Advanced technologies like the World Wide Web offer interesting opportunities for improving higher education, A recent study done at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) focused on these matters and made se...
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Advanced technologies like the World Wide Web offer interesting opportunities for improving higher education, A recent study done at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) focused on these matters and made several specific recommendations, Since this study was completed, a new center was established at MIT to coordinate and promote the use of advanced technologies in education, and a high-level council on educational technology was formed, After briefly peering into the future, this paper describes the study and the new center, An on-line version of the paper, with linked references to the study report and other Web resources, appears in the CD-ROM that accompanies this printed version of the paper.
A general formula relating the waveform at the output of a CMOS inverter to the waveform at its input is derived. The formula is applied to three cases: a step input, a ramp input, and an exponential input. A one-dime...
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A general formula relating the waveform at the output of a CMOS inverter to the waveform at its input is derived. The formula is applied to three cases: a step input, a ramp input, and an exponential input. A one-dimensional functional dependence of the inverter propagation delay and output slew rate on circuit parameters is derived and an inverter macromodel for timing analysis is suggested and experimentally verified.
An electron gun using lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) as a cathode material is being studied for use as a robust thermionic emitter at high cathode current densities. It has a standard planar cathode, Pierce-type electron...
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An electron gun using lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) as a cathode material is being studied for use as a robust thermionic emitter at high cathode current densities. It has a standard planar cathode, Pierce-type electron gun design with a space-charge-limited perveance of 3.2 × 10-6 A/V3/2. Thus far it has been operated up to 36 kV in the space-charge-limited regime. The cathode is heated by electron bombardment and radiation from an auxiliary tungsten filament. The total heating requirement is found to be 202 W/cm2 of cathode area at a cathode temperature of 1626°C. These observations are found to be in reasonable agreement with a thermal steady-state power balance model. Beam current distribution measurements are made with a movable collector and Faraday cup, and are found to be in agreement with an electron-gun computer code. The cathode temperature distribution is also measured.
The correspondence describes a polynomial interpolation based filter digitization technique which aims to preserve an analog system's frequency response. It is shown that the procedure is capable df digitizing non...
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The correspondence describes a polynomial interpolation based filter digitization technique which aims to preserve an analog system's frequency response. It is shown that the procedure is capable df digitizing non bandlimited, including highpass, analog filters. In most cases considered, it results in digital filters whose frequency response is closer to the frequency response of the analog filter than that of filters designed using impulse invariance or the bilinear transformation.
Large language models(LLMs) have significantly advanced artificial intelligence(AI) by excelling in tasks such as understanding, generation, and reasoning across multiple modalities. Despite these achievements, LLMs h...
Large language models(LLMs) have significantly advanced artificial intelligence(AI) by excelling in tasks such as understanding, generation, and reasoning across multiple modalities. Despite these achievements, LLMs have inherent limitations including outdated information, hallucinations, inefficiency, lack of interpretability, and challenges in domain-specific accuracy. To address these issues, this survey explores three promising directions in the post-LLM era: knowledge empowerment, model collaboration, and model co-evolution. First, we examine methods of integrating external knowledge into LLMs to enhance factual accuracy, reasoning capabilities, and interpretability, including incorporating knowledge into training objectives, instruction tuning, retrieval-augmented inference, and knowledge prompting. Second, we discuss model collaboration strategies that leverage the complementary strengths of LLMs and smaller models to improve efficiency and domain-specific performance through techniques such as model merging, functional model collaboration, and knowledge injection. Third, we delve into model co-evolution, in which multiple models collaboratively evolve by sharing knowledge, parameters, and learning strategies to adapt to dynamic environments and tasks, thereby enhancing their adaptability and continual learning. We illustrate how the integration of these techniques advances AI capabilities in science, engineering, and society—particularly in hypothesis development, problem formulation, problem-solving, and interpretability across various domains. We conclude by outlining future pathways for further advancement and applications.
We propose a specularity detection method based on a synergistic integration of color and polarization information from multiple views, The presence of specularity in images may cause many traditional computer vision ...
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We propose a specularity detection method based on a synergistic integration of color and polarization information from multiple views, The presence of specularity in images may cause many traditional computer vision processes to produce misleading results. Recent physics-based detection methods have provided much success in locating specularity;however, no single cue reveals the full structure of specular reflections. Our method merges multiple-view color and polarization, two physically Independent but highly effective cues, in a way that they mutually benefit from each other. In a fused color and polarization space, the proposed algorithm compares the distributions of sensor data from multiple views for detection of specularity. We show that the efficacy of this nem cue extends beyond that of the sum of its parts, and confirming experimental results are presented. (C) 1997 Academic Press.
A two-stage vector quantizer is introduced that uses an unstructured first-stage codebook and a second-stage lattice codebook. Joint optimum two-stage encoding is accomplished by exhaustive search of the parent codebo...
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A two-stage vector quantizer is introduced that uses an unstructured first-stage codebook and a second-stage lattice codebook. Joint optimum two-stage encoding is accomplished by exhaustive search of the parent codebook of the two-stage product code. Due to the relative ease of lattice vector quantization, optimum encoding is feasible for moderate-to-large encoding rates and vector dimensions, provided the first-stage codebook size is kept reasonable. For memoryless Gaussian and Laplacian sources, encoding rates of 2 to 3 b/sample, and vector dimensions of 8 to 32, the signal-to-noise ratio performance is comparable or superior to equivalent-delay encoding results previously reported. For Gaussin sources with memory, the effectiveness of the encoding method is dependent on the feasibility of using a large enough first-stage vector quantizer codebook to exploit most of the source memory.
The effects of plasma charging damage on the noise properties of MOSFET's which is a necessary consideration for high-performance analog applications were studied using 1/f noise, Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) noi...
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The effects of plasma charging damage on the noise properties of MOSFET's which is a necessary consideration for high-performance analog applications were studied using 1/f noise, Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) noise and charge pumping techniques. Plasma ashing significantly increases the drain flicker noise, more with larger antenna sizes, mainly in the low-frequency and low-gate-bias regime. The observed RTS reveals that an oxide trap with a few milliseconds time constant was induced by the plasma processing. This oxide trap is located in the energy space which corresponds to the low gate bias of device. This trap may be reproduced by Fowler Nordheim stress as suggested by noise and charge pumping measurements, supporting the notion that plasma ashing damage is a result of electrical stress, not radiation, for example.
We propose and demonstrate all-optical logic gates, performing all eight two-input Boolean functions (ON, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR, INV) in a two-wavelength nonlinear interferometer. With a 400 m long single-mode...
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We propose and demonstrate all-optical logic gates, performing all eight two-input Boolean functions (ON, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR, INV) in a two-wavelength nonlinear interferometer. With a 400 m long single-mode fiber loop, the required pump power was 0.13 W, 0.25 W, 0.38 W, and 0.38 W for AND (NAND), OR (NOR), XOR (XNOR), and ON (INV), respectively. The concept can be extended to provide single-wavelength cascadable operation with fan-out.
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