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Data centers revisited: Assessment of the energy impact of retrofits and technology trends in a high-density computing facility

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Journal of Infrastructure systems 2004年第3期10卷 98-104页

作者： Blazek, Michele Chong, Huimin Loh, Woonsien Koomey, Jonathan G. Technology and Environment AT and T 4430 Rosewood Dr. Pleasanton CA 94930 United States Singapore Computer Systems Ltd. Braddel Hill #04-28 Singapore 579726 Singapore InfoComm Devment. Auth. of Singapore 7 Siglap Rd. Singapore 448909 Singapore Dept. of Civil/Environ. Engineering Terman Engineering Center Stanford Univ. Stanford CA 94305-4020 United States

As information and communications technology matures, the nature of the infrastructure that supports it evolves and specializes. While the telephone infrastructure had been built as a network with central offices acting as hubs, the information and communications technology maintains a similar structure, but instead, has hubs of specialized Internet data centers which house the routers and servers. This paper updates one of the first studies to document the electricity consumption and power distribution within an Internet data center. For this study, electricity billing data, metering data, and facility floor space allocation data were used to calculate computer room, total computer room, and building power densities for July 2002. The results of this 2002 study indicate that although the data center had expanded its operations by roughly 33% from the previous year and increased the electricity demand associated with the computer equipment by 55%, the total computer room power density (which includes cooling and auxiliary equipment) remained the same as the previous year at 355 W/m2. The facility's efforts to improve energy efficiency offset the energy demand from an increased, electrically active, computer room area. The energy-efficiency measures included better optimization of power distribution units, power management modules, computer room air-conditioning units, alterations to operating conditions, facilitywide reductions in lighting, and improved facility controls. A key recommendation is to expand this research to address the need to develop metrics to capture the energy efficiency of the data network throughput. © ASCE.

关键词： Communication systems

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Balancing of Transfer Lines with Simultaneously Activated Spindles

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2004年第4期37卷 45-50页

作者： Alexandre Dolgui Nikolai Guschinsky Genrikh Levin Mohamed-Aly Louly Sana Belmokhtar Scientific Methods for Industrial Management Dept. (MSGI) Industrial Engineering and Computer Sciences Center (G2I) Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne 158 cours Fauriel 42023 Saint Etienne Cedex 2 France United Institute of Informatics Problems National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Surganov Street 6 220012 Minsk Belarus Laboratory for Industrial Systems Optimisation (LOSI) University of Technology of Troyes 12 rue Marie Curie 10010 Troyes France

A balancing problem for transfer lines with parallel spindles is investigated. All spindle heads of the same workstation are activated simultaneously. The relations of the necessity of executing some operations at the same workstation, the possibility of combining the spindles at the same workstation as well as precedence constraints are given. The problem is to choose spindle heads from a given set and allocate them to workstations in such a way that i) all the operations are performed, ii) all constraints are satisfied, iii) the cycle time is provided, and iv) the line cost is minimal. The proposed method for solving the problem is based on its formulation as a mixed integer problem (MIP).

关键词： Machining line balancing optimization MIP

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Dynamic scheduling issues in SMT architectures

Dynamic scheduling issues in SMT architectures

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International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS 2003

作者： Shin, Chulho Lee, Seong-Won Gaudiot, Jean-Luc System Design Technology Laboratory Samsung Electronics Corporation Korea Republic of Dept. of Electrical Engineering - Systems University of Southern California United States Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Irvine United States

ISBN: (纸本)0769519261

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) attempts to attain higher processor utilization by allowing instructions from multiple independent threads to coexist in a processor and compete for shared resources. Previous studies have shown, however, that its throughput may be limited by the number of threads. A reason is that a fixed thread scheduling policy cannot be optimal for the varying mixes of threads it may face in an SMT processor. Our adaptive dynamic thread scheduling (ADTS) was previously proposed to achieve higher utilization by allowing a detector thread to make use of wasted pipeline slots with nominal hardware and software costs. The detector thread adaptively switches between various fetch policies. Our previous study showed that a single fixed thread scheduling policy presents much room (some 30%) for improvement compared to an oracle-scheduled case. In this paper, we take a closer look at ADTS. We implemented the functional model of the ADTS and its software architecture to evaluate various heuristics for determining a better fetch policy for a next scheduling quantum. We report that performance could be improved by as much as 25%. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Scheduling

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Predictive quantization-based filtering in distributed traffic simulation

Predictive quantization-based filtering in distributed traff...

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2003 Summer computer Simulation Conference, SCSC 2003

作者： Leer, Jongkeun Chit, Sungdo Zeigler, Bernard P. Arizona Center for Integrative Modeling and Simulation Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States Intelligent Systems Research Lab. Dept. of Computer Engineering Hangkong University Seoul Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)1565552687

This paper proposed predictive quantization-hased filtering method that uses average speed-based dynamic quantum size to effectively reduce communication overhead that DEVS/HLA-based distributed traffic simulation has. Average speed-based dynamic quantum size monitors dynamically changing road situation at fixed time unit and set vehicles 'average speed to dynamic quantum size. Then it generates individual quantum size offactors such as the distance from the leading vehicle, speed and acceleration that decide traffic models 'behavior by using dynamic quantum size. Therefore, the suggested methodology has an advantage in that it effectively reduces communication overhead among federates of distributed traffic simulation. This paper verified validity of the suggested method by doing distributed modeling the 32km block from East Seoul to Hobup of JOOJ'/GBOO highway in Korea and analyzing the simulation.

关键词： Cost reduction

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Estimation of damped and undamped sinusoids with application to analysis of electromagnetic FDTD simulation data 13

Estimation of damped and undamped sinusoids with application...

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13th IFAC Symposium on System Identification, SYSID 2003

作者： McKelvey, Tomas Rylander, Thomas Viberg, Mats Dept. of Signals and Systems Chalmers University of Technology GothenburgSE -412 96 Sweden Center for Computational Electromagnetics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UrbanaIL61801-2991 United States

Computational electromagnetics deals with the problem of finding efficient and reliable solutions of Maxwell's equations. This is important in a variety of practical applications, such as antenna design and automatic target recognition, and time-domain computations are attractive for a large class of these problems. However, one is more often interested in the frequency characteristics of the solution. Using the Fourier transform to determine the resonance frequencies and damping factors requires long time series. implying severe computational complexity. An attractive alternative is to apply high-resolution frequency estimation, developed in the signal processing society over the past few decades. This is a challenging problem. though. as the number of interesting frequency components can be as large as several hundreds. To overcome the difficulties. we propose a frequency-domain subspace method that yields accurate frequency and damping estimates in a selected frequency band. The required electromagnetic simulation time can thereby be reduced by several orders of magnitude. © 2003 International Federation of Automatic Control.

关键词： Frequency estimation

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computer Vision Algorithms for Quantifying the Growth and Behavior of Neurons Cultured on Nanofabricated Surfaces

Computer Vision Algorithms for Quantifying the Growth and Be...

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Conference on computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, CVPRW 2003

作者： Karim, Muhammad-Amri Abdul Al-Kofahi, Khalid Roysam, Badrinath Dowell-Mesfin, Natalie Hussain, Rifat J. Shain, William Turner, James N. Electrical Computer and Systems Engineering Dept. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TroyNY12180 United States Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health AlbanyNY12201 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0769519008

Neuron growth on nanofabricated silicon surfaces, once understood, is fundamental to engineer circuits involving neurons and electronic components, leading to applications such as next-generation brain implants, and high-throughput neurologic drug screening assay systems. Precise quantification of neuronal growth and behavior from image samples requires computer vision algorithms for automatic tracing of neurons, and flexible algorithms for reliable registration and analysis of multi-fluorophore imagery. The tracing algorithms must be robust to high levels of clutter and common imaging artifacts, process discontinuities, and quantum noise, especially when live neurons are imaged. Finally, the large numbers of images that must be processed for a hypothesis test or assay call for computationally efficient algorithms. A fully automated neuron tracing algorithm based on the use of robust detection and estimation principles is described here that meets the above needs. It takes 2 seconds to trace and extract morphological statistics from a typical 1280 x 1024 image on a Pentium III, 1 GHz personal computer. It was validated against manually generated traces and the errors were in the range of 1-5% per image. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Neurons

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Practical constraints on reactively steered antenna arrays

Practical constraints on reactively steered antenna arrays

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2003 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference, RAWCON 2003

作者： MacDonald, J.T. Ucci, D.R. Sapient Systems Inc. 1131 Central Avenue WilmetteIL60091 United States Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Illinois Institute of Technology ChicagoIL60091-3797 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0780378296

Reactively steered antenna arrays (RESAAs) can be steered electronically by varying their load impedances. To maximize radiation efficiency, the load impedance must be reactive to avoid ohmic losses. A simple means to implement the reactive loads is with varactors. This places further constraints on the load in that the load impedance must not only be imaginary but also negative. In this paper, prior work is reconsidered in light of this practical constraint. Simulations are performed to evaluate the beam steering and interference nulling of a hexagonal array with these constraints. The complexity of the array is minimized while providing performance suitable for some applications. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Directional patterns (antenna)

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Low-power radio-frequency SiGe analog-to-digital converter

Low-power radio-frequency SiGe analog-to-digital converter

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2003 IEEE IGARSS: Learning From Earth's Shapes and Colours

作者： Thompson, Willie L. Hall, Wesley G. Piepmeier, Jeffrey R. Johnson-Bey, Charles T. Microwave Instrument Technology Branch NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD20771 United States Morgan State University Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5200 Perring Parkway BaltimoreMD21251 United States

A low-power, radio-frequency analog-to-digital converter (RF-ADC) for soil moisture remote sensing was designed and fabricated. The RF-ADC is the fundamental component used in a direct-sampling digital radiometer, which is proposed to minimize the power dissipation and system complexity for synthetic thinned array radiometer. The circuit was implemented using 0.8-μm 35-GHz silicon germanium BiCMOS technology. The total power dissipation was 222 mW. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Frequency converters

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Aspect-orientation of control application code for distributed automation systems: The TORERO approach

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International Workshop on the Move to Meaningful Internet systems, OTM 2003 co-located with Workshop on HCI SWWA, IPW, JTRES,WORM, WMS, and WRSM 2003

作者： Tangermann, Marcus Schwab, Christian Kalogeras, Athanasios P. Lorentz, Kai Prayati, Aggeliki S. University of Magdeburg Center Distributed Systens@IAF Universitätsplatz 2 Magdeburg39106 Germany Industrial Systems Institute Building A University Campus Rion Patras26500 Greece University of Patras Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Technology Rion Patras26500 Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9783540204947

Besides the programming of the control application code of a distributed automation system (DAS) and the functional allocation of the control application code to the specific devices that the DAS consists of, an important point is the implementation of communication related code to map to the underlying communication platform and to realise the collaboration of the distributed control application code. Due to the real-timeliness and even timecriticality of DAS applications, the correct handling of real-time constraints has to be considered. This paper presents an aspect-oriented approach for weaving the communication related code into the distributed control application code by means of AspectJ [AspJ03], an extension for aspect-oriented programming with Java, and gives a comparison to other approaches. In addition to the description of the weaving process and the presentation of a demonstrator example, considerations about the usability of this concept and some restrictions will be stated. This work is part of the research project TORERO, which is funded by the European Commission under the IST program. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003.

关键词： Aspect oriented programming

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computer Vision Algorithms for Quantifying the Growth and Behavior of Neurons Cultured on Nanofabricated Surfaces

Computer Vision Algorithms for Quantifying the Growth and Be...

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IEEE computer Society Conference on computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)

作者： Muhammad-Amri Abdul Karim Khalid Al-Kofahi Badrinath Roysam Natalie Dowell-Mesfin Rifat J. Hussain William Shain James N. Turner Electrical Computer & Systems Engineering Dept. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY Electrical Computer & Systems Engineering Dept. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA The Wadsworth Center Department of Health Albany NY The Wadsworth Center Department of Health Albany NY USA

Neuron growth on nanofabricated silicon surfaces, once understood, is fundamental to engineer circuits involving neurons and electronic components, leading to applications such as next-generation brain implants, and high-throughput neurologic drug screening assay systems. Precise quantification of neuronal growth and behavior from image samples requires computer vision algorithms for automatic tracing of neurons, and flexible algorithms for reliable registration and analysis of multi-fluorophore imagery. The tracing algorithms must be robust to high levels of clutter and common imaging artifacts, process discontinuities, and quantum noise, especially when live neurons are imaged. Finally, the large numbers of images that must be processed for a hypothesis test or assay call for computationally efficient algorithms. A fully automated neuron tracing algorithm based on the use of robust detection and estimation principles is described here that meets the above needs. It takes 2 seconds to trace and extract morphological statistics from a typical 1280 × 1024 image on a Pentium III, 1 GHz personal computer. It was validated against manually generated traces and the errors were in the range of 1-5% per image.

关键词： Neurons Surface topography Algorithm design and analysis Robustness computer vision Surface morphology Nerve fibers

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