telemetry system using a commercial satellite of iridium, power supply by solar batteries, and automatic level control using CPU have successfully been developed and operated during the flight. We have collected 5.7 × 103 events over 100 GeV including nearly 100 candidates of primary electrons. © 2005 COSPAR.

关键词： Electrons

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Differential-Mode/Common-Mode Feedforward Transconductor for Low-Voltage Gm-C filters

Differential-Mode/Common-Mode Feedforward Transconductor for...

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IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and systems (ICECS)

作者： Phanumas Khumsat Apisak Worapishet Klanarong Noulkaew Theerachet Soorapanth Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Prince of Songkla University Thailand Mahanakorn Microelectronic Research Centre Mahanakom University of Technology Thailand Thailand IC Design Incubator National Science and Technology Development Agency Thailand

Low-voltage transconductor circuits suitable for G m -C filter are proposed. The proposed structures were developed from a well-known Nauta's inverter-type class-AB transconductor to improve common-mode rejection without sacrificing extra power consumption. The improvement relies on feed-forwarding both common-mode and differential mode signals, making it power efficient because additionally power has not be wasted only for suppressing common-mode signal. The concept has been confirmed by comparison with simulation on I-V 5 th -order Chebyshev lowpass filters constructed from the proposed transconductors in 0.18μm CMOS process. The proposed transconductors offer improvement on common-mode rejection by 50dB with 20% less current consumption while still preserving dynamic range.

关键词： Transconductors Filters Transconductance Circuits Energy consumption Chebyshev approximation CMOS process Dynamic range Voltage Feedforward systems

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Mirror deformation by piezoelectric actuators

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IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 2006年第7期126卷 325-329页

作者： Tanaka, Fuminori Maeda, Shigeo Nagashima, Kenji Tsuchiya, Yoshiki Tanaka, Katsuhiko Ishii, Akira Sugiyama, Susumu R and D Engineering Department Funai Electric Co. Ltd. Ohgimachi Branch 1-3 Kamiyama-cho Kita-ku Osaka 530-0026 Japan Faculty of Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-higashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan R and D Engineering Department Funai Electric Co. Ltd. Faculty of Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University R and D Engineering Department Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Funai Electric Co. Ltd. Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan Japan Society of Applied Physics Graduate Shool Ritsumeikan University Ritsumeikan University Shiga Japan Department of Micro System Technology Faculty of Science and Engineering NTT Electrical Communications Laboratories Department of Robotics Ritsumeikan University Kyoto Japan JSPE JSME RSJ IEICE SPIE IEEE College of Science and Engineering Department of Micro System Technology Research Institute for Micro System Technology Ritsumeikan University

Recently, MEMS devices are being studied for which the focus can be changed by moving a lens. Therefore, we propose a MEMS-based varifocal mirror in which piezoelectric actuators are used. In this study, we used micromachining to fabricate a varifocal mirror by bonding bulk PZT to Si single crystals, and then evaluated its performance.

关键词： Piezoelectric devices

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Interoperable adaptive educational hypermedia: A web service definition

Interoperable adaptive educational hypermedia: A web service...

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6th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, ICALT 2006

作者： Meccawy, Maram Celik, Ilknur Cristea, Alexandra Stewart, Craig Ashman, Helen School of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus Wollaton Road Nottingham NG8 1BB United Kingdom Information System Department Faculty of Mathematics and Computing Science Technical University Eindhoven Den Dolech 2 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands Department of Electronic Engineering Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London El 4NS United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)0769526322

This paper presents an approach to resolve the problem of authoring and interchanging educational material, based on web services. Here we describe the ultimate goal, of reusing and interchanging freely adaptive eleaming material, shortly sketch previous solutions, showing their benefits but also limitations and then introduce our web-service based approach. Finally, we discuss the gains brought by our proposed solution. © 2006 IEEE.

关键词： E-learning

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Learning-induced Dependence of Neuronal Activity in Primary Motor Cortex on Motor Task Condition

Learning-induced Dependence of Neuronal Activity in Primary ...

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： X. Cai Y.P. Shimansky Jiping He Harrington Department of Bioengineering Center for Neural Interface Designthe Biodesign Institute Arizona State University AZ USA Control System Engineering Rehabilitation and Neurology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

A brain-computer interface (BCI) system such as a cortically controlled robotic arm must have a capacity of adjusting its function to a specific environmental condition. We studied this capacity in non-human primates based on chronic multi-electrode recording from the primary motor cortex of a monkey during the animal's performance of a center-out 3D reaching task and adaptation to external force perturbations. The main condition-related feature of motor cortical activity observed before the onset of force perturbation was a phasic raise of activity immediately before the perturbation onset. This feature was observed during a series of perturbation trials, but were absent under no perturbations. After adaptation has been completed, it usually was taking the subject only one trial to recognize a change in the condition to switch the neuronal activity accordingly. These condition-dependent features of neuronal activity can be used by a BCI for recognizing a change in the environmental condition and making corresponding adjustments, which requires that the BCI-based control system possess such advanced properties of the neural motor control system as capacity to learn and adapt

关键词： Switches Biomedical engineering Sequences Helium Control systems design engineering systems engineering and theory Nervous system Wrist Back

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