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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Offloading Cellular Communications with Cooperating UAVs

IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 2025年

作者： Mondal, Abhishek Mishra, Deepak Alexandropoulos, George C. Al-Nahari, Azzam Jantti, Riku National Institute of Technology Calicut Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Kerala 673601 India University of New South Wales School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Sydney2052 Australia National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Informatics and Telecommunications Athens15784 Greece University of Illinois Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ChicagoIL60601 United States Aalto University Department of Information and Communications Engineering Espoo02150 Finland Ibb University Department of Electrical Engineering Ibb70270 Yemen

Effective solutions for intelligent data collection in terrestrial cellular networks are crucial, especially in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The limited spectrum and coverage area of terrestrial base stations (BSs) pose challenges in meeting the escalating data rate demands of network users. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), known for their high agility, mobility, and flexibility, present an alternative means to offload data traffic from terrestrial BSs, serving as additional access points. In this paper, we aim to efficiently maximize the utilization of multiple UAVs for data traffic offloading from terrestrial BSs. Specifically, the focus is on maximizing user association with UAVs by jointly optimizing UAV trajectories and users' association indicators under quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. Since the formulated practical UAV control problem is non-convex and combinatorial, this study leverages the multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) framework. Employing MARL, each UAV acts as an independent agent, aiming to maintain inter-UAV cooperative behaviour. The proposed approach utilizes the finite-state Markov decision process (MDP) to account for UAVs' velocity constraints and the relationship between their trajectories and state space. A low-complexity distributed state-action-reward-state-action (SARSA) algorithm is presented to determine UAVs' optimal sequential decision-making policies over training episodes. The extensive simulation results validate the proposed analysis and offer valuable insights into the optimal UAV trajectories. The derived trajectories demonstrate superior average UAV association performance compared to benchmark techniques, such as Q-learning and particle swarm optimization. © 1965-2011 IEEE.

关键词： Markov processes

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A Doubly-Dispersive MIMO Channel Model Parametrized with Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ranasinghe, Kuranage Roche Rayan Sandoval, Iván Alexander Morales Rou, Hyeon Seok de Abreu, Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas Alexandropoulos, George C. Campus Ring 1 Bremen28759 Germany Department of Informatics and Telecommunications National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens15784 Greece Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois Chicago ChicagoIL60601 United States

Introduced with the advent of statistical wireless channel models for high mobility communications and having a profound role in communication-centric (CC) integrated sensing and communications (ISAC), the doubly-dispersive (DD) channel structure has long been heralded as a useful tool enabling the capture of the most important fading effects undergone by an arbitrary time-domain transmit signal propagating through some medium. However, the incorporation of this model into multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system setups, relying on the recent paradigm-shifting transceiver architecture based on stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM), in an environment with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) remains an open problem due to the many intricate details that have to be accounted for. In this paper, we fill this gap by introducing a novel DD MIMO channel model that incorporates an arbitrary number of RISs in the ambient, as well as SIMs equipping both the transmitter and receiver. We then discuss how the proposed metasurfaces-parametrized DD (MPDD) channel model can be seamlessly applied to waveforms that are known to perform well in DD environments, namely, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS), and affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM), with each having their own inherent advantages and disadvantages. An illustrative application of the programmable functionality of the proposed model is finally presented to showcase its potential for boosting the performance of the aforementioned waveforms. Our numerical results indicate that the design of waveforms suitable to mitigating the effects of DD channels is significantly impacted by the emerging SIM technology. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

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Reliable Service Recommendation: A Multi-modal Adversarial Method for Personalized Recommendation under Uncertain Missing Modalities

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IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 2025年

作者： Chen, Junyang Yang, Ruohan Guo, Jingcai Wang, Huan Wu, Kaishun Zhang, Liangjie Shenzhen University College of Computer Science and Software Engineering China Huazhong Agricultural University College of Informatics Wuhan China The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Computing Hong Kong DSA Thrust and IoT Thrust Center China

Personalized recommendation is of paramount importance in online content platforms like Kuai and Tencent. To ensure accurate recommendations, it is crucial to consider multi-modal information in both items and user-user/item interactions. While existing works on multimedia recommendation have made strides in leveraging multi-modal contents to enrich item representations, many of them overlook the practical scenario of multiple modality missing. As a result, the performance of recommendation systems can be significantly compromised in such cases. In this paper, we introduce a novel multi-modal adversarial method called MMAM, which aims to provide reliable personalized recommendation services even in the presence of uncertain missing modalities. The core idea behind MMAM is to design a generator that can effectively encode both user-user/item interactions and multi-modal contents, taking into account various missing cases. The generator is trained to learn transferable features from different combinations of missing modalities in order to deceive a discriminative classifier. Additionally, we propose a modal discriminator that can classify the missing cases of multi-modalities, further enhancing the capability of the model. Moreover, a well-equipped predictor utilizes the transferable features to predict potential user interests. To improve the prediction accuracy, we design a type discriminator that enhances the classification of link types. By employing a mini-max game between the generator and the discriminators, MMAM successfully obtains transferable features that encompass multi-modal contents, even when facing uncertain missing modalities. We conduct extensive experiments on industrial datasets, including Kuai and Tencent. Comparing with state-of-the-art approaches, MMAM achieves improvements in personalized recommendation tasks under uncertain missing modalities. MMAM holds promise for enhancing multi-modal personalized recommendations in real-world applications

关键词： Discriminators

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Beyond the sandbox: Leveraging symbolic execution for evasive malware classification

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computers and Security 2025年 149卷

作者： Vouvoutsis, Vasilis Casino, Fran Patsakis, Constantinos Department of Informatics University of Piraeus 80 Karaoli & Dimitriou str. Piraeus18534 Greece Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics Universitat Rovira i Virgili Spain Information Management Systems Institute Athena Research Centre Artemidos 6 Marousi15125 Greece

Threat actors continuously update their code to incorporate counter-analysis techniques designed to evade detection and hinder the blocking of their malware. The first line of defence for malware authors is often to bypass static analysis, a relatively straightforward task using readily available tools such as packers and cryptors. To address this shortcoming, defenders send potential malware samples for execution in a sandbox environment. While sandboxing can provide valuable insights into the behaviour of software on an information system, advanced techniques like anti-virtualisation and hooking evasion allow malware to escape detection. The primary objective of this work is to complement sandbox execution with symbolic execution frameworks to detect new malware strains efficiently. Symbolic execution offers a distinct advantage over sandboxing by achieving greater coverage of all possible execution traces, as it can explore every potential execution path, regardless of the evasion methods employed by the malware authors. By carefully selecting the samples to be analysed, we can significantly reduce the workload while extracting essential dynamic features in a fraction of the time and with far fewer computational resources compared to sandboxing. To this end, we leverage machine learning in an automated pipeline, enabling the accurate detection of sophisticated malware using a real-world dataset. Our approach yields average F1 scores of 0.93 for the benign class and 0.99 for the malware class in a binary classification setup, surpassing the detection rates reported in the literature. Additionally, our method outperforms a commercial malware sandbox when applied to the same dataset, further highlighting the efficacy of the proposed method. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Malware

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A Lightweight and Robust Access Control Protocol for IoT-based e-Healthcare Network

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IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 2025年

作者： Ghaffar, Zahid Kuo, Wen-Chung Mahmood, Khalid Tariq, Tayyaba Shamshad, Salman Das, Ashok Kumar Alenazi, Mohammed J.F. National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology Douliu64002 Taiwan National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Douliu64002 Taiwan National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Graduate School of Intelligent Data Science Douliu64002 Taiwan The University of Lahore Department of Software Engineering Lahore54590 Pakistan International Institute of Information Technology Center for Security Theory and Algorithmic Research Hyderabad500 032 India Korea University Department of Computer Science and Engineering College of Informatics 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul02841 Korea Republic of King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences Department of Computer Engineering Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are crucial components in e-healthcare networks. It enables remote patient health monitoring and facilitates seamless communication among medical sensors, wearable devices, and healthcare providers through public communication channels. Despite these advantages, the use of public communication among medical sensors in e-healthcare networks introduces critical challenges, such as vulnerability to impersonation, physical capture, and ephemeral secret leakage, particularly in resource-constrained environments. In recent years, various access control protocols have been developed to mitigate these risks. However, these protocols often fail to ensure robust security while incurring significant communication and computation overhead. To overcome these limitations, we propose a lightweight and robust access control protocol for IoT-based e-healthcare networks using chaotic maps. We propose a novel protocol that integrates a PUF-based mechanism to mitigate the challenges of physical tampering and cloning attacks in e-healthcare networks. It leverages the inherent uniqueness of PUF and enhances security through the high-entropy properties of chaotic maps. We analyze the proposed protocol informally, which confirms that it significantly bolsters efficiency and security. We also validate the security using the Random or Real (RoR) model. Moreover, we verify the security of the proposed protocol using Scyther. These analyses highlight that the proposed protocol offers robust resistance to numerous attacks, such as impersonation, physical capture, and ephemeral secret leakage. Moreover, we also compare it with existing and relevant protocols. The comparative analysis showcases its superior performance. Notably, the proposed authentication protocol significantly reduces 46.84% computational overhead and decreases 31.30% communication overhead, underscoring its enhanced performance and resource efficiency. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Authentication

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Beyond Vanilla Fine-Tuning: Leveraging Multistage, Multilingual, and Domain-Specific Methods for Low-Resource Machine Translation

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Thillainathan, Sarubi Yuan, Songchen Lee, En-Shiun Annie Jayasena, Sanath Ranathunga, Surangika Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka Department of Language Science and Technology Saarland Informatics Campus Saarland University Germany Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Canada Faculty of Science University of Ontario of Technology Canada School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences Massey University New Zealand

Fine-tuning multilingual sequence-to-sequence large language models (msLLMs) has shown promise in developing neural machine translation (NMT) systems for low-resource languages (LRLs). However, conventional single-stage fine-tuning methods struggle in extremely low-resource NMT settings, where training data is very limited. This paper contributes to artificial intelligence by proposing two approaches for adapting msLLMs in these challenging scenarios: (1) continual pre-training (CPT), where the msLLM is further trained with domain-specific monolingual data to compensate for the under-representation of LRLs, and (2) intermediate task transfer learning (ITTL), a method that fine-tunes the msLLM with both in-domain and out-of-domain parallel data to enhance its translation capabilities across various domains and tasks. As an application in engineering, these methods are implemented in NMT systems for Sinhala, Tamil, and English (six language pairs) in domain-specific, extremely low-resource settings (datasets containing fewer than 100,000 samples). Our experiments reveal that these approaches enhance translation performance by an average of +1.47 bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) score compared to the standard single-stage fine-tuning baseline across all translation directions. Additionally, a multi-model ensemble further improves performance by an additional BLEU score. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Neural machine translation

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Lightweight Security for Ambient-Powered Programmable Reflections with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Kunz, Andreas Baskaran, Sheeba Backia Mary Alexandropoulos, George C. Lenovo/Motorola Mobility Oberursel61440 Germany Department of Informatics and Telecommunications National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens15784 Greece Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois Chicago ChicagoIL60601 United States

Ambient Internet-of-Things (AIoT) form a new class of emerging technology that promises to deliver pervasive wireless connectivity to previously disconnected devices and products, assisting dependent industries (for example, supply chain, clothing, remote surveillance, climate monitoring, and sensors) to obtain granular real-time service visibility. Such ultra-low complexity and power consumption devices, that are either battery-less or have the capability for limited energy storage, can provide data feeds about the condition of any aspect (e.g., an environment or an item) that is being monitored, enabling proactive or reactive control by any application server. Although the security of data involving AIoT devices is critical for key decisions of any dependent operational system, the implementation of resource intensive cryptographic algorithms and other security mechanisms becomes nearly infeasible, or very challenging, due to the device energy and computational limitations. In this article, we present a lightweight security solution that enables confidentiality, integrity, and privacy protection in wireless links including AIoT. We consider, as a case study, an ambient-powered Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) that harvests energy from its incident radio waves to realize programmable reflective beamforming, enabling the communication between a Base Station (BS) and end-user terminals. The proposed lightweight security solution is applied to the control channel between the BS and the RIS controller which is responsible for the metasurface’s dynamic management and phase configuration optimization. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： 5G mobile communication systems

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Design oligoporous-core based multimode fiber for mode division multiplexing applications

引用

Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第5期57卷 1-24页

作者： Mitu, Sumaiya Akhtar Abdulrazak, Lway Faisal Ibrahim, Sobhy M. Tahhan, Shaymaa R. Hossain, Md Bellal Ahmed, Kawsar Bui, Francis M. Chen, Li Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Asia Pacific 74/A Green Rd Dhaka1205 Bangladesh Department of Information and Communication Technology Group of Bio-photomatiχ Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail Santosh1902 Bangladesh Department of Computer Science Cihan University Sulaimaniya Kurdistan Region Sulaimaniya46001 Iraq Department of Biochemistry College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box: 2455 Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Department of Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering College of Engineering Al-Nahrain University Jadriya Baghdad64074 Iraq School of Electrical and Information Engineering The University of Sydney SydneyNSW Australia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan 57 Campus Drive SaskatoonSKS7N 5A9 Canada Health Informatics Research Lab Department of Computer Science and Engineering Daffodil International University Daffodil Smart City Birulia Dhaka1216 Bangladesh

A polarization-maintaining oligoporous-core-based multi-mode fiber is proposed. By tuning the air hole, as well as the core number, shape, size, and position up to 28 distinct linearly polarized (LP) modes are obtained. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to perform the numerical investigations. In addition, various materials combinations are used as a doping with silica which is highly helpful to increase or decrease the refractive index of the core material. The multimode fiber is identified by the normalized frequency or V parameter. Besides, the high birefringence value, low loss value, minimum crosstalk with high sensitivity response of 1.46×10-2, 2×10-11dB/m, 41.80 dB and 88,280.46 nm/RIU, respectively, are achieved from the numerical investigations over the wavelength range from 1.55 µm to1.65 µm for the different LP modes. Moreover, good responses also obtain for the numerical aperture, V number, coupling length and other parameters. In the end, every value reveals both an easy-to-fabricate structure design as well as adequate performance analysis. The suggested fiber structure can support many modes and might be applicable in the field of optical communications and spatial multiplexing based on the user demand. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Fiber to the x

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Blockchain-Enhanced Energy-Efficient Architectures for Sustainable Internet of Things Ecosystems 1st

Blockchain-Enhanced Energy-Efficient Architectures for Susta...

引用

1st International Conference on Advanced Network Technologies and Computational Intelligence, ICANTCI 2024

作者： Goyal, S.B. Rajawat, Anand Singh Verma, Chaman Illés, Zoltán Singh, Jaiteg Faculty of Information Technology City University Petaling Jaya46100 Malaysia School of Computer Sciences and Engineering Sandeep University Nashik India Department of Media and Educational Informatics Faculty of Informatics Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab Rajpura India

ISBN: (纸本)9783031860683

Novel technique are required to ensure the long-term viability and maximize the efficiency of energy consumption in the constantly changing Internet of Things (IoT) landscape. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study examines the potential use of blockchain technology into IoT architectural concepts. Our approach utilizes blockchain technology to effectively manage and enhance energy consumption in IoT devices and networks. This is achieved by capitalizing on the decentralized, secure, and transparent characteristics of blockchain. Our objective is to do this by developing a decentralized ledger system that documents all energy transactions and interactions inside an Internet of Things (IoT) environment. This strategy utilizes blockchain technology to provide accountability and real-time monitoring of energy consumption, hence facilitating improved energy allocation and consumption. We delve into the concept and execution of smart contracts that ensure transactions and automate energy-conservation procedures, thereby diminishing the necessity for centralized authority and alleviating energy wastage. In addition, we examine the possibility of blockchain technology to enable direct energy transfer between Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This feature facilitates the development of a self-sustaining Internet of Things ecosystem by enabling devices with surplus energy to vend it to those requiring it. We also tackle the difficulties associated with the integration of blockchain with IoT, such as the energy consumption resulting from blockchain activities and the ability to effectively handle large volumes of data. Furthermore, we offer resolutions to these problems. The proposed framework improves the energy efficiency of IoT ecosystems and promotes their sustainability by advocating for the use of renewable energy sources and decreasing carbon footprints. Through the utilization of simulations and real-world illustrations, we showcase the efficacy of our bl

关键词： Clean energy

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Questionable Fairness in Federated Learning

Questionable Fairness in Federated Learning

引用

Conference on Data Science and Machine Learning Applications (CDMA)

作者： Raed Alharbi Truc Nguyen Nooshin Yousefzadeh Ahmed Aljohani College of Computing and Informatics Saudi Electronic University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Computatioual Science Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO USA Computer and Information Science and Engineering Department University of Florida Gainesville FL USA Computer Science and Engineering University of North Texas Denton USA

ISBN: (数字)9798331539696

ISBN: (纸本)9798331539702

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a powerful framework for training deep learning models across numerous distributed clients, where a central server distributes and aggregates model updates without accessing clients' raw data, ensuring privacy. However, this decentralized approach introduces significant challenges regarding fairness. Existing research shows that non-i.i.d. data distributions among clients can lead to biased global models, particularly affecting decisions based on sensitive attributes. This paper aims to investigate these fairness issues rigorously by analyzing how disparities in client data distribution impact model fairness. We conduct experiments using various models and datasets to evaluate and mitigate biases. We also propose novel data partitioning strategies to reflect real-world client data distributions accurately. Our finding shows that FL is highly vulnerable to the fairness problem due to the Non-IID property. The experiment's code can be found here: https://***/raed19/Questionable-Fairness-in-Federated-Learning.

关键词： Training Deep learning Data privacy Federated learning Prevention and mitigation Distributed databases Data science Data models Servers Multiaccess communication

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