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Development of a filter-based near-surface remote sensing system to retrieve far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2022年 283卷

作者： Kim, Jongmin Ryu, Youngryel Dechant, Benjamin Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea

Observations of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) by remote sensing have improved our understanding of the structural and physiological dynamics of vegetation. Substantial efforts have been made to measure SIF with ground-based sensing systems, but field observation data for various plant functional types are still sparse. This is partly due to the limited availability of commercial SIF measurement systems, the relatively high cost of hyperspectral spectroradiometers, and the difficulties of sensor calibration and maintenance in the field. We developed a filter-based smart near-surface remote sensing system for SIF (4S-SIF) to overcome the technical challenges of monitoring SIF in the field, which also decreased the sensor cost, thus enabling more compre-hensive spatial sampling. To retrieve SIF, we combined ultra-narrow bandpass filters (full width half maximum <1.3 nm) and photodiode detectors to observe electromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths (757, 761, and 770 nm). We confirmed that the spectral and radiometric performance of the bandpass filters was satisfactory to retrieve SIF by comparing them to a high-spectral-resolution spectroradiometer that served as a reference. In particular, we confirmed that the digital numbers (DNs) from 4S-SIF exhibited linear relationships with the DN from the reference spectroradiometer in each band (R2 > 0.99). In addition, we developed equations to correct for temperature-induced changes in filter transmittance, such that SIF can be reliably extracted in outdoor en-vironments without the need to actively stabilize the temperature. Furthermore, we confirmed that the SIF signal from 4S-SIF had a strong linear relationship with the reference spectroradiometer-based SIF. Importantly, this relationship held even when the physiological mechanisms of the plant were altered by a herbicide treatment that induced substantial changes in the SIF signal (R2 = 0.85, relative RMSE = 0.22), which indicated that 4S-SIF could

关键词： Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence Photodiode Bandpass filters Spectroradiometer

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Lessons learned from CarboEastAsia: carbon and water cycles in East Asian terrestrial ecosystems

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JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 2013年第1期18卷 1-3页

作者： Kim, Joon Hirano, Takashi Yu, Guirui Li, Shenggong Tamai, Koji Seoul Natl Univ Complex Syst Sci Lab Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Interdisciplinary Grad Program Agr & Forest Meteo Seoul 151921 South Korea Hokkaido Univ Grad Sch Agr Sapporo Hokkaido Japan Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Ecosyst Network Observat & Modeling Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan

Currenct Account balance is affected by various domestic and external economic variables. In this study I examine how changes in macroeconomic variables, such as domestic and international business cycles,international raw material prices, exchange rates and the terms of trade,affect current account balance in the short run by using the vector autoregressive model (VAR). The empirical analysis shows that international business cycles and international raw material prices are the key variables that affect Korea’s current account balances most *** to our expectations, however, exchange rates do not significantly affect Korea’s current account balances. The results of this study imply that it is imperative for Korea to come up with policies that can alleviate external shocks stemming from raw material price hikes and international business cycles.

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Evaluating the efficiency of fog cooling for climate change adaptation in vulnerable groups: A case study of Daegu Metropolitan City

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022年 217卷 1页

作者： Kim, Jaekyoung Kang, Junsuk Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea

This study quantitatively analyzed the effect of fog cooling on temperature reduction and conducted an optimization study on the layout for planning a fog cooling system in the Daegu Metropolitan City. First, the design and verification of a single fog cooling unit was identified through an indoor experiment. Second, the temperature reduction effect of the installed fog cooling system was measured based on a sensor and verified through a finite volume method (FVM)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Third, a numerical analysis of the optimal fog cooling arrangement was designed and performed in the Indongchon area. The temperature reduction design manual and model equations, which can be used by decision-makers, were analyzed through numerical analysis. The measured temperature reduction and simulation values had a high accuracy of R-2 > 0.8. Based on the verified model, scenarios A-D were designed and analyzed according to the fog cooling arrangement. Scenario B, in which the fog cooling was arranged vertically to the wind direction, appeared to be the most efficient. In this case, the volume average temperature where fog cooling was installed could be reduced by up to 3.02 degrees C. It was also found that efficiency is higher when the fog cooling system is positioned at narrow intervals of <5 m than at wide intervals of >10 m, considering the wind direction. The results of this study can aid decision makers-including urban policymakers and planners-for estimating the potential extent of temperature reduction and increase in humidity by adopting fog cooling.

关键词： Daegu Metropolitan City Smart city Climate change adaptation Fog cooling Numerical analysis Design manual

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Development of hazard capacity factor design model for net-zero: Evaluation of the flood adaptation effects considering green-gray infrastructure interaction

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2023年 96卷

This study developed a quantitative flooding adaptation model, the Hazard Capacity Factor Design (HCFD) model, to evaluate flooding risk and the effects of green-gray infrastructure interactions under severe flooding events. Modern society suffers great damage from natural disasters;however, no disaster adaptation model exists that can be easily used by decision makers. Therefore, we developed a model for comprehensive diagnosis of disasters in Suwon City using three key methods. First, a flood adaptation model was developed considering the pipeline network and an optimized arrangement of infrastructure was designed. Second, the framework of the HCFD model and the concept of the safety factor were developed. Finally, interactions between gray and green infrastructure were analyzed. Model evaluation demonstrated that gray and green infrastructure could reduce flooding by 20.04% and 6.55%, respectively, under 400 mm rainfall. The interaction between the gray infrastructure and the green infrastructure had an additional flood reduction effect of about 7%. The primary findings of this study were to develop the HCFD model as well as evaluate the interaction effects between gray and green infrastructure. The HCFD model could also be used in any disaster adaptation using different parameters and disasters.

关键词： HCFD model Suwon smart city Disaster mitigation Interaction design Gray infrastructure Green infrastructure

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Finding key vulnerable areas by a climate change vulnerability assessment

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NATURAL HAZARDS 2016年第3期81卷 1683-1732页

作者： Kim, Ho Gul Lee, Dong Kun Jung, Huicheul Kil, Sung-Ho Park, Jin Han Park, Chan Tanaka, Riwako Seo, Changwan Kim, Ho Kong, Wooseok Oh, Kyusik Choi, Jinyong Oh, Young-Ju Hwang, Gangseok Song, Chang-Keun Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr Life Sci Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Korea Environm Inst Seoul South Korea Texas A&M Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning College Stn TX USA Korea Res Inst Human Settlements Anyang South Korea Natl Inst Ecol Seocheon Gun South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Publ Hlth Seoul South Korea Kyung Hee Univ Dept Geog Seoul South Korea Hanyang Univ Dept Urban Engn Seoul 133791 South Korea Korea Biodivers Res Ctr Co Ltd Pochon South Korea Natl Fisheries Res & Dev Inst Busan South Korea Natl Inst Environm Res Air Qual Forecasting Ctr Inchon South Korea

Extreme climate events such as typhoons, heat waves, and floods have increased in frequency with climate change. Many municipalities within the Republic of Korea (ROK) have experienced damage from these events, necessitating countermeasures. Vulnerability assessment has been suggested in the implementation of a national plan for reducing damage resulting from climate change. Thus, in this study, we assess the vulnerability of the ROK and identify key vulnerable municipalities in support of the national adaptation plan. We create a framework for assessing the vulnerability of all 232 municipalities of the ROK with respect to 32 items in 7 fields. The framework regards decision makers' comprehension and availability of data as important factors. We assess the vulnerability index of each municipality by using variables of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity. The weights of variables are determined by the Delphi method. We used the representative concentration pathways 8.5 climate scenario to reflect future climate exposure for the vulnerability assessment. From the analysis, vulnerability maps are prepared for the 32 items of 7 fields, and key vulnerable municipalities are identified by aggregating the maps. The distribution of vulnerable municipalities changes with the future climate conditions. These maps provide a scientific and objective basis for the ROK government to establish adaptation plans and allocate resources. The ROK government can utilize the results to identify the characteristics of highly vulnerable areas, and municipalities can use the results as a basis for requesting support from the national government.

关键词： Mapping vulnerability National climate change adaptation strategies Resource allocation RCP scenario

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AI based temperature reduction effect model of fog cooling for human thermal comfort: Climate adaptation technology

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2023年 95卷

This study developed a gradient-boosted regression tree-based artificial intelligence (AI) model--temperature reduction effect AI model (TREAM)--to determine the temperature reduction effect of fog cooling that varies with weather conditions. According to the trend of global warming, our society is suffering from serious damage from urban heat islands, especially negatively affecting human health and thermal comfort. Therefore, it is very important to develop and evaluate adaptive technology for providing pleasant thermal comfort to humans. This study select fog cooling as adaptive technology for human thermal comfort, and indoor and outdoor simulation were performed using STAR CCM+, a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) program. Moreover, transient analysis to validate the outdoor model of CFD and parametric study to identify the correlation between the environmental factors and fog cooling were performed. When initial temperature set as 45 degrees C at a relative humidity of 90% and wind speed of 1 m/s, a temperature reduction of 8.92% can be obtained. Regardless of the temperature and humidity conditions, the temperature reduction effect of fog cooling was similar to 1% if the wind speed increased above 5 m/s. This study contributed to the quantitative analysis of the temperature reduction effect according to the change of environmental factors.

关键词： Daegu smart city TREAM (temperature reduction effect AI model) GBRT (gradient-boosted regression tree) Climate change scenario Fog Cooling Parametric Study

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The effect of extremely low sky view factor on land surface temperatures in urban residential areas

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022年第0期80卷 103799-103799页

作者： Kim, Junsik Lee, Dong-Kun Brown, Robert D. Kim, Saehoon Kim, Jun-Hyun Sung, Sunyong Univ Utah Dept City & Metropolitan Planning Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Texas A&M Univ Coll Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning College Stn TX 77840 USA Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat Seoul 151743 South Korea Michigan State Univ Sch Planning Design & Construct E Lansing MI 48824 USA Korea Natl Univ Cultural Heritage Dept Tradit Landscape Architecture Buyeo Gun 33115 Chungcheongnam South Korea

Cities are becoming hotter due to global climate change and urban heat island intensification. This has resulted in an increased number of hospitalizations and deaths during heatwaves. Previous studies have reported a positive correlation between moderate to high sky view factor (SVF) values and land surface temperature (LST), but extremely low SVF situations that occur in urbanized residential areas have not been fully studied. This study investigated the relationship between SVF and summertime LST for urbanized residential areas ranging from very open to very closed considering external factors. Similar to previous studies, the results showed that low-rise detached housing was associated with a higher SVF and a higher LST than high-rise multifamily housing because the ground surface received more direct solar radiation. However, when the SVF was extremely low (less than 0.2) because of being surrounded by high-rise high-density flat-type apartments, this relationship was reversed due to the higher anthropogenic heat, lower ventilation performance, lower green infrastructure, and decreased longwave radiation even though daytime. This has major implications for the health and well-being of residents in high-density urban residential areas as they will receive a higher terrestrial radiation load than previously thought, a dangerous situation in the event of heatwaves. (200 Words)

关键词： Sky view factor Land surface temperature Terrestrial radiation Human thermal comfort

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Are decline-oriented strategies thermally sustainable in shrinking cities?

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URBAN CLIMATE 2021年 39卷 100924-100924页

作者： Jang, Gukhwa Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea

Since the 20th century, shrinking cities have become a crucial subject in urban planning and public health literature. Given the growing concern about heat stress, a planning method for managing shrinking cities is increasingly linked with improvement of urban thermal comfort. The purpose of this study is to identify policy implications for developing so-called "decline-oriented strategies" that help to mitigate heat stress. The article assesses the effects of three strategies: 1) demolition strategy of abandoned houses, 2) demolition and greening the site strategy, and 3) small-scale urban renewal strategy. Using ENVI-met, we performed a comparative analysis of the differences in thermal comfort levels associated with each strategy. The results showed that the pre-post differences in thermal comfort were statistically significant for each strategy. Overall, the demolition strategy without greening elevated the surface temperature due to more extensive open areas without shade, forming a heat stress zone around vacant lots. The greening strategy partly offset the adverse effects of the demolition strategy by providing a thermally pleasant environment. Finally, the small-scale urban renewal strategy improved the thermal environment and provided a potential cooling zone, which pedestrians and residents could utilize.

关键词： Climate change Heat stress Outdoor thermal comfort Physiological equivalent temperature Smart shrinkage

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Mapping Deforestation in North Korea Using Phenology-Based Multi-Index and Random Forest

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REMOTE SENSING 2016年第12期8卷 997-997页

作者： Jin, Yihua Sung, Sunyong Lee, Dong Kun Biging, Gregory S. Jeong, Seunggyu Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151743 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151743 South Korea Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management Berkeley CA 94720 USA Natl Inst Biol Resources Plant Resources Div Inchon 22689 South Korea

Phenology-based multi-index with the random forest (RF) algorithm can be used to overcome the shortcomings of traditional deforestation mapping that involves pixel-based classification, such as ISODATA or decision trees, and single images. The purpose of this study was to investigate methods to identify specific types of deforestation in North Korea, and to increase the accuracy of classification, using phenological characteristics extracted with multi-index and random forest algorithms. The mapping of deforestation area based on RF was carried out by merging phenology-based multi-indices (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and normalized difference soil index (NDSI)) derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products and topographical variables. Our results showed overall classification accuracy of 89.38%, with corresponding kappa coefficients of 0.87. In particular, for forest and farm land categories with similar phenological characteristic (e.g., paddy, plateau vegetation, unstocked forest, hillside field), this approach improved the classification accuracy in comparison with pixel-based methods and other classes. The deforestation types were identified by incorporating point data from high-resolution imagery, outcomes of image classification, and slope data. Our study demonstrated that the proposed methodology could be used for deciding on the restoration priority and monitoring the expansion of deforestation areas.

关键词： NDVI NDSI NDWI unstocked forest hillside field vegetation phenology MODIS

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Can urban shrinkage contribute to mitigating surface air temperature warming?

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2024年 114卷

作者： Ma, Fengdi Yoon, Heeyeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Coll Agr & Life Sci Integrated Major Smart City Gl Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

In recent years, urban areas are increasingly experiencing intense warming. Although urbanization is an important driver of warming in urban environments, it remains unclear whether depopulation trends in shrinking cities mitigate this warming effect. Here, we explored the relationship between shrinking cities and observed warming in China. Of the 356 Chinese cities, 95 were identified as shrinking between 2000 and 2010. We categorized 2419 observation stations into three groups-rural, shrinking, and non-shrinking-and generated a surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly series for each group from 1961 to 2014. Temperature differences between the shrinking and non-shrinking urban stations were investigated. Using segmented generalized least squares regression, the spatiotemporal temperature patterns across the mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax), and minimum temperatures (Tmin), diurnal temperature range (DTR) indicators, and across seasons-spring, summer, autumn, and winter-were explored. Results revealed a cooling effect in shrinking cities, with decadal decreases of 0.042 degrees C (-0.078 to -0.005 degrees C), 0.083 degrees C (-0.126 to -0.039 degrees C), and 0.029 degrees C (-0.062 to -0.005 degrees C) in regional Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin anomalies, respectively. Moreover, pronounced seasonality was identified in this phenomenon-the cooling effect was most notable for Tmean in spring and Tmax in autumn, less significant in summer, and negligible in winter. These results suggested that the population decline in shrinking cities could alleviate regional warming, having implications that could influence urban planning and climate mitigation policies.

关键词： Shrinking cities Temperature anomalies Regional warming Climate mitigation policies

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