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Towards Grid Modernization through Enhanced Communications and Computing: Novel Performance Index and Information Structure for Monitoring Voltage Problems

Towards Grid Modernization through Enhanced Communications a...

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Annual North-American Power Symposium

作者： Le Xie Jovan Ilic Marija D. Ilic Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424402271

In this paper we observe that recent voltage problems, including August 2003 blackout, are often caused by the lack of adequate and timely information. We study the type of information essential to avoiding such problems in the future. The needed information concerns (a) choice of a performance index characterizing problems of interest; (b) information structure necessary to monitor the performance index with acceptable accuracy; and, (c) the interdependence between (a) and (b). We propose a novel performance index and corresponding information structure. This information structure requires very little or no communications between decomposed subsystems. Illustrations of proposed concepts in multi control area systems are presented. These findings form a basis for grid modernization through communications and computing for improved voltage support in multi control area system.

关键词： Grid computing Performance analysis Monitoring Voltage control Communication system control Control systems Logic design Hardware Programmable control Adaptive control

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public policy and engineering design: A creative partnership in engineering education

Public policy and engineering design: A creative partnership...

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113th Annual ASEE Conference and Exposition, 2006

作者： Tramba, Alison Russell, Edmund Paxton, Marshall, P. University of Virginia United States School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia United States Department of Science Technology and Society and History University of Virginia United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Undergraduate Programs School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia United States UVA School of Architecture Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Engineering and Public Policy Division American Society for Engineering Education United States

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Imbedding Smart Relays in Large Electric Power Networks: The Scalability Problem and a Possible Solution

Imbedding Smart Relays in Large Electric Power Networks: The...

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Annual North-American Power Symposium

作者： Yi Zhang Marija D. Ilic Marija Prica Ozan Tonguz Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Department of Engineering & Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Department of Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424402271

As the need to meet the high security and reliability requirements of the electric power grids intensify, it is essential to make the existing relays smarter and more adaptive to changing system conditions. A successful implementation of enhanced relay performance requires both improved logic and the ability to manage computing and communications in near-real time. In this paper, we first summarize our recently introduced hypothesis-testing-based improved logic for over-current relays. The new contribution concerns the computational and communications problem associated with the large combinatorial burden of decision making underlying this new logic when relays are embedded in large electric power networks. We refer to this problem as the scalability problem. In this paper, a possible approach to solving the scalability problem is presented. In particular, this approach leads to: 1) Shorter simulation and training time prior to installing new relays; 2) Less data requirement for training and updating each relay; and 3) Faster dynamic updating with lower communication traffic load. These features are essential for a physical cyber system (PCS) to effectively meet the goals of secure and reliable critical infrastructures, such as a large electric power system.

关键词： Relays Scalability Power system relaying Power system reliability Logic Power systems Communication system security Power system security Telecommunication network reliability Adaptive systems

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Are personal electronics a threat to aircraft?

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Aviation Week and Space Technology (New York) 2006年第15期164卷 58-58页

作者： Strauss, Bill Apt, Jay Morgan, M. Granger Stancil, Daniel D. Naval Air Warfare Center Patuxent River MD IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh CMU Engineering and Public Policy Dept. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

The US Federal Communications Commission began soliciting comments in December 2004 on proposed regulations to permit the use of cell phones and other personal electronic devices (PED) on board commercial airline flights. The numerous reports in the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database of navigation errors ceased after the cockpit crew asked for PEDs to be turned off. Corporate and general aviation pilots have reported that approach-certified GPS avionics can lose satellite lock inflight due to cellular tele-phones being on. Personal electronics have caused avionics interference on airliners and general aviation aircraft. The aviation systems should develop and deploy simple real-time tools that can allow the crew to detect RF emissions.

关键词： Electronic equipment

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Capacity expansion and investment as a function of electricity market structure: Part I - Generation

Capacity expansion and investment as a function of electrici...

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2005 IEEE Russia Power Tech, PowerTech

作者： Wu, Zhiyong Ilic, Marija IEEE Engineering and Public Policy Department Carnegie Mellon University Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Engineering Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University

ISBN: (纸本)9781424418749

This paper concerns the problem of capacity expansion and investment as the electric power industry undergoes major restructuring worldwide. In particular, the objectives of investment in fully regulated industry are compared with the capacity expansion in a spot only market. It is concluded that the incentives in spot only markets depend on the rules for bidding functions into the market: If only short-run marginal cost bidding curves are allowed, and no margin on forecast demand is added, basically no new investment will take place. On the other hand, if it is allowed to bid average costs, instead of short-run marginal costs, this would provide sufficiently strong incentive signals to ensure necessary installed capacity. Given that today's measurements of market power in the spot market classify any bids higher than the short-run marginal cost as market power, we suggest that it is essential to introduce other means of providing incentives to install capacity in a timely manner. This can be done by designing longer-term physical and/or financial mechanisms for valuing future investments. In this paper we propose a Stratum Electricity Market (SEM) structure which consists of several sequentially clearing submarkets, ranging from a day-ahead-market (DAM), through month-, season-, year-, five year- and even ten year-forward submarkets. The performance of this newly proposed SEM is illustrated using simulations on a simple power system in which four different types of generation technologies supply system load.

关键词： Investments

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Distributed model predictive control for the mitigation of cascading failures

Distributed model predictive control for the mitigation of c...

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44th IEEE Conference on Decision Control/European Control Conference (CCD-ECC)

作者： Talukdar, Sarosh Jia, Dong Hines, Paul Krogh, Bruce H. IEEE United States Carnegie Mellon U. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. United States Dept. of Engineering and Public Policy United States Carnegie Mellon U. Dept. of Engineering and Public Policy United States

ISBN: (纸本)0780395670

Most large blackouts are caused by cascading failures-sequences of equipment outages, one set of outages precipitating another. We study the application of distributed, autonomous agents for shortening such sequences. Each agent controls a single variable-the consumption of a load or the output of a generator. Each agent uses model predictive control and cooperates with its neighbors in making its decisions. Experiments using the IEEE 118 bus test case illustrate the effectiveness of this method.

关键词： Predictive control systems

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Capacity expansion and investment as a function of electricity market structure: Part I - Generation

Capacity expansion and investment as a function of electrici...

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Power Tech Conference

作者： Zhiyong Wu Marija Ilic Engineering and Public Policy Department Carnegie Mellon University USA Electrical engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Engineering Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University USA

This paper concerns the problem of capacity expansion and investment as the electric power industry undergoes major restructuring worldwide. In particular, the objectives of investment in fully regulated industry are compared with the capacity expansion in a spot only market. It is concluded that the incentives in spot only markets depend on the rules for bidding functions into the market: If only short-run marginal cost bidding curves are allowed, and no margin on forecast demand is added, basically no new investment will take place. On the other hand, if it is allowed to bid average costs, instead of short-run marginal costs, this would provide sufficiently strong incentive signals to ensure necessary installed capacity. Given that today's measurements of market power in the spot market classify any bids higher than the short-run marginal cost as market power, we suggest that it is essential to introduce other means of providing incentives to install capacity in a timely manner. This can be done by designing longer-term physical and/or financial mechanisms for valuing future investments. In this paper we propose a stratum electricity market (SEM) structure which consists of several sequentially clearing sub-markets, ranging from a day-ahead-market (DAM), through month-, season-, year-, five year- and even ten year-forward sub- markets. The performance of this newly proposed SEM is illustrated using simulations on a simple power system in which four different types of generation technologies supply system load.

关键词： Investments Electricity supply industry Power generation Costs Power system simulation public policy Power system economics Capacity planning Pricing Decision making

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Distributed Model Predictive Control for the Mitigation of Cascading Failures

Distributed Model Predictive Control for the Mitigation of C...

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IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： S. Talukdar Dong Jia P. Hines B.H. Krogh Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and the Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Carnegie Mellon University USA Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University USA

Most large blackouts are caused by cascading failures—sequences of equipment outages, one set of outages precipitating another. We study the application of distributed, autonomous agents for shortening such sequences. Each agent controls a single variable—the consumption of a load or the output of a generator. Each agent uses model predictive control and cooperates with its neighbors in making its decisions. Experiments using the IEEE 118 bus test case illustrate the effectiveness of this method.

关键词： Predictive models Predictive control Power system faults Power system protection Optimal control Constraint optimization Power system modeling Stability Large-scale systems public policy

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Autonomous agents and cooperation for the control of cascading failures in electric grids

Autonomous agents and cooperation for the control of cascadi...

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IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control

作者： P. Hines Huaiwei Liao Dong Jia S. Talukdar Engineering and Public Policy Department Camegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Camegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA

A power system can be thought of as a stochastic hybrid system: a finite state machine whose states involve continuous variables with uncertain dynamics. Transitions in this machine correspond to outages of generation and transmission equipment. A cascading failure corresponds to a series of such transitions whose net effect is a blackout. We present evidence that the probability of cascading failures is subject to phase transitions - large and abrupt changes that result from only small changes in system stress. We suggest a network of distributed, autonomous agents to reduce the ill effects of cascading failures. These agents improve their decisions by cooperating (sharing goals and exchanging information with their neighbors). Results from experiments on the IEEE 118 bus test case are included.

关键词： Autonomous agents Power system faults Power system protection Power system dynamics Hybrid power systems Electric variables control Stochastic systems Automata Stress Testing

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KINGPINS OR MULES: AN ANALYSIS OF DRUG OFFENDERS INCARCERATED IN FEDERAL AND STATE PRISONS

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Criminology & public policy 2006年第3期3卷

作者： ERIC L. SEVIGNY JONATHAN P. CAULKINS Eric L. Sevigny is a Ph.D. student in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh. Mr. Sevigny's research interests lie in the area of drug policy with an emphasis on enforcement sanctioning international control and treatment/harm reduction. His previous experience includes substance abuse counseling and substance abuse treatment needs research of special populations including prisoners the homeless and adolescents. Mr. Sevigny received a B.A. in Psychology from Middlebury College. Jonathan P. Caulkins Ph.D. is Professor of Operations Research and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz School of Public Policy. Dr. Caulkins specializes in mathematical modeling and systems analysis of social policy problems with a particular focus on issues pertaining to drugs crime violence and prevention. Dr. Caulkins has also published on airline operations sulfur dioxide pollution trading markets Internet-based advertising flexible manufacturing systems and personnel performance evaluation among other topics. At RAND he has been a consultant visiting scientist codirector of RAND's Drug Policy Research Center (1994–1996) and founding director of RAND's Pittsburgh office (1999–2001). Dr. Caulkins received a B.S. and M.S. in Systems Science from Washington University and an S.M. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Ph.D. in Operations Research both from M.I.T.

Research Summary: Drug policy reformers and defenders contest the extent to which low-level drug offenders are being sent to prison and for how long. Using data from the Survey of Inmates in Federal and State Correctional Facilities, 1997 (BJS, 2000), we assess the seriousness of incarcerated drug offenders along dimensions of dangerousness, culpability, and harm—specifically, functional role and drug group participation, type and amount of drugs, firearms involvement, and criminal conviction and arrest history. We find that only about 1.6% of federal and 5.7% of state inmates can be described as “unambiguously low-level.” Alternatively, not many are “kingpins.” Rather, most fall into a middle spectrum representing different degrees of seriousness that depend on what factors are emphasized. policy Implications: Our findings dampen hopes of dramatically reducing prison populations by getting out of prison those who are unambiguously low-level drug offenders. They simply do not represent the majority of incarcerated drug offenders. In particular, most played some role in distribution, so eliminating prison terms for users (decriminalization) would not have affected many now in prison. Indeed, if decriminalization increased demand, it could plausibly increase prison populations by increasing the number of suppliers still subject to imprisonment. On the other hand, “drug courier exceptions” to sentencing laws that apply to minor role offenders possessing large quantities could have a greater prison reduction impact.

关键词： Incarceration, Drug policy, Inmate Surveys, Low-Level Drug Offenders, Culpability

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