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VPN-Encrypted Network Traffic Classification Using a Time-Series Approach

IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 2025年第2期22卷 2225-2242页

作者： Kotak, Jaidip Yankelev, Idan Bibi, Idan Elovici, Yuval Shabtai, Asaf Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering Be'er Sheva84105 Israel

Network traffic classification provides value to organizations and Internet service providers (ISPs). The identification of applications or services from network traffic enables organizations to better manage their business, and ISPs to offer services to their users. Given the vast quantity of traffic flowing in and out of organizations, it is impractical to write manual signatures for traffic identification. The effectiveness of machine learning (ML) in the identification of applications or services from network traffic has been demonstrated. Even when network traffic is encrypted, ML algorithms achieve high accuracy in the task of traffic identification based on statistical information and the packets' headers and payloads. However, existing approaches were shown to be ineffective for VPN-encrypted network traffic. In this study, we propose a novel time-series based approach for the identification of traffic/source applications on VPN-encrypted traffic. We also demonstrate the broad applicability of our proposed approach by evaluating its effectiveness on non-VPN traffic that is encrypted, and on IoT traffic. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Virtual private networks

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Research on Real-Time Navigation of Mobile Robot Based on Vertical Monocular Surveillance Camera in Indoor Environment 3rd

Research on Real-Time Navigation of Mobile Robot Based on Ve...

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3rd World Conference on Intelligent and 3D Technologies, WCI3DT 2024

作者： Zhong, Zixuan Software and Systems Engineering Department Lappeenranta University of Technology Lahti City15210 Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9789819791279

To informatively plan optimal paths for autonomous mobile robots in indoor environment is essential in real life cases. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional path planning strategies based on the cameras mounted on robot body and considering surveillance cameras are always ready and available sensors in indoor environment, a real-time navigation system based on vertical surveillance camera is proposed. Based on the assumption that the surveillance camera is able to capture the full picture of the environment, for each frame of the video recorded by the camera, a traversable node map of the environment for the robot is firstly established. Background subtraction is then applied, to achieve real-time localization of the robot in the node map, by comparing an empty environment with each frame of the video feed where the robot exists. Secondly, two path planning algorithms are applied on the localized node map, and a comparison is made for informative path planning. To evaluate the robustness of the proposed system, three experiments are conducted on a preset map, a differential caster wheel robot and a suite of matched motion planning system. The time for the robot to navigate itself from entrance to exit and number of nodes traversed for each experiment are recorded and compared. The final result demonstrates the robustness and efficiency of the proposed path planning method based on a vertical surveillance camera. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Robot programming

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OptiMobileX: Optimizing Deep Transfer Learning Model for Accurate Human Posture Recognition Using a Deep Feature Fusion Technique

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第6期25卷 9759-9766页

作者： Ogundokun, Roseline Oluwaseun Damasevicius, Robertas Maskeliunas, Rytis Kaunas University of Technology Department of Software Engineering Kaunas44249 Lithuania Kaunas University of Technology Centre of Real Time Computer Systems Kaunas44249 Lithuania

Human posture recognition (HPR) has garnered growing interest given the possibility of its use in various applications, including healthcare and sports fitness. Interestingly, achieving accurate pose recognition on mobile devices with very little computing power is still tricky. The precise identification of human posture on mobile devices with constrained computational resources is of utmost importance to bring about significant advancements in healthcare, fitness, and technology engagement. By facilitating real-time monitoring and providing personalized solutions, this technology improves accessibility and well-being, revolutionizing our interaction with digital applications. In this work, we used the deep feature concatenation (DFC) mechanism to combine features extracted from input images using two modern pretrained DTL models, MobileNetV2 and Xception, which led to our proposed OptiMobileX: A deep transfer learning (DTL) model based on a DFC of the MobileNetV2 and Xception models for the overall improvement of the identification capability of this posture. The classification accuracy of 96.42% is achieved by the OptiMobileX model, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed model over MobileNetV2, Xception, AlexNet, and InceptionV3, which only manage to obtain 88.17%, 92.47%, 90.32%, and 73.48% accuracy, respectively. The OptiMobileX model exhibits notable capabilities but faces significant limitations. Inadequate details on detecting inappropriate postures and a lack of information on required computing resources hinder the study's comprehensiveness and practical implementation. The absence of insufficient discussion on dataset biases and a lack of information on the model's generalization capacity create obstacles, raising concerns about its fairness, applicability, and real-world utility. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Deep learning

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Adapting CRISP-DM to model enteric fermentation emission: farm level application

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International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences 2025年第3期18卷 330-359页

作者： Guerrón, Philippe Belmont Hallo, María Luján-Mora, Sergio Faculty of Engineering Systems Escuela Politecnica Nacional Ladron de Guevara E11-253 Edif 20 Quito Ecuador Department of Software and Computing Systems University of Alicante Alicante03690 Spain

Enteric fermentation contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) in agriculture, but may be reversible in the short-term. To date, numerous attempts have been made to model the environmental impact of agriculture, but have failed to integrate multiple dimensions of production. The objective of this study is to adapt the cross industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) at farm level, using the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) and implemented a modified version of the global livestock environmental assessment model (GLEAM). Using local data collected over 20 years and secondary data, our results show that for dairy cattle, the methane emissions factor from cattle is lower among marginal farms 86 Kg CH4 head−1 year−1 compared to semi-intensive and intensive farms across time and geographical regions (107.4 and 113.5 respectively) and demonstrate that this type of application is relevant for developing countries and smallholder agriculture, where production data is often unavailable. Copyright © 2025 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Farms

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EEMLCR: Energy-Efficient Machine Learning-Based Clustering and Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 70849-70871页

作者： Akram, Muhammad Ullah Bazai, Sibghat Imran Ghafoor, Muhammad Akram, Saira Ilyas, Qazi Mudassar Mehmood, Abid Iqbal, Sajid Asim Rafique, Muhammad Department of Software Engineering Quetta87300 Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering Quetta87300 Pakistan Pakistan Television Corporation Department of Engineering Lahore44000 Pakistan King Faisal University College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology Department of Information Systems Al Hofuf31982 Saudi Arabia King Faisal University College of Business Administration Department of Management Information Systems Al Hofuf31982 Saudi Arabia

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offer a powerful technology for sensing and transmitting data across vast geographical regions. However, limitations inherent to WSNs, such as low-power sensor units, communication constraints, and limited processing capabilities, can significantly impact their lifespan. To address these limitations and enhance the energy efficiency of WSNs, it is often necessary to divide sensors into clusters and establish routing to conserve energy. Machine learning algorithms can potentially automate these processes, minimizing energy consumption and extending network lifetime. This research investigates the application of machine learning algorithms, specifically Q-learning and K-means clustering, to propose the Energy-Efficient Machine Learning-based Clustering and Routing (EEMLCR) method for WSNs. This method facilitates cluster formation and routing path selection. The proposed method is compared with the well-established LEACH algorithm and two multi-hop variants, DMHT LEACH and EDMHT LEACH to validate its effectiveness. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of EEMLCR compared to LEACH and its multi-hop variants (DMHT LEACH and EDMHT LEACH). After 600 rounds in networks comprising 400 nodes, EEMLCR showed significant improvements in key performance metrics. These include increased alive nodes, reduced average energy consumption, higher remaining energy levels, and improved packet reception. Additionally, we compared EEMLCR with recent state-of-the-art algorithms such as EECDA and CMML, where our method demonstrated comparable or superior performance in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency. By optimizing clustering and routing strategies, WSNs can reduce energy consumption, leading to more efficient utilization of the limited energy resources available to sensor nodes. The primary objective of this research is to contribute to the development of energy-efficient WSNs by leveraging machine learning algorithms for dat

关键词： Sensor nodes

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Visualization of Professional Cyclists Analytics

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SN Computer Science 2025年第3期6卷 1-6页

作者： Rize, Denis Sinai, Perry Holohan, Liam Saldanha, Paulo Moskovitch, Robert Software and Information Systems Engineering Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel Department of Kinesiology McGill University Montreal Canada

Cycling is an important field of sport and a great example of a sport in which athletes are highly measured due to cycling computers that monitor and document workouts in detail. Leveraging this variety of data, we developed The Velodrome, a web-based analytics tool in collaboration with the Israel Premier Tech pro-cycling team to support decision-making. Unlike traditional tools that focus on individual cyclists, The Velodrome enables comparative analysis of multiple cyclists, assisting coaches and directeur sportifs in race selection, strategic preparation, and training decisions. The Velodrome integrates both objective metrics (e.g., relative power, elevation gain) and subjective metrics (e.g., sleep quality, fatigue level) to provide a holistic view of each cyclist’s physical and mental state. The platform offers various visualizations, including radar and line charts, facilitating multi-cyclist and time-based comparisons. These features enable detailed insights into training loads, performance trends, and readiness for competition, supporting team-level decision-making. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Coaching support Cycling Data visualization Sports analytics

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Sustainable Teaching and Learning E-learning Model towards Redesigning Transformative Learning Model for Knowledge Sharing & Infrastructure Enhancements Post COVID-19

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Recent Patents on engineering 2025年第2期19卷 1-12页

作者： Veeramanickam, M.R.M. Kaur, Gaganpreet Acakpovi, Amevi Vadrevu, Pavan Kumar Ciro, Rodriguez R. Kalpana, A.V. Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India Department of Software Engineering Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Peru Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department Accra Technical University Accra Ghana Andhra Pradesh India Department of Software Engineering Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos UNMSM Lima Peru Department of Data Science and Business Systems SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Tamilnadu Chennai India

Background: Recently, e-learning has become a very basic, integral part of technology-based learning. Wide trends are increasing day by day because of the demands and its usage based on working remotely due to highly penetrated mobile handheld devices and digital media. The smart campus infrastructure has played a vital role to its full extent towards Z millennium students in the 20th century. The teaching and learning accessibility depends on terms of various cost-based afforda-ble platforms, either with synchronous learning or asynchronous mode of learning. Methods: The current patent research explores the changeling leading to infrastructural reforms as per the need for digital media for e-learning during and after COVID-19 spreads. The perspectives in 2 forms of research study are: 1st working on infrastructural needs and demands for the smart campuses and online learning challenges and 2nd is working on platforms technology utilization for better accessible resources for all learners. This work studied different aspects during and after COVID-19, leading to the importance of uninterrupted internet access, phone, hardware and relia-bility, etc. In this work, the importance of gamification study and flipped classrooms for enhancing learner performance to highly engage them in learning environments focused research model on learner engagement on Gamified perceiving study with Smart PLS-SEM was investigated. Promoting sustainability in its entirety through knowledge transfer and contributions to address various challenges in the redesign of learners' syllabi to meet educational needs, emphasizing online learning to integrate various modes of learner platforms, personalized teaching and learn-ing, peer-to-peer communication for learner enhancement, and student engagement through gami-fication are studied. Results: Learners who are enrolled at the school, college, and university levels of education increased exponentially post-COVID-19. More than 90% responded to sch

关键词： Curricula

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Reliable Task Offloading for 6G-Based IoT Applications

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 2255-2274页

作者： Usman Mahmood Malik Muhammad Awais Javed Ahmad Naseem Alvi Mohammed Alkhathami Department of Computer Software Engineering National University of Science and Technology(NUST)Islamabad44000Pakistan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University IslamabadIslamabad45550Pakistan Information Systems Department College of Computer and Information SciencesImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)Riyadh11432Saudi Arabia

Fog computing is a key enabling technology of 6G systems as it provides quick and reliable computing,and data storage services which are required for several 6G *** Intelligence(AI)algorithms will be an integral part of 6G systems and efficient task offloading techniques using fog computing will improve their performance and *** this paper,the focus is on the scenario of Partial Offloading of a Task to Multiple Helpers(POMH)in which larger tasks are divided into smaller subtasks and processed in parallel,hence expediting task ***,using POMH presents challenges such as breaking tasks into subtasks and scaling these subtasks based on many interdependent factors to ensure that all subtasks of a task finish simultaneously,preventing resource ***,applying matching theory to POMH scenarios results in dynamic preference profiles of helping devices due to changing subtask sizes,resulting in a difficult-to-solve,externalities *** paper introduces a novel many-to-one matching-based algorithm,designed to address the externalities problem and optimize resource allocation within POMH ***,we propose a new time-efficient preference profiling technique that further enhances time optimization in POMH *** performance of the proposed technique is thoroughly evaluated in comparison to alternate baseline schemes,revealing many advantages of the proposed *** simulation findings indisputably show that the proposed matching-based offloading technique outperforms existing methodologies in the literature,yielding a remarkable 52 reduction in task latency,particularly under high workloads.

关键词： 6G IoT task offloading fog computing

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Author profiling from Romanized Urdu text using transfer learning models

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第6期37卷 4455-4470页

作者： Ali, Abid khan, Muhammad Sohail Khan, Muhammad Amin Khan, Sajid Ullah Khan, Faheem Department of Computer Software Engineering University of Engineering & Technology Mardan KPK Mardan23200 Pakistan Islamabad H-11/4 Islamabad44000 Pakistan Department of Information Systems College of Computer Engineering and Sciences Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering Gachon University Seongnam-Si Korea Republic of

This research concentrates on author profiling using transfer learning models for classifying age and gender. The investigation encompassed a diverse set of transfer learning techniques, including Roberta, BERT, ALBERT, Distil BERT, Distil Roberta, ELECTRA, and XLNet. Through meticulous evaluation using metrics such as the Matthews Correlation Coefficient, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1 Score, the study examined the efficacy of these models. The curated dataset was divided for gender and age tasks, resulting in robust gender prediction with the XLNet model and age prediction with the BERT model. Notably, the XLNet model achieved the highest MCC (0.7946), Accuracy (0.8957), Precision (0.8992), Recall (0.8957), and F1 Score (0.8958) values in gender classification, while the BERT model excelled in age prediction with an MCC of (0.7338), Accuracy of (0.8220), Precision of (0.8324), Recall of (0.8220), and F1 Score of (0.8243). Visualized outcomes provide valuable insights into the model’s performance nuances, paving the way for their practical implementation. This research offers novel contributions to author profiling tasks, bridging the gap between theory and real-world applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Analyzing key users’ behavior trends in volunteer-based networks

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Journal of Big Data 2025年第1期12卷 1-26页

作者： Piterman, Nofar Makov, Tamar Fire, Michael Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering Ben-Gurion University Beersheba Israel Department of Management Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management Ben-Gurion University Beersheba Israel

The use of online social platforms and networks has surged over the past decade and continues to grow in popularity. In many social networks, volunteers play a central role, and their behavior in volunteer-based networks has been studied extensively. Here, we explore the development of volunteer-based social networks, focusing on the activities and behaviors of the most influential users. We introduce two innovative algorithms: the first outlines the evolution of volunteers’ behavior patterns over time, while the second employs machine learning techniques to forecast their future behavior, including whether they will remain active donors or become mainly recipients, and vice-versa. These algorithms allowed us to analyze the factors that significantly influence behavior predictions. We utilized data from over 2.4 million users on a peer-to-peer food-sharing online platform. Using our algorithm, we identified four key user behavior patterns over time to evaluate our algorithms. Moreover, we succeeded in forecasting future active donor key users and predicting the key users that would change their behavior toward donors, with an accuracy of up to 89.6%. The insights gained from our analysis not only shed light on the behavioral patterns of key users in volunteer-driven networks but also highlight the potential of machine learning in enhancing community engagement and building strategies for the future. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Tweets

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