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arXiv 2024年

作者： Dieny, Bernard Aggarwal, Sanjeev Naik, Vinayak Bharat Couet, Sebastien Coughlin, Thomas Fukami, Shunsuke Garello, Kevin Guedj, Jack Incorvia, Jean Anne C. Lebrun, Laurent Lee, Kyung-Jin Leonelli, Daniele Noh, Yonghwan Salimy, Siamak Soss, Steven Thomas, Luc Wang, Weigang Worledge, Daniel Univ. Grenoble Alpes CEA CNRS SPINTEC Grenoble38000 France Everspin Technologies 5670 W Chandler Blvd Suite 130 AZ85226 United States GlobalFoundries 400 Stone Break Rd Extension MaltaNY12020 United States Imec Leuven3001 Belgium Coughlin Associates AtascaderoCA United States Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics Research Institute of Electrical Communication Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai980-8577 Japan Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai980-8577 Japan NUMEM SunnyvaleCA United States Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX United States Hprobe 4 Rue Irène Joliot Curie Eybens38320 France Daejeon Korea Republic of Huawei Technologies R&D Belgium N.V. Leuven Belgium Netsol Dongtan-daero 23-gil Hwaseong-si Gyeonggi-do Korea Republic of Applied Materials Santa ClaraCA95054-3299 United States Department of Physics Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering The University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States IBM Almaden Research Center San JoseCA United States

This application note discusses the working principle of spin-transfer torquemagnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) and the impact that magneticfields can have on STT-MRAM operation. Sources of magnetic field and typicalmagnitudes of magnetic fields are given. Based on the magnitude of commonlyencountered external magnetic fields, we show below that magnetic immunity ofSTT-MRAM is sufficient for most uses once the chip is mounted on a printedcircuit board (PCB) or inserted in its working environment. This statement issupported by the experience acquired during 60 years of use of magnetic harddisk drives (HDD) including 20 years of HDD with readers comprising magnetictunnel junctions, 20+ years of use of magnetic field sensors as positionencoders in automotive industry and 15+ years of use of MRAM. Mainly duringchip handling does caution need to be exercised to avoid exposing the chip toexcessively high magnetic fields. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Automotive industry

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Enhanced Absorption in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Using Plasmonic and Photonic Crystals – Measurement and Simulation

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 2019年第1期1248卷 503-509页

作者： Curtin, Benjamin Biswas, Rana Dalal, Vikram Microelectronics Research Center Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University Ames USA Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Ames Lab Iowa State University Ames USA

We develop experimentally and theoretically plasmonic and photonic crystals for enhancing thin film silicon solar cells. Thin film amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells suffer from decreased absorption of red and near-infrared photons, where the photon absorption length is large. Simulations predict maximal light absorption for a pitch of 700-800 nm for photonic crystal hole arrays in silver or ZnO/Ag back reflectors, with absorption increases of ~12%. The photonic crystal improves over the ideal randomly roughened back reflector (or the ‘4n2 limit’) at wavelengths near the band edge. We fabricated metallic photonic crystal back-reflectors using photolithography and reactive-ion etching. We conformally deposited a-Si:H solar cells on triangular lattice hole arrays of pitch 760 nm on silver back-reflectors. Electron microscopy demonstrates excellent long range periodicity and conformal a-Si:H growth. The measured quantum efficiency increases by 7-8 %, relative to a flat reflector reference device, with enhancement factors exceeding 6 at near-infrared wavelengths. The photonic crystal back reflector strongly diffracts light and increases optical path lengths of solar photons.

关键词： Si optical properties energy generation

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Accumulation bit-width scaling for ultra-low precision training of deep networks 7

Accumulation bit-width scaling for ultra-low precision train...

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7th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2019

作者： Sakr, Charbel Wang, Naigang Chen, Chia-Yu Choi, Jungwook Agrawal, Ankur Shanbhag, Naresh Gopalakrishnan, Kailash Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign United States IBM T.J. Watson Research Center United States IBM Research United States

Efforts to reduce the numerical precision of computations in deep learning training have yielded systems that aggressively quantize weights and activations, yet employ wide high-precision accumulators for partial sums in inner-product operations to preserve the quality of convergence. The absence of any framework to analyze the precision requirements of partial sum accumulations results in conservative design choices. This imposes an upper-bound on the reduction of complexity of multiply-accumulate units. We present a statistical approach to analyze the impact of reduced accumulation precision on deep learning training. Observing that a bad choice for accumulation precision results in loss of information that manifests itself as a reduction in variance in an ensemble of partial sums, we derive a set of equations that relate this variance to the length of accumulation and the minimum number of bits needed for accumulation. We apply our analysis to three benchmark networks: CIFAR-10 ResNet 32, ImageNet ResNet 18 and ImageNet AlexNet. In each case, with accumulation precision set in accordance with our proposed equations, the networks successfully converge to the single precision floating-point baseline. We also show that reducing accumulation precision further degrades the quality of the trained network, proving that our equations produce tight bounds. Overall this analysis enables precise tailoring of computation hardware to the application, yielding area- and power-optimal systems. © 7th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2019. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Digital arithmetic

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DP-Net: Dynamic programming guided deep neural network compression

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Yang, Dingcheng Yu, Wenjian Zhou, Ao Mu, Haoyuan Yao, Gary Wang, Xiaoyi BNRist Dept. Computer Science & Tech. Tsinghua University Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems Beijing University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Case Western Reserve University

—In this work, we propose an effective scheme (called DP-Net) for compressing the deep neural networks (DNNs). It includes a novel dynamic programming (DP) based algorithm to obtain the optimal solution of weight quantization and an optimization process to train a clustering-friendly DNN. Experiments showed that the DP-Net allows larger compression than the state-of-the-art counterparts while preserving accuracy. The largest 77X compression ratio on Wide ResNet is achieved by combining DP-Net with other compression techniques. Furthermore, the DP-Net is extended for compressing a robust DNN model with negligible accuracy loss. At last, a custom accelerator is designed on FPGA to speed up the inference computation with DP-Net. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dynamic programming

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Controllable entangled state distribution in a dual-rail reconfigurable optical network

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Osawa, Shuto Simon, David S. Malinovsky, Vladimir S. Sergienko, Alexander V. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Photonics Center Boston University 8 Saint Mary's St. BostonMA02215 United States Dept. of Physics and Astronomy Stonehill College 320 Washington Street EastonMA02357 United States US Army Research Laboratory AdelphiMD20783 United States Dept. of Physics Boston University 590 Commonwealth Ave. BostonMA02215 United States

Reconfigurable distribution of entangled states is essential for operation of quantum networks connecting multiple devices such as quantum memories and quantum computers. We introduce new quantum distribution network architecture enabling control of the entangled state propagation direction using linear-optical devices and phase shifters and offering reconfigurable connections between multiple quantum nodes. The basic two-photon entanglement distribution scheme is first introduced to illustrate the principle of operation. The scheme is then extended to a network structure with increased number of spatial modes connecting potential end-users. We present several examples of controllable network configuration modifications using time-dependent phase shifters. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Phase shifters

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A Local Characterization for Wyner Common Information

A Local Characterization for Wyner Common Information

引用

IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory

作者： Shao-Lun Huang Xiangxiang Xu Lizhong Zheng Gregory W. Wornell DSIT Research Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen China Dept. of Electronic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China Dept. of Electrical & Computer Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA

ISBN: (数字)9781728164328

ISBN: (纸本)9781728164335

While the Hirschfeld-Gebelein-Rényi (HGR) maximal correlation and the Wyner common information share similar information processing purposes of extracting common knowledge structures between random variables, the relationships between these approaches are generally unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate such relationships by considering the Wyner common information in the weakly dependent regime, called ε-common information. We show that the HGR maximal correlation functions coincide with the relative likelihood functions of estimating the auxiliary random variables in ε-common information, which establishes the fundamental connections these approaches. Moreover, we extend the ε-common information to multiple random variables, and derive a novel algorithm for extracting feature functions of data variables regarding their common information. Our approach is validated by the MNIST problem, and can potentially be useful in multi-modal data analyses.

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Fully-Passive Quantum Key Distribution

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Wang, Wenyuan Wang, Rong Zapatero, Victor Qian, Li Qi, Bing Curty, Marcos Lo, Hoi-Kwong Department of Physics University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Escuela de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación Department of Signal Theory and Communications University of Vigo Vigo Spain atlanTTic Research Center University of Vigo VigoE-36310 Spain Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Toronto TorontoONM5S 3G4 Canada Cisco Systems San JoseCA95134 United States Dept. of Physics University of Toronto TorontoONM5S 3G4 Canada

Passive implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) sources are highly desirable as they eliminate side-channels that active modulators might introduce. Up till now, passive decoy-state and passive encoding BB84 schemes have both been proposed. Nonetheless, passive decoy-state generation and passive encoding have never been simultaneously implemented with linear optical elements before, which greatly limits the practicality of such passive QKD schemes. In this work, we overcome this limitation and propose a fully-passive QKD source with linear optics that eliminates active modulators for both decoy-state choice and encoding. This allows for highly practical QKD systems that avoid side-channels from the source modulators. The passive source we propose (combined with the decoy-state analysis) can create any arbitrary state on a qubit system and is protocol-independent. That is, it can be used for various protocols such as BB84, reference-frame-independent QKD, or the six-state protocol. It can also in principle be combined with e.g. measurement-device-independent QKD, to build a system without side-channels in either detectors or modulators. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quantum cryptography

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A physics based multiscale compact model of p-i-n avalanche photodiodes

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Ahmed, Sheikh Ziauddin Ganguly, Samiran Yuan, Yuan Zheng, Jiyuan Tan, Yaohua Campbell, Joe C. Ghosh, Avik W. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States Hewlett Packard Labs Hewlett Packard Enterprise MilpitasCA95035 United States Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Synopsys SunnyvaleCA94085 United States Dept. of Physics University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States

III-V material based digital alloy Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) have recently been found to exhibit low noise similar to Silicon APDs. The III-V materials can be chosen to operate at any wavelength in the infrared spectrum. In this work, we present a physics-based SPICE compatible compact model for APDs built from parameters extracted from an Environment-Dependent Tight Binding (EDTB) model calibrated to ab-initio Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) methods. Using this approach, we can accurately capture the physical characteristics of these APDs in integrated photonics circuit simulations. © 2021, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods

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Digital Innovation in Faculty Development: Crafting Academic Portfolios for the Next Era

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Procedia computer Science 2024年 246卷 4075-4083页

作者： Hideyuki Kanematsu Akiko Ogawa Takeshi Kogo Risa Kawai Dana M. Barry Nobuyuki Ogawa Shin-nosuke Suzuki Goichi Hagiwara Kayoko Kurita National Institute of Technology (KOSEN) Suzuka College Shiroko-cho Suzuka Mie 510-0294 Dept. Materials & Manufacturing Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-Oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan Faculty of Science Nara Women’s University Uoya Nishimachi Nara 630-8506 Nara Pref. Japan Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Clarkson University Potsdam/SUNY Canton Canton NY USA National Institute of Technology (KOSEN) Gifu College Kami-makuwa Motosu Gifu 510-0495 Japan National Institute of Technology (KOSEN) 771 Nakakuki Oyama Tochigi 323-0806 Japan Faculty of Human Sciences Kyushu Sangyo University Matsukadai 2-chome Higashi-ku Fukuoka-shi Fukuoka 813-8503 Japan Center for Research and Development in Higher Education the University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033m Tokyo Japan

This paper presents one project on integrating digital innovation in faculty development by creating academic portfolios. Academic portfolios document the multifaceted achievements of faculty members and help them in their professional progress and self-evaluation. This initiative adopted a systematic approach following the TU guidelines, incorporating lectures, mentoring, and collaborative sessions, and guiding educators to create portfolios that integrate teaching, research, and service activities. The project’s use of digital tools enabled time efficiency, accessibility, and iterative improvement and improved the transparency and scope of faculty performance. The digital platform also facilitated real-time feedback and integration of the portfolio with a wider digital repository, which aligns with environmentally sustainable practices. Participant feedback highlighted increased motivation and a deeper understanding of the interaction between teaching and research. The project demonstrated that the digital portfolio powerfully aligned teachers’ activities with their professional ethos and promoted continuous development and personal growth goals. This approach suggests the potential for transforming faculty development in the academic community.

关键词： Academic Portfolio faculty development SAP sheet

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Physics-informed neural networks for securing water distribution systems

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Falas, Solon Konstantinou, Charalambos Michael, Maria K. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering KIOS Research and Innovation Centre of Excellence University of Cyprus Cyprus FAMU-FSU College of Engineering Center for Advanced Power Systems Florida State University United States

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) is an emerging category of neural networks which can be trained to solve supervised learning tasks while taking into consideration given laws of physics described by general nonlinear partial differential equations. PINNs demonstrate promising characteristics such as performance and accuracy using minimal amount of data for training, utilized to accurately represent the physical properties of a system’s dynamic environment. In this work, we employ the emerging paradigm of PINNs to demonstrate their potential in enhancing the security of intelligent cyberphysical systems. In particular, we present a proof-of-concept scenario using the use case of water distribution networks, which involves an attack on a controller in charge of regulating a liquid pump through liquid flow sensor measurements. PINNs are used to mitigate the effects of the attack while demonstrating the applicability and challenges of the approach. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Embedded systems

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