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Implementing Branch-Predictor Decay Using Quasi-Static Memory Cells

ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 2004年第2期1卷 180-219页

作者： Juang, Philo Martonosi, Margaret Clark, Douglas W. Skadron, Kevin Hu, Zhigang Diodato, Philip W. Kaxiras, Stefanos Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 United States Department of Computer Science University of Virginia United States IBM T.J. Watson Research Center United States Agere Systems United States University of Patras Greece

With semiconductor technology advancing toward deep submicron, leakage energy is of increasing concern, especially for large on-chip array structures such as caches and branch predictors. Recent work has suggested that larger, aggressive branch predictors can and should be used in order to improve microprocessor performance. A further consideration is that more aggressive branch predictors, especially multiported predictors for multiple branch prediction, may be thermal hot spots, thus further increasing leakage. Moreover, as the branch predictor holds state that is transient and predictive, elements can be discarded without adverse effect. For these reasons, it is natural to consider applying decay techniques—already shown to reduce leakage energy for caches—to branch-prediction structures. Due to the structural difference between caches and branch predictors, applying decay techniques to branch predictors is not straightforward. This paper explores the strategies for exploiting spatial and temporal locality to make decay effective for bimodal, gshare, and hybrid predictors, as well as the branch target buffer (BTB). Furthermore, the predictive behavior of branch predictors steers them towards decay based not on state-preserving, static storage cells, but rather quasi-static, dynamic storage cells. This paper will examine the results of implementing. © 2004, ACM. All rights reserved.

关键词： design Energy aware computing Performance

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Interaction balance method for large-scale industrial processes with fuzzy constraints 10

Interaction balance method for large-scale industrial proces...

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10th IFAC/IFORS/IMACS/IFIP Symposium on Large Scale systems: Theory and Applications, LSS 2004

作者： Gu, Jia-Chen Wan, Bai-Wu Ruan, Xiao-E Automation Research and Design Institute of Metallurgical Industry Beijing China Systems Engineering Institute State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi 'an Jiaotong University Xi 'an China Dept.of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea Republic of Faculty of Science Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China

The interaction balance method (IBM) with fuzzy constraints is proposed for large-scale industrial processes under hierarchical steady-state optimization with the consideration of the model-reality difference and the constraints of subprocesses being flexible. In this approach, the models that are treated as equality constraints and the inequality constraints of the subprocesses are all fuzzified. Two cases of interaction balance method are studied: the open-loop IBM and the IBM with global feedback. Simulation results show that the solutions of the proposed method with global feedback are very close to the optimal solutions of the real process. © 2004 IFAC.

关键词： Large scale systems

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Real-time detection of crossing pedestrians for traffic-adaptive signal control

Real-time detection of crossing pedestrians for traffic-adap...

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International Conference on Intelligent Transportation

作者： V. Bhuvaneshwar P.B. Mirchandani Systems & Industrial Engineering and Electrical & Computer Engineering Departments University of Arizona Tucson Tucson AZ USA Systems & Industrial Engineering Eleclrical & Computer Engineering ATLAS Research Center University of Arizona Tucson USA

We propose an approach to detect and count pedestrians at an intersection, in real-time, using a fixed camera. After identifying moving objects in sequential images via motion segmentation, median filtering and erosion/dilation operations are performed to suppress noise. Connected component extraction is then employed to extract and label the moving objects in the image. The binary foreground region of each component is projected onto the axis perpendicular to its major axis to obtain a vertical projection histogram from which shadows can be detected, extracted and suppressed. Information about the size and coordinates of each component is then utilized to compute the number of people in the scene.

关键词： Data mining Cameras Real time systems Programmable control Adaptive control Control systems Filtering Adaptive systems Vehicles Histograms

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Reinforcement learning and aggregation

Reinforcement learning and aggregation

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IEEE International Conference on systems, Man and Cybernetics

作者： Ju Jiang M. Kamel Lei Chen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Systems Design University of Waterloo Waterloo ONT Canada

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a learning technique that provides a means for learning an optimal control policy when the dynamics of the environment under consideration is unavailable [L.P. Kaelbling et al., 1996, R.S. Sutton and A.G. Barto, 1998]. While RL has been successfully applied in many single or multiple agents systems [S. Arai et al., 2000, H.R. Berenji and D.A. Vengerov, 2000, M. Tan, 1993, Y. Nagayuki et al., 2000], the learning quality is greatly influenced by learning algorithms and their parameters. Setting of the parameters of RL algorithms is something of a black art, and small differences in these parameters can lead to large differences in learning qualities. Determining the best algorithm and the optimal parameters can be costly in terms of time and computation. Even if the cost is acceptable, the robustness of learning is still a question. In order to address the difficulty, an aggregated multiagent reinforcement learning system (AMRLS) is proposed to deal with the RL environment as a multiagent environment. A maze world environment is used to validate the AMRLS. Experimental results illustrate that compared with normal Q(/spl lambda/)-learning and SARSA(/spl lambda/) algorithms, the AMRLS increases both the learning speed and the rate of reaching the shortest path.

关键词： design engineering Robustness Art Computational efficiency Multiagent systems Machine learning Heuristic algorithms Dynamic programming Runtime environment Feedback

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Optimized space frequency kernel for texture classification

Optimized space frequency kernel for texture classification

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IEEE International Conference on Image Processing

作者： M. Sabri J. Alirezaie Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Canada Department of Systems Design Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada

The performance of the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is highly dependent on the choice of the kernel function suited to the problem at hand. In a support vector machine algorithm feature selection is implicitly performed by kernel function. On the other hand, feature selection is the most important stage in any texture classification algorithm. In this work, the performance of SVM is improved by choosing an optimized space-frequency (SFR) kernel function. The proposed method is evaluated in a two-texture and multi-texture problems. The results are compared with the original SVM and other recently published texture classification methods. The comparison shows a significant improvement in error rates. Improvement of more than 40% in compare with original SVM and about 60% in compare with logical operators (LO) and wavelet co-occurrence features (WCOF) are obtained.

关键词： Frequency Kernel Support vector machines Support vector machine classification Liver Image texture analysis Feature extraction design engineering systems engineering and theory Error analysis

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A hybrid algorithm using discrete cosine transform and Gabor filter bank for texture segmentation

A hybrid algorithm using discrete cosine transform and Gabor...

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Canadian Conference on electrical and computer engineering (CCECE)

作者： N.N. Kachouie J. Alirezaie P. Fieguth Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Ryerson University Toronto Canada

Gabor filters have been widely used for texture segmentation and feature extraction, however there are important considerations regarding filter parameters, filter bank coverage in the frequency domain and feature dimensional reduction. In this paper, a texture segmentation algorithm based on a hybrid filter bank is presented. The proposed method uses a Gabor filter bank and discrete cosine transform (GDCT) to extract the optimal features for texture segmentation. To reduce the feature vector dimension a competitive network is trained to estimate the principal components of the extracted features. The feature vectors composing both Gabor and DCT features are quantized by estimated eigenvectors. The proposed method enables the use of multiple filter banks or larger filter banks consisting of a higher number of channels.

关键词： Discrete cosine transforms Gabor filters Filter bank Image segmentation Feature extraction Band pass filters Image recognition Frequency domain analysis Image texture analysis Channel bank filters

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Interference and error probability evaluation in multiservice interference limited wireless ad hoc networks

Interference and error probability evaluation in multiservic...

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IEEE Conference on Wireless Communications and Networking

作者： W. Bazzi F. Karray Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada Department of Systems Design Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada

In this work, we provide a mathematical framework for estimating the expected value of the carrier to interference ratio and evaluating the probability of error in a wireless ad hoc network. Our approach differs from the earlier studies in that previous valuable work has been mostly based on simulations, on simplified regular patterns for node distribution, has been limited to single service networks, or has not integrated the medium access model in the network. In our analysis, we consider a multiservice interference limited wireless ad hoc network using a multiple access scheme with carrier sensing at the data link layer. The population of nodes in the network is considered as a number governed by a two-dimensional Poisson process. We derive explicit formulas for the carrier to interference ratio and probability of error experienced by nodes in the network. Numerical results are provided for the case of two service classes, where carrier to interference ratios and probabilities of packet loss experienced by nodes in the network are presented as functions of the node densities.

关键词： Interference Error probability Intelligent networks Ad hoc networks Mobile ad hoc networks Mathematical model Radio propagation Electromagnetic modeling Wireless communication Radio transmitters

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Recursive backstepping stabilization of a wheeled mobile robot

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International Journal of Advanced Robotic systems 2004年第1期1卷 287-294页

作者： Mnif, Faical Sultan Qaboos University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Oman Intelligent Control Design and Optimization of Complex Systems Research Unit Tunisia

This research is aimed to the development of a dynamic control to enhance the performance of the existing dynamic controllers for mobile robots. System dynamics of the car-like robot with nonholonomic constraints were employed. A Backstepping approach for the design of discontinuous state feedback controller is used for the design of the controller. It is shown that the origin of the closed loop system can be made stable in the sense of Lyapunov. The control design is made on the basis of a suitable Lyapunov function candidate. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested through simulation on a car-like vehicle mobile robot.

关键词： Mobile robots

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Silencer!: a tool for substrate noise coupling analysis

Silencer!: a tool for substrate noise coupling analysis

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IEEE International SOC Conference

作者： P. Birrer T.S. Fiez K. Mayaram School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA Cadence Design Systems Germany

Silencer! is a new, fully automated, substrate noise coupling analysis tool that is integrated into the CADENCE DFII design environment. This tool seamlessly enables substrate noise coupling analysis in a standard mixed-signal design flow. IC designers can analyze substrate noise coupling at different levels of hierarchy - from the schematic level to the layout. Examples have been simulated and the results are accurate to within 10% of measured fabricated chips.

关键词： Integrated circuit noise Circuit noise Coupling circuits Working environment noise Analytical models Data mining Integrated circuit interconnections Radio frequency Noise generators Power supplies

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Scheduling bursty data at WCDMA downlink using fuzzy inference

Scheduling bursty data at WCDMA downlink using fuzzy inferen...

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IEEE International Conference on systems, Man and Cybernetics

作者： Jun Xu K.W. Li Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ONT Canada Department of Systems Design Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ONT Canada

One of the major concerns for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) wireless network dimensioning is to improve the downlink capacity to accommodate more data traffic. Due to the "soft capacity" of CDMA system, there exists a conflict between the maximum throughput and the fairness for data users. To deal with the tradeoff, we propose a scheduling scheme using fuzzy inference involving factors of dynamics of traffic and wireless channels, and preferences of the decision maker. An exemplar design is given to improve the data throughput. Simulation results show that the fuzzy scheduler has superior performance to regular rate allocation schemes, and it increases the capacity of WCDMA that is elastic in nature. Moreover, the, fuzzy approach demonstrates its robustness, flexibility, and simplicity in the decision-making process when human preference is considered.

关键词： Multiaccess communication Downlink Throughput Wideband Wireless networks Telecommunication traffic Dynamic scheduling Traffic control Robustness Decision making

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