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Enhanced Multi-Scale Object Detection Algorithm for Foggy Traffic Scenarios

computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 2451-2474页

作者： Honglin Wang Zitong Shi Cheng Zhu School of Artificial Intelligence Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044China School of Computer Science Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing210044China School of Electrical&Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA

In foggy traffic scenarios, existing object detection algorithms face challenges such as low detection accuracy, poor robustness, occlusion, missed detections, and false detections. To address this issue, a multi-scale object detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv8 has been proposed. Firstly, a lightweight attention mechanism, Triplet Attention, is introduced to enhance the algorithm’s ability to extract multi-dimensional and multi-scale features, thereby improving the receptive capability of the feature maps. Secondly, the Diverse Branch Block (DBB) is integrated into the CSP Bottleneck with two Convolutions (C2F) module to strengthen the fusion of semantic information across different layers. Thirdly, a new decoupled detection head is proposed by redesigning the original network head based on the Diverse Branch Block module to improve detection accuracy and reduce missed and false detections. Finally, the Minimum Point Distance based Intersection-over-Union (MPDIoU) is used to replace the original YOLOv8 Complete Intersection-over-Union (CIoU) to accelerate the network’s training convergence. Comparative experiments and dehazing pre-processing tests were conducted on the RTTS and VOC-Fog datasets. Compared to the baseline YOLOv8 model, the improved algorithm achieved mean Average Precision (mAP) improvements of 4.6% and 3.8%, respectively. After defogging pre-processing, the mAP increased by 5.3% and 4.4%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm exhibits high practicality and effectiveness in foggy traffic scenarios.

关键词： Deep learning object detection foggy scenes traffic detection YOLOv8

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Deep learning and machine learning based highly accurate reflection prediction model for multi layers anti-reflection coatings

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Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第1期57卷 1-22页

作者： Oktay, Semih Duru, İremnur Bakır, Halit Tabaru, Timuçin Emre Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering Sivas University of Science and Technology Sivas Turkey Computer Engineering Department Sivas University of Science and Technology Sivas Turkey

This study focuses on creating an accurate reflection prediction model that will guide the design of filters with multilayer Anti-Reflection Coating (ARC) to optimize the thickness parameters using Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques. This model aims to shed light on the design process of a multilayer optical filter, making it more cost-effective by providing faster and more precise production. In creating this model, a dataset containing data obtained from 3000 (1500 Ge–Al2O3, 1500 Ge–SiO2) simulations previously performed on a computer based on the thicknesses of multilayer structural materials was used. The data are generated using Computational Electromagnetic simulation software based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method. To understand the mechanism of the proposed model, two different two-layer coating simulations were studied. While Ge was used as the substrate in both coatings, Al2O3 and SiO2 were used as the second layers. The data set consists of the 3–5 µm and 8–12 µm bands typical for the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) bands and includes reflectance values for wavelengths ranging between these spectra. In the specified 2-layer data set, the average reflectance was obtained with a minimum of 0.36 at 515 nm Ge and 910 nm SiO2 thicknesses. This value can be increased by adapting the proposed model to more than 2 layers. Six ML algorithms and a DL model, including artificial neural networks and convolutional neural networks, are evaluated to determine the most effective approach for predicting reflectance properties. Furthermore, in the proposed model, a hyperparameter tuning phase is used in the study to compare the efficiency of ML and DL methods to generate dual-band ARC and maximize the prediction accuracy of the DL algorithm. To our knowledge, this is the first time this has been implemented in this field. The results show that ML models, particularly decision tree (MSE: 0.00000069, RMSE: 0.00083), rand

关键词： Antireflection coatings

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Energy-Efficient Cell Association and Load Balancing for Low Battery Users in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 82621-82636页

作者： Qadeer Khan, Abdul Javed, Kamran Raza, Ali Saleem, Shahryar Saeed, Zubair NUTECH Department of Computer Engineering Islamabad44000 Pakistan Hamad Bin Khalifa University College of Science & Engineering Doha Qatar Air University Islamabad Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Islamabad44000 Pakistan Texas A&M University Department of Electrical Computer Engineering College StationTX77843 United States

The future Heterogeneous Cellular Network (HCN) is expected to fulfill the demand for the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, extended reality, connected vehicles and mobile gadgets. In HCN, the deployment of low power nodes inside the coverage area of a high power node yields the benefit of providing improved data rates to users by offloading a portion of users from a highly loaded high power node to relatively lightly loaded low power nodes. However, the offloading of users through conventional cell association schemes may not guarantee improved load balancing along with the energy efficiency (EE) of critical users such as user equipment (UE) with low battery power. This paper proposes improved cell association schemes based on the battery levels of UE and Deep Q-learning (DQL) to achieve load balancing and to decrease the power consumption of Low Battery Users (LBUs). The proposed approach combines UE battery levels with three conventional association schemes for improvement: minimum distance based cell association, maximum biased received power (MBRP), and maximum biased SINR (MBSINR). Results on cell association, load balancing, and EE of LBUs have been compared with conventional association schemes. The proposed battery based cell association models perform well in favor of LBUs and clearly show the significance of the proposed approach. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Load management Batteries Base stations Interference Cellular networks Uplink Load modeling Signal to noise ratio Throughput Optimization

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Community Detection in Multi-Aspect Functional Brain Networks: Robust Tensor Decomposition Approach

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 82043-82064页

作者： Al-Sharoa, Esraa Al-Wardat, Mohammad Aviyente, Selin Jordan University of Science and Technology College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Irbid22110 Jordan Michigan State University College of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering East LansingMI48824 United States

Functional organization of the brain can be characterized as a network of interconnected regions. Study of brain networks has offered new insights on human behavior and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies show that the functional connectivity networks are dynamic with the topology and community structure evolving with time during task performance and rest. Most of the current work on analyzing the community structure of dynamic networks either focus on single subjects or extract the group level community structure. In this paper, we present a framework for community detection in dynamic functional connectivity networks across multiple subjects and at the individual level, simultaneously. The proposed approach is based on a structured robust tensor decomposition with spectral clustering, temporal smoothness and co-clustering regularization terms to extract both the group and individual level community structures. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the community structure within the group is tracked to identify change points that may correspond to events of interest. The proposed framework is applied to dynamic functional connectivity networks constructed from task-based electroencephalogram (EEG) data. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Tensors Hidden Markov models Brain modeling Organizations Nonhomogeneous media Matrix decomposition Diseases Mathematical models Feature extraction Time series analysis

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Single-Frequency Self-Alignment RF Resonant Beam for Information and Power Transfer

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 16622-16636页

作者： Jiang, Qingwei Liu, Mingqing Xu, Mengyuan Fang, Wen Xiong, Mingliang Liu, Qingwen Zhou, Shengli Tongji University College of Computer Science and Technology Shanghai201804 China Tongji University College of Electronics and Information Engineering Shanghai201804 China University of Connecticut Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering CT06250 United States

Due to power attenuation, improving transmission efficiency in the radio-frequency (RF) band remains a significant challenge, which hinders advancements in various fields of the Internet of Things (IoT), such as wireless power transfer (WPT) and wireless communication. Array design and retro-directive beamforming (RD-BF) techniques offer simple and effective ways to enhance transmission efficiency. However, when the target is an array or in the near field, the RD-BF system (RD-BFS) cannot radiate more energy to the target due to phase irregularities in the target region, resulting in challenges in achieving higher efficiency. To address this issue, we propose the RF-based resonant beam system (RF-RBS), which adaptively optimizes phase and power distribution between transmitting and receiving arrays by leveraging the resonance mechanism to achieve higher transmission efficiency. We analyze the system structure and develop an analytical model to evaluate power flow and resonance establishment. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the proposed RF-RBS achieves self-alignment without beam control and provides higher transmission efficiency compared to RD-BFS, with improvements of up to 16%. This self-alignment capability allows the system to effectively transfer power and information across varying distances and offsets. The numerical results indicate the capability to transmit watt-level power and achieve 21 bps/Hz of downlink spectral efficiency in indoor settings, highlighting the advantages of RF-RBS in information and power transfer for mobile applications. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Inductive power transmission

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Reliable Task Offloading for 6G-Based IoT Applications

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 2255-2274页

作者： Usman Mahmood Malik Muhammad Awais Javed Ahmad Naseem Alvi Mohammed Alkhathami Department of Computer Software Engineering National University of Science and Technology(NUST)Islamabad44000Pakistan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University IslamabadIslamabad45550Pakistan Information Systems Department College of Computer and Information SciencesImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)Riyadh11432Saudi Arabia

Fog computing is a key enabling technology of 6G systems as it provides quick and reliable computing,and data storage services which are required for several 6G *** Intelligence(AI)algorithms will be an integral part of 6G systems and efficient task offloading techniques using fog computing will improve their performance and *** this paper,the focus is on the scenario of Partial Offloading of a Task to Multiple Helpers(POMH)in which larger tasks are divided into smaller subtasks and processed in parallel,hence expediting task ***,using POMH presents challenges such as breaking tasks into subtasks and scaling these subtasks based on many interdependent factors to ensure that all subtasks of a task finish simultaneously,preventing resource ***,applying matching theory to POMH scenarios results in dynamic preference profiles of helping devices due to changing subtask sizes,resulting in a difficult-to-solve,externalities *** paper introduces a novel many-to-one matching-based algorithm,designed to address the externalities problem and optimize resource allocation within POMH ***,we propose a new time-efficient preference profiling technique that further enhances time optimization in POMH *** performance of the proposed technique is thoroughly evaluated in comparison to alternate baseline schemes,revealing many advantages of the proposed *** simulation findings indisputably show that the proposed matching-based offloading technique outperforms existing methodologies in the literature,yielding a remarkable 52 reduction in task latency,particularly under high workloads.

关键词： 6G IoT task offloading fog computing

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DGeC: Dynamically and Globally Enhanced Convolution

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第4期6卷 921-933页

作者： Zhang, Zihang Liu, Yuling Zhou, Zhili Yang, Gaobo Liao, Xin Wu, Q. M. Jonathan Hunan University College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Changsha410082 China Guangzhou University Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Guangzhou510006 China University of Windsor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering WindsorON250101 Canada

We explore the reasons for the poorer feature extraction ability of vanilla convolution and discover that there mainly exist three key factors that restrict its representation capability, i.e., regular sampling, static aggregation, and limited receptive field. With the cost of extra parameters and computations, existing approaches merely alleviate part of the limitations. It drives us to seek a more lightweight operator to further improve the extracted image features. Through a closer examination of the convolution process, we discover that it is composed of two distinct interactions: spatial-wise interaction and channel-wise interaction. Based on this discovery, we decouple the convolutional blocks into these two interactions which not only reduces the parameters and computations but also enables a richer ensemble of interactions. Then, we propose the dynamically and globally enhanced convolution (DGeC), which includes several components as follows: a dynamic area perceptor block (DAP) that dynamically samples spatial cues, an adaptive global context block (AGC) that introduces the location-aware global image information, and a channel attention perceptor block (CAP) that merges different channel-wise features. The experiments on ImageNet for image classification and on COCO-2017 for object detection validate the effectiveness of DGeC. As a result, our proposed method consistently improves the performance with fewer parameters and computations. In particular, DGeC achieves a 3.1% improvement in top-1 accuracy on ImageNet dataset compared to ResNet50. Moreover, with Faster RCNN and RetinaNet, our DGeC-ResNet50 also consistently outperforms ResNet and ResNeXt. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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FLARE: Defending Federated Learning Against Model Poisoning Attacks via Latent Space Representations

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IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2025年第3期22卷 2607-2623页

作者： Wang, Ning Zhang, Chaoyu Xiao, Yang Chen, Yimin Lou, Wenjing Hou, Y. Thomas University of South Florida Department of Computer Science and Engineering TampaFL33620 United States Virginia Tech Department of Computer Science ArlingtonVA22203 United States University of Kentucky Department of Computer Science LexingtonKY40506 United States University of Massachusetts Lowell Miner School of Computer and Information Sciences LowellMA01854 United States Virginia Tech Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BlacksburgVA24061 United States

Federated learning (FL) has been shown vulnerable to a new class of adversarial attacks, known as model poisoning attacks (MPA), where one or more malicious clients try to poison the global model by sending carefully crafted local model updates to the central parameter server. Existing defenses that have been fixated on analyzing model parameters show limited effectiveness in detecting such malicious models. In this work, we propose FLARE, a robust model aggregation mechanism for FL, which is resilient against state-of-the-art MPAs. Instead of solely depending on model parameters, FLARE leverages the penultimate layer representations (PLRs) of the model for characterizing the adversarial influence on each local model update. We further propose a trust evaluation method that estimates a trust score for each model update based on pairwise PLR discrepancies among all model updates. Under the assumption of honest majority, FLARE assigns a low trust score to model updates that are far from the benign cluster. FLARE then aggregates the model updates weighted by their trust scores and finally updates the global model. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of FLARE in defending FL against various MPAs, including semantic backdoor attacks, trojan backdoor attacks, and untargeted attacks, in various FL systems. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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On Traffic Prediction With Knowledge-Driven Spatial–Temporal Graph Convolutional Network Aided by Selected Attention Mechanism

IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and ...

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IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking 2025年 3卷 369-380页

作者： Qian, Yuwen Qiu, Tianyang Ma, Chuan Ni, Yiyang Yuan, Long Zhou, Xiangwei Li, Jun Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Electronic and Optical Engineering Nanjing210094 China Chongqing University College of Computer Science Chongqing400044 China Jiangsu Second Normal University School of Computer Engineering Nanjing210037 China Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing210094 China Louisiana State University Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering Baton RougeLA70803 United States

Intelligent transportation systems grapple with the formidable task of precisely forecasting real-time traffic conditions, where the traffic dynamics exhibit intricacies arising from spatial and temporal dependencies. The urban road network presents a complex web of interconnected roads, where the state of traffic on one road can influence the conditions of others. Moreover, the prediction of traffic conditions necessitates the consideration of diverse temporal factors. Notably, the proximity of a time point to the present moment wields a more substantial impact on subsequent states. In this paper, we propose the knowledge-driven graph convolutional network (KGCN) aided by the gated recurrent unit with a selected attention mechanism (GSAM) to predict traffic flow. In particular, KGCN is employed to capture the correlation of the external knowledge factors for the road and the spatial dependencies, and the gated recurrent unit (GRU) is used to cope with temporal dependence. Furthermore, to improve traffic prediction accuracy, we propose the GRU combined with a selected attention mechanism with Gumble-Max to predict traffic at the temporal dimension, where a selector is chosen to dynamically assign the feature in various time intervals with different weights. Experimental results with real-life data show the proposed KGCN with GSAM can achieve high accuracy in traffic prediction. Compared to the traditional traffic prediction method, the proposed KGCN with GSAM can achieve higher efficacy and robustness when capturing global dynamic temporal dependencies, external knowledge factor correlations, and spatial correlations. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Knowledge graph

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HGLFNet: Hybrid Global Semantic and Local Detail Feature Network for Lane Detection

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 72314-72328页

作者： Ding, Lei Tang, Chunhui Fang, Yi University of Shanghai for Science and Technology School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering Shanghai200093 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai200240 China

Lane detection is a crucial component of autonomous driving perception systems. Existing methods still encounter performance limitations in complex situations like occlusions and extreme illumination. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel Hybrid Global Semantic and Local Detail Feature Network (HGLFNet), designed to enhance lane detection accuracy and robustness in complex scenarios. Technically, we propose a Global Semantic Feature Extraction Module (GSFEM), integrating a Long-Range Information Capture Unit (LRICU) and a Multi-Scale Aggregation Unit (MSAU). GSFEM innovatively utilizes large-kernel convolutions to efficiently capture global contextual information, significantly improving the model’s perception of complete lane line shapes and overcoming the limited receptive field of conventional methods. Furthermore, we develop a Semantic Feature Fusion Module (SFFM) to effectively bridge the semantic gap between global semantic features and local detailed features. SFFM incorporates a Deformable Feature-based Attention Mechanism (DFAM) to adaptively enhance the representational power of fused features and highlight crucial lane line characteristics. HGLFNet effectively integrates global semantic context with local detailed information, enhancing the network’s ability to detect thin and occluded lane line structures. In quantitative evaluation, HGLFNet is compared with state-of-the-art methods. On the VIL-100 dataset, the F1 score and accuracy are improved by 0.75% and 0.38%, respectively, compared to ADNet. On the Tusimple dataset, the F1 score and accuracy are improved by 0.49% and 0.11%, respectively. On the more challenging CULane dataset, the F1 score is improved by 0.03%. The experimental results comprehensively demonstrate that HGLFNet surpasses the existing state-of-the-art techniques in both accuracy and efficiency, providing a novel and effective solution for lane detection in complex scenarios and showing significant potential in pra

关键词： Semantics Feature extraction Lane detection Shape Attention mechanisms Accuracy Kernel Lighting Autonomous vehicles Roads

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