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Complexity-Constrained Quantum Thermodynamics

PRX Quantum 2025年第1期6卷 010346-010346页

作者： Anthony Munson Naga Bhavya Teja Kothakonda Jonas Haferkamp Nicole Yunger Halpern Jens Eisert Philippe Faist Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science NIST and University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Department of Physics University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA Grup d’Informació Quàntica Departament de Física Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Massachusetts 02134 USA Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA

Quantum complexity measures the difficulty of realizing a quantum process, such as preparing a state or implementing a unitary. We present an approach to quantifying the thermodynamic resources required to implement a process if the process’s complexity is restricted. We focus on the prototypical task of information erasure, or Landauer erasure, wherein an n-qubit memory is reset to the all-zero state. We show that the minimum thermodynamic work required to reset an arbitrary state in our model, via a complexity-constrained process, is quantified by the state’s complexity entropy. The complexity entropy therefore quantifies a trade-off between the work cost and complexity cost of resetting a state. If the qubits have a nontrivial (but product) Hamiltonian, the optimal work cost is determined by the complexity relative entropy. The complexity entropy quantifies the amount of randomness a system appears to have to a computationally limited observer. Similarly, the complexity relative entropy quantifies such an observer’s ability to distinguish two states. We prove elementary properties of the complexity (relative) entropy. In a random circuit—a simple model for quantum chaotic dynamics—the complexity entropy transitions from zero to its maximal value around the time corresponding to the observer’s computational-power limit. Also, we identify information-theoretic applications of the complexity entropy. The complexity entropy quantifies the resources required for data compression if the compression algorithm must use a restricted number of gates. We further introduce a complexity conditional entropy, which arises naturally in a complexity-constrained variant of information-theoretic decoupling. Assuming that this entropy obeys a conjectured chain rule, we show that the entropy bounds the number of qubits that one can decouple from a reference system, as judged by a computationally bounded referee. Overall, our framework extends the resource-theoretic approach to thermo

关键词： Qubits

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Non-Plasmon Resonances in the E-polarized Plane Wave Scattering and Absorption by a Circular Dielectric Wire with Partial Graphene Cover 41

Non-Plasmon Resonances in the E-polarized Plane Wave Scatter...

引用

41st IEEE International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology, ELNANO 2022

作者： Mikhailikova, Iryna Dukhopelnykov, Sergii V. Sauleau, Ronan V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Department of Applied Mathematics Kharkiv Ukraine Computer Science and Mathematics University of l'Aquila Department of Information Engineering L'Aquila Italy Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics NASU Laboratory of Micro and Nano Optics L'Institut d'Electronique et des Technologies du NuméRique Universite de Rennes 1 Rennes France

ISBN: (数字)9781665469227

ISBN: (纸本)9781665469234

We analyze how the total scattering cross-section (TSCS) and absorption cross-section (ACS) of a circular dielectric rod, illuminated with the E-polarized plane wave, is modified by a conformal graphene strip of arbitrary angular width and chemical potential. In the core of our treatment, there is a dual series equation where the unknown are the field angular Fourier harmonics. We subject this equation to the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) that yields a Fredholm second kind matrix equation. Such a procedure guarantees the convergence of the obtained numerical results. We present the normalized TSCS and ACS versus the angular width of graphene strip and the frequency in the range from the statics to 1 THz. These plots convincingly demonstrate that the resonances on the lowest non-plasmon natural modes of the considered scatterer are still tunable due to the tunability of graphene's conductivity. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Graphene

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Polarization entanglement enabled by orthogonally stacked van der Waals NbOCl2 crystals

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Guo, Qiangbing Wu, Yun-Kun Zhang, Di Zhang, Qiuhong Guo, Guang-Can Alù, Andrea Ren, Xi-Feng Qiu, Cheng-Wei Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Centre for Advanced 2D Materials Graphene Research Centre National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information CAS Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New York United States Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New York United States The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics Ministry of Education School of Physics TEDA Applied Physics Institute Nankai University Tianjin China School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China

Polarization entanglement holds significant importance for photonic quantum technologies. Recently emerging subwavelength nonlinear quantum light sources, e.g., GaP and LiNbO3 thin films, benefiting from the relaxed phase-matching constraints and volume confinement, has shown intriguing properties, such as high-dimensional hyperentanglement and robust entanglement anti-degradation. Van der Waals (vdW) NbOCl2 crystal, renowned for its superior optical nonlinearities, has emerged as one of ideal candidates for ultrathin quantum light sources [Nature 613, 53 (2023)]. However, polarization-entanglement is inaccessible in NbOCl2 crystal due to its unfavorable nonlinear susceptibility tensor. Here, by leveraging the twist-stacking degree of freedom inherently in vdW systems, we showcase the preparation of tunable polarization entanglement and quantum Bell states. Our work not only provides a new and tunable polarization-entangled vdW photon-pair source, but also introduces a new knob in engineering the entanglement state of quantum light at the nanoscale. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Van der Waals forces

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Constrained Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm for Probabilistic Neural Networks Learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Kowalski, Piotr A. Kucharczyk, Szymon Mańdziuk, Jacek Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science AGH University of Krakow al. A. Mickiewicza 30 Cracow30-059 Poland Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences ul. Newelska 6 Warsaw01-447 Poland AGH Doctoral School AGH University of Krakow al. A. Mickiewicza 30 Cracow30-059 Poland Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science Warsaw University of Technology Koszykowa 75 Warsaw00-662 Poland Faculty of Computer Science AGH University of Krakow al. A. Mickiewicza 30 Cracow30-059 Poland

This study investigates the potential of hybrid metaheuristic algorithms to enhance the training of Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNNs) by leveraging the complementary strengths of multiple optimisation strategies. Traditional learning methods, such as gradient-based approaches, often struggle to optimise high-dimensional and uncertain environments, while single-method metaheuristics may fail to exploit the solution space fully. To address these challenges, we propose the constrained Hybrid Metaheuristic (cHM) algorithm, a novel approach that combines multiple population-based optimisation techniques into a unified framework. The proposed procedure operates in two phases: an initial probing phase evaluates multiple metaheuristics to identify the best-performing one based on the error rate, followed by a fitting phase where the selected metaheuristic refines the PNN to achieve optimal smoothing parameters. This iterative process ensures efficient exploration and convergence, enhancing the network’s generalisation and classification accuracy. cHM integrates several popular metaheuristics, such as BAT, Simulated Annealing, Flower Pollination Algorithm, Bacterial Foraging Optimization, and Particle Swarm Optimisation as internal optimisers. To evaluate cHM performance, experiments were conducted on 16 datasets with varying characteristics, including binary and multiclass classification tasks, balanced and imbalanced class distributions, and diverse feature dimensions. The results demonstrate that cHM effectively combines the strengths of individual metaheuristics, leading to faster convergence and more robust learning. By optimising the smoothing parameters of PNNs, the proposed method enhances classification performance across diverse datasets, proving its application flexibility and efficiency. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Intelligent Robotic Motion Copying System LevshAi for Neurosurgical Endovascular Operations with Haptic Feedback and Preoperative Personalized Simulation

Intelligent Robotic Motion Copying System LevshAi for Neuros...

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IEEE International Conference on Cyborg and Bionic Systems (CBS)

作者： Ivan Menshikov Alexandra Bernadotte Neurosputnik LLC Moscow Russia Department of Control and Applied Mathematics Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) Dolgoprudny Russia Department of Information Technologies and Computer Sciences The National University of Science and Technology MISIS Moscow Russia Faculty of Computer Sciences Higher School of Economics Moscow Russia Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics Moscow State University Moscow Russia

Abstract The paper presented an intelligent robotic motion copying system LevshAi for remote neurosurgical endovascular operations. The LevshAi system follows the specialization paradigm. The system is oriented to a particular class of operations, and, at the same time, it is most convenient for *** system has intelligent haptic feedback identical to what a surgeon would experience in an operating room performing classical endovascular surgery on cerebral *** LevshAi system makes extensive use of artificial intelligence. For example, artificial intelligence is used to select the best surgical tactics, correct the surgeon’s tremor, identify critical situations during the operation, and simulate the patient’s vessels in 3 *** LevshAi system is equipped with a training personalized intelligent vascular simulator. The personalized intelligent vascular simulator allows surgeons to practice on the 3D simulator and choose the best tactics before the operation.

关键词： Robot motion Training Three-dimensional displays Neurosurgery Haptic interfaces Artificial intelligence Man-machine systems

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Interfacial spintronic THz emission

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Agarwal, Piyush Medwal, Rohit Dongol, Keynesh Mohan, John Rex Yang, Yingshu Asada, Hironori Fukuma, Yasuhiro Singh, Ranjan Division of Physics and Applied Physics School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore637371 Singapore Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies The Photonics Institute Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Uttar Pradesh Kanpur208016 India Department of Electronic Devices and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamaguchi University Ube755-8611 Japan Department of Physics and Information Technology Faculty of Computer Science and System Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Iizuka820-8502 Japan

The broken inversion symmetry at the ferromagnet (FM)/heavy-metal (HM) interface leads to spin-dependent degeneracy of the energy band, forming spin-polarized surface states. As a result, the interface serves as an effective medium for converting spin accumulation into two-dimensional charge current through the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect. Exploring and assessing this spin-to-charge conversion (SCC) phenomenon at the FM/HM interface could offer a promising avenue to surpass the presumed limits of SCC in bulk HM layers. We utilize spintronic heterostructures as a platform to measure the spin-to-charge conversion (SCC) experienced by photoexcited spin currents. These heterostructures emit terahertz electric field when illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses, enabling us to quantitatively assess the ultrafast SCC process. Our results demonstrate a robust interfacial spin-to-charge conversion (iSCC) within a synthetic antiferromagnetic heterostructure, specifically for the NiFe/Ru/NiFe configuration, by isolating the SCC contribution originating from the interface itself, separate from the bulk heavy-metal (HM) region. Moreover, the iSCC at the NiFe/Ru interface is discovered to be approximately 27% of the strength observed in the highest spin-Hall conducting heavy-metal, Pt. Our results thus highlight the significance of interfacial engineering as a promising pathway for achieving efficient ultrafast spintronic devices. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electric fields

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Quantum indistinguishability by path identity and with undetected photons

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Reviews of Modern physics 2022年第2期94卷 025007-025007页

作者： Armin Hochrainer Mayukh Lahiri Manuel Erhard Mario Krenn Anton Zeilinger Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ) Faculty of Physics University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna Austrian Academy of Sciences 1090 Vienna Austria Department of Physics Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74078 USA Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ) Faculty of Physics University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna Austrian Academy of Sciences 1090 Vienna Austria Departments of Chemistry and Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence Toronto Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada and Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light 91058 Erlangen Germany

Two processes of photon-pair creation can be arranged such that the paths of the emitted photons are identical. The path information is thereby not erased but rather never born in the first place due to this path identity. In addition to its implications for fundamental physics, this concept has recently led to a series of impactful discoveries in the fields of imaging, spectroscopy, and quantum information science. Here the idea of path identity is presented and a comprehensive review of recent developments is provided. Specifically, the concept of path identity is introduced based on three defining experimental ideas from the early 1990s. The three experiments have in common that they contain two photon-pair sources. The paths of one or both photons from the different sources overlap such that no measurement can recognize from which source they originate. A wide range of noteworthy quantum interference effects (at the single- or two-photon level), such as induced coherence, destructive interference of photon pairs, and entanglement generation, are subsequently described. Progress in the exploration of these ideas has stagnated and has gained momentum again only in the last few years. The focus of the review is the new development in the last few years that modified and generalized the ideas from the early 1990s. These developments are overviewed and explained under the same conceptual umbrella, which will help the community develop new applications and realize the foundational implications of this sleeping beauty.

关键词： Optical quantum information processing Quantum coherence & coherence measures Quantum correlations in quantum information Quantum sensing

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All Polyhedral Manifolds are Connected by a 2-Step Refolding

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Chung, Lily Demaine, Erik D. Diomidova, Jenny Kamata, Tonan Lynch, Jayson Uehara, Ryuhei Zhang, Hanyu Alice Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States School of Information and Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Japan School of Applied and Engineering Physics Cornell University United States

We prove that, for any two polyhedral manifolds Ƥ, Ǫ, there is a polyhedral manifold ℐ such that Ƥ, ℐ share a common unfolding and ℐ, Ǫ share a common unfolding. In other words, we can unfold Ƥ, refold (glue) that unfolding into ℐ, unfold ℐ, and then refold into Ǫ. Furthermore, if Ƥ, Ǫ have no boundary and can be embedded in 3D (without self-intersection), then so does ℐ. These results generalize to n given manifolds Ƥ1, Ƥ2, . . ., Ƥn;they all have a common unfolding with the same intermediate manifold ℐ. Allowing more than two unfold/refold steps, we obtain stronger results for two special cases: for doubly covered convex planar polygons, we achieve that all intermediate polyhedra are planar;and for tree-shaped polycubes, we achieve that all intermediate polyhedra are tree-shaped polycubes. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Geometry

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Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Acharya, Rajeev Aghababaie-Beni, Laleh Aleiner, Igor Andersen, Trond I. Ansmann, Markus Arute, Frank Arya, Kunal Asfaw, Abraham Astrakhantsev, Nikita Atalaya, Juan Babbush, Ryan Bacon, Dave Ballard, Brian Bardin, Joseph C. Bausch, Johannes Bengtsson, Andreas Bilmes, Alexander Blackwell, Sam Boixo, Sergio Bortoli, Gina Bourassa, Alexandre Bovaird, Jenna Brill, Leon Broughton, Michael Browne, David A. Buchea, Brett Buckley, Bob B. Buell, David A. Burger, Tim Burkett, Brian Bushnell, Nicholas Cabrera, Anthony Campero, Juan Chang, Hung-Shen Chen, Yu Chen, Zijun Chiaro, Ben Chik, Desmond Chou, Charina Claes, Jahan Cleland, Agnetta Y. Cogan, Josh Collins, Roberto Conner, Paul Courtney, William Crook, Alexander L. Curtin, Ben Das, Sayan Davies, Alex De Lorenzo, Laura Debroy, Dripto M. Demura, Sean Devoret, Michel Paolo, Agustin Di Donohoe, Paul Drozdov, Ilya Dunsworth, Andrew Earle, Clint Edlich, Thomas Eickbusch, Alec Elbag, Aviv Moshe Elzouka, Mahmoud Erickson, Catherine Faoro, Lara Farhi, Edward Ferreira, Vinicius S. Burgos, Leslie Flores Forati, Ebrahim Fowler, Austin G. Foxen, Brooks Ganjam, Suhas Garcia, Gonzalo Gasca, Robert Genois, Élie Giang, William Gidney, Craig Gilboa, Dar Gosula, Raja Dau, Alejandro Grajales Graumann, Dietrich Greene, Alex Gross, Jonathan A. Habegger, Steve Hall, John Hamilton, Michael C. Hansen, Monica Harrigan, Matthew P. Harrington, Sean D. Heras, Francisco J.H. Heslin, Stephen Heu, Paula Higgott, Oscar Hill, Gordon Hilton, Jeremy Holland, George Hong, Sabrina Huang, Hsin-Yuan Huff, Ashley Huggins, William J. Ioffe, Lev B. Isakov, Sergei V. Iveland, Justin Jeffrey, Evan Jiang, Zhang Jones, Cody Jordan, Stephen Joshi, Chaitali Juhas, Pavol Kafri, Dvir Kang, Hui Karamlou, Amir H. Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn Kelly, Julian Khaire, Trupti Khattar, Tanuj Khezri, Mostafa Kim, Seon Klimov, Paul V. Klots, Andrey R. Kobrin, Bryce Kohli, Pushmeet Korotkov, Alexander N. Kostritsa, Fedor Kothari, Robin Kozlovskii, Borislav Kreikebaum, John Mark Kurilovich, Vladislav D. Lacroix, Nathan Landhuis, David Lange Google Research United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts AmherstMA United States Google DeepMind United Kingdom Department of Physics University of California Santa BarbaraCA United States Department of Physics University of Connecticut StorrsCT United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn University AuburnAL United States Department of Physics ETH Zurich Switzerland Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California RiversideCA United States Yale Quantum Institute Yale University New HavenCT United States Departments of Applied Physics and Physics Yale University New HavenCT United States

Quantum error correction [1–4] provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this exponential suppression only occurs if the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. In this work, we present two surface code memories operating below this threshold: a distance-7 code and a distance-5 code integrated with a real-time decoder. The logical error rate of our larger quantum memory is suppressed by a factor of Λ = 2.14 ± 0.02 when increasing the code distance by two, culminating in a 101-qubit distance-7 code with 0.143% ± 0.003% error per cycle of error correction. This logical memory is also beyond break-even, exceeding its best physical qubit’s lifetime by a factor of 2.4 ± 0.3. We maintain below-threshold performance when decoding in real time, achieving an average decoder latency of 63 µs at distance-5 up to a million cycles, with a cycle time of 1.1 µs. To probe the limits of our error-correction performance, we run repetition codes up to distance-29 and find that logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3×109 cycles. Our results present device performance that, if scaled, could realize the operational requirements of large scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Decoding

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Growth and characterization of semipolar InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells and light-emitting diodes on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaqada % qaaiaaigdacaaIWaWaa0aaaeaacaaIXaaaamaanaaabaGaaGymaaaa % aiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa!3C41! GaN templates

引用

MRS Online Proceedings Library 2021年第1期892卷 127-132页

作者： Arpan Chakraborty T. Onuma T. J. Baker S. Keller S. F. Chichibu S. P. DenBaars S. Nakamura J. S. Speck U. K. Mishra Electrical and Computer Engineering and Materials Departments University of California Santa Barbara USA NICP/ERATO Japan Science and Technology Agency Japan Institute of Applied Physics and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan

InGaN/GaN MQW samples were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbv... 详细信息

InGaN/GaN MQW samples were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaqada % qaaiaaigdacaaIWaWaa0aaaeaacaaIXaaaamaanaaabaGaaGymaaaa % aiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa!3C41! $$\left( {10\overline 1 \overline 1 } \right)$$ oriented GaN templates. Effects of growth temperature and reactor pressure on the photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated. The emission intensity improved significantly when the QWs were grown at 100 Torr, compared to higher pressure growths. The effect of well-width on the luminescence properties was investigated and an optimum well width of 40 Å was determined. Excitation dependent PL measurements revealed no shift in the PL emission wavelength suggesting the absence of electric field in the quantum wells. Furthermore, LEDs fabricated on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaqada % qaaiaaigdacaaIWaWaa0aaaeaacaaIXaaaamaanaaabaGaaGymaaaa % aiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa!3C41! $$\left( {10\overline 1 \overline 1 } \right)$$ GaN templates, emitting at 439 nm, showed no shift in the EL emission wavelength with the increase in drive current, reconfirming the absence of polarization.

关键词： nitride metalorganic deposition optoelectronic

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