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Variations in pedestrian mean radiant temperature based on the spacing and size of street trees

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2019年 48卷 101521-000页

作者： Park, Chae Yeon Lee, Dong Kun Krayenhoff, E. Scott Heo, Han Kyul Hyun, Jung Hee Oh, Kyushik Park, Tae Yoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Univ Guelph Sch Environm Sci Guelph ON Canada Hanyang Univ Dept Urban Planning & Engn Seoul South Korea Yonsei Univ Grad Sch Educ Seoul 03722 South Korea Lab Landscape Ecol & Climate Change Adaptat 200 Room 9211 Gwanak Ro 599 Seoul 151921 South Korea

There has been no study on the impacts of street tree interval on the street-level radiant environment, although it has been a key factor in the design of thermally comfortable streets. In this study, the variation in pedestrian mean radiant temperature (MRT) is investigated as a function of the tree interval using a newly developed multilayer MRT model. Tree size and street size are considered in the model experiments. The results show that MRT was most effectively reduced by large trees, indicating that they may be planted at wider intervals compared to smaller trees to achieve comparable MRT reductions. Furthermore, as the tree interval decreases, MRT reduction was increased exponentially by small trees, while MRT reduction was increased linearly by large trees. Therefore, urban planners can reduce pedestrian exposure to radiation by planting either larger trees or closely spaced smaller trees. These results provide insight into optimal configurations of street trees for maximum reduction of MRT in a variety of urban canyon configurations.

关键词： Urban tree planning Tree cooling effect Shading effect Radiation transfer model MMRT model

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Modification of the moving point test method for nighttime eddy CO₂ flux filtering on hilly and complex terrains

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METHODSX 2019年 6卷 1207-1217页

作者： Kang, Minseok Kim, Joon Thakuri, Bindu Malla Chun, Junghwa Cho, Chunho Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Program Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol Pyeongchang Campus Pyeongchang South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Planning Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Dept Forest Conservat Seoul South Korea Natl Inst Meteorol Sci Seogwipo South Korea

The measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes using the eddy covariance technique is difficult in forests in complex terrain because of the horizontal advection of CO2 at night. This results the under- or overestimation of net ecosystem exchanges of CO2. We propose a technique for nighttime filtering (and correction) of CO2 fluxes to eliminate (and replace) those significantly affected by horizontal advection: the modified moving point test method. This was developed by merging the friction velocity filtering and van Gorsel methods. It is based on an approach using moving windows for time and friction velocity, allowing a nighttime CO2 flux correction that includes an assessment of CO2 drainage at midnight. We tested the method using datasets from two flux towers in forests in hilly and complex terrains, where the application of generic nighttime filtering methods is difficult because CO2 drainage is generated earlier than the time assumed by the generic methods. The method produced carbon budgets consistent with previous research results, while showing improved applicability. We propose a nighttime CO2 flux filtering method for hilly and complex terrain that combines the friction velocity filtering and van Gorsel methods. This method determines the friction velocity threshold and the significance of CO2 drainage at midnight based on an approach using moving windows for time and friction velocity. The method produced consistent results and shows improved applicability. (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Eddy covariance Advection Nighttime CO2 flux correction Moving point test Hilly and complex terrain

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Quantifying and mapping cooling services of multiple ecosystems

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021年 73卷 103123-103123页

作者： Park, Chae Yeon Park, Yoon Sun Kim, Ho Gul Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Choong-Ki Natl Inst Environm Studies Social Syst Div 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Korea Environm Inst KEI Div Nat Environm Sejong 30147 South Korea Cheongju Univ Dept Human & Environm Design Cheongju South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

The higher heat load in urban areas than that in rural areas increases the heat stress of citizens and cooling load. Ecosystem-based planning can be a cost-effective solution for cooling cities. In this study, we quantified and mapped the cooling services of multiple ecosystems based on sensible heat mitigation effects and their energy saving potential during the hottest time of the day. Forests, grassland, water bodies, and swamps were considered in this study, and we identified the most efficient ecosystems in the study area with low cooling services. Water bodies exhibited the highest cooling service by mitigating the sensible heat flux by up to 250 W/m2. However, forests made the greatest contribution due to their higher area ratio than that of water. These ecosystems can reduce the energy requried for air-conditioning during the hottest time of the day by approximately 0.15 kWh/ m2. The cooling service quantifying and mapping methods proposed in this study can help urban planners to develop more sustainable and resilient cities that can more efficiently incorporate ecosystem-based cooling services.

关键词： Urban heat Green spaces Water bodies Cooling effect Sensible heat flux Energy saving potential

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Developing a three-dimensional urban surface model for spatiotemporal analysis of thermal comfort with respect to street direction

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2023年 97卷

作者： Yun, Seok Hwan Lee, Dong Kun Piao, Zheng Gang Park, Chae Yeon Kim, Sang Hyuck Kim, Eun Sub Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol Environm Management Res Inst Tsukuba 3058569 Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Tsukuba 3058506 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Specialized Grad Sch Intelligent Ecosci Seoul 08826 South Korea

Understanding the urban heat problem, which is intensifying owing to urbanization and climate change, has become a great challenge. Evaluating the thermal environment of urban spaces and predicting changes based on urban planning are essential for developing optimal urban cooling plans. This study addresses the pressing challenge of urban heat by developing a three-dimensional urban surface model (3D-USM) and conducting spatiotemporal thermal comfort simulations, providing valuable insights for the development of effective urban cooling strategies in the face of urbanization and climate change. Mean radiant temperature (MRT), the key element of thermal comfort of humans by reflecting complex urban environments was simulated in east-west streets which are vulnerable to heat, and results demonstrate that a small change of street angle has a significant effect on pedestrian thermal comfort. Specifically, at 0900 LST, the southern sidewalk of the street rotated by 12.5 degrees was more vulnerable than the northern sidewalk. This resulted in a shift in the optimal location of trees that provide effective cooling, highlighting the importance of considering street orientation in the placement of urban greenery. This suggests that spatiotemporal thermal comfort simulations considering urban form in detail are necessary to efficiently cool the city. The proposed 3D-USM, capable of accurately and efficiently simulating the thermal environment and MRT thermal comfort in complex urban environments using simple input data, holds great potential for guiding the development of efficient cooling strategies to foster sustainable cities.

关键词： Microclimate modeling Urban canopy model Mean radiant temperature Street direction Urban planning Outdoor environment

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The relationship between values and knowledge in visioning for landscape management: relevance for a collaborative approach

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ECOSYSTEMS AND PEOPLE 2022年第1期18卷 498-513页

作者： Horcea-Milcu, Andra-Ioana Zaman, Sara Filyushkina, Anna Lopez-Rodriguez, Maria D. Cebrian-Piqueras, Miguel A. Raymond, Christopher M. Babes Bolyai Univ Hungarian Dept Biol & Ecol Cluj Napoca Romania Univ Helsinki Fac Agr & Forestry Sci Dept Econ & Management Helsinki Finland Vrije Univ Amsterdam Inst Environm Studies IVM Amsterdam Netherlands Univ Oberta Catalunya UOC Internet Interdisciplinary Inst IN3 Barcelona Spain Univ Gottingen Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev Gottingen Germany Univ Helsinki Helsinki Inst Sustainabil Sci HELSUS Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Fac Biol & Environm Sci Ecosyst & Environm Res Program Helsinki Finland Swedish Univ Agr Sci Dept Landscape Architecture Planning & Management Alnarp Sweden

Respecting connections between the diversity of values and forms of knowledge is essential to support a decision-making that fosters relationships between ecosystems and people. However, little theory has been developed for clarifying interactions between values and knowledge, and their relevance for environmental policy. We surfaced the overlooked relationship between values and knowledge by studying individual cognitive and emotional processes during a guided visioning exercise in the context of the multifunctional landscapes of Ostergotland, Sweden. We investigated these cognitive processes using 30 semi-structured interviews and questionnaires organized around three types of relationships: vision. values, vision. knowledge, and especially values. knowledge. The analysis of the relationship between vision and values reveals that all types of values including core human values, relational, and intrinsic values are important in shaping the decision-making context in which landscape management visions arise. The relationship between vision and knowledge uncovers the mix of experiential and theoretical knowledge that informs the decisionmaking context. Interviews unfold three modalities in terms of how values and knowledge relate: i) linked and not necessarily connected (e.g. when individuals perceive a high conflict between their knowledge and their values leading to one construct silencing the other);ii) mutually reinforcing (e.g. when values and knowledge are seen as feeding into one another);and iii) intertwined (e.g. when individuals perceive that values and knowledge can co-exist). We discuss our findings in the context of their relevance for a collaborative decision-making process for balancing consensus and dissensus in multifunctional landscapes.

关键词： Rosemary Hill Human values experiential knowledge consensus reflexivity soft systems thinking inclusivity

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Identifying CO₂ advection on a hill slope using information flow

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2017年 232卷 265-278页

作者： Kang, Minseok Ruddell, Benjamin L. Cho, Chunho Chun, Junghwa Kim, Joon Natl Ctr Agrometeorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea No Arizona Univ Sch Informat Comp & Cyber Syst S San Francisco St Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA Natl Inst Meteorol Res 33 Seohobuk Ro Seogwipo Si 63568 Jeju South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Dept Forest Conservat 57 Hoegi Ro Seoul 02455 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Pyeongchang Campus Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol 1447 Pyeongchang Daero Deahwa Myeon 25354 Pyeongchang South Korea

In hilly terrain affected by drainage flow, the horizontal advection of CO2 makes it difficult to accurately observe the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 by the eddy covariance technique. Downslope drainage can result in an overestimation of respiration at the bottom of a hill slope and an underestimation at the top, resulting in discrepancies among different flux corrections using filters based on the friction velocity, light response curve, and timing of advection. Vertical profiles of the CO2 concentration from the ground to above the canopy were measured along with above-canopy EC flux measurements at the top and bottom of a hill slope at the Gwangneung KoFlux sites from 2008 to 2010. To infer the timing, direction, temporal scale, and structure of CO2 advection from uphill to downhill, we constructed an information flow dynamical process network (DPN) based on the observed multi-level CO2 concentrations. A site specific quality control filter was developed to eliminate data strongly affected by CO2 advection, which identifies the observations when strong downslope information flow exists in the DPN. This site-specific filter considerably reduced the discrepancies among different traditional flux corrections. This research provides a method for the general characterization of advection using information flow, and application of the method as a site-specific filter for eddy covariance observations in hilly and complex terrain. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nighttime CO2 flux correction CO2 advection Forest hill slope Eddy covariance measurement Information flow Dynamical process network

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Sequential Action-Based Dynamic Decision-Support Model for Urban Ecological Planning

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Ji Yeon Thorne, James H. Hyun, Jung Hee Lee, Dong Kun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Smart Green Solution Team SK forest Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California One Shields Ave DavisCA95616 United States Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Decision-makers often encounter the challenge of efficient long-term ecological planning to consider economic and environmental trade-offs. However, tools to support stepwise mitigation strategies that account for dynamic ecological responses to continuing urban development are limited. Therefore, we developed a sequential action-based dynamic decision-making model to simulate stepwise mitigation measures in space over time using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focused on exploring the ecological corridors and habitat creation as mitigation measures through four decades to identify trade-offs and optimal plans that minimize landscape connectivity and edge density as ecological responses to urban development and minimize implementation costs per action. The results showed that adopting an initial low-investment strategy with sequential planning significantly enhanced potential ecological benefits beyond the 2000s compared with one-action planning. In contrast, the initial high-cost investment exhibited a gradual decline in the ecological benefits over time from 1995. The initial low-cost investment presented an opportunity to enhance ecological benefits by implementing early mitigation measures in locations capable of sustaining long-term ecological functions. The results suggest that sequential planning offers valuable insights into effective urban ecological planning by analyzing time-series data. This study enables step-by-step scenario testing, thereby supporting the facilitation of urban and regional sustainability planning. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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Improving retrieval of leaf chlorophyll content from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 imagery by correcting for canopy structural effects

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2024年 304卷

作者： Wan, Liang Ryu, Youngryel Dechant, Benjamin Lee, Jeongho Zhong, Zilong Feng, Huaize Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Accurately estimating leaf chlorophyll content (Chl) at large spatial scales is crucial for monitoring agricultural production and plant photosynthesis. Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 offer the potential to assess Chl with high spatial resolutions using various physically-based, empirical, and hybrid methods, but they still present challenges due to the confounding effects of canopy structure and soil background. The near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRV) has been proposed to characterize canopy structural and soil background effects in suninduced chlorophyll fluorescence. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel strategy that incorporates NIRV to minimize canopy structural and soil background effects on Chl retrieval, using bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 imagery. We compared Chl estimation using empirical random forest (RF), the physically-based PROSAIL-5B inversion, and a hybrid method using RF to train simulated datasets from PROSAIL-5B. We validated Chl retrieval performance with measured datasets from the National Ecological Observatory Network, covering seven vegetation types. We also compared spatiotemporal Chl variations from Sentinel-2, Landsat-7/8, and MODIS. The results showed that NIRV effectively characterized the canopy structural effect on Chl estimation, associated with leaf area index, average leaf angle, and canopy fraction of senescent leaves. Compared to BRF, correcting BRF by NIRV improved Chl retrieval with RMSE values reduced by 12.2%-27.0% for Sentinel-2, 7.4%-16.4% for Landsat-7, and 6.9%-13.7% for Landsat-8, respectively. This also resulted in a significant increase in R2 values for Sentinel-2 (0.13-0.46), Landsat-7 (0.08-0.19), and Landsat-8 (0.12-0.2), respectively. Sentinel-2 outperformed Landsat-7/8 in Chl estimation, due to the contribution of red edge bands and a higher spatial resolution. Furthermore, the hybrid method performed best for Chl estimation from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8

关键词： Leaf chlorophyll content Canopy structure Near -infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIR V ) PROSAIL model Hybrid method Sentinel-2

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Assessment of spatial interactions in farmland abandonment: A case study of Gwangyang City, Jeollanam-do Province, South Korea

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HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 2022年 129卷

作者： Baek, Seungjoo Yoon, Heeyeun Hahm, Yeankyoung Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Coll Agr & Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Smart City Global Convergence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Texas A&M Univ Coll Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning College Stn TX USA

Globally, countries have experienced substantial increases in farmland abandonment and concomitant consequences, such as reduced agricultural productions, deteriorated local communities, and increased probabilities of wildfire and landslides. For better understanding of the phenomenon, previous studies have focused on finding individual factors leading to farmland abandonment, while the spatial relationships, including influences exchanged among parcels themselves, have been much less examined. In this study, we investigate the factors inducing farmland abandonment in Gwangyang City in Jeollanam-do Province in South Korea, with a specific focus on the spatial interactions. We analyzed the level of spatial autocorrelation of abandoned farmlands using Moran's I and conducted a spatial autor-egressive probit regression analysis to assess the factors that explain farmland abandonments, including their spatial dependence and spillover effects. We found that the global Moran's I was 0.42 for locations of abandoned farmland, justifying the use of a spatial model. The results of spatial autoregressive probit model confirmed the spatial interactions among the spatial units and spillover effects, meaning that farmland abandonment can be affected by abandonment of neighboring agri-cultural parcels, and that an individual parcel simultaneously receives influences of factors within itself and from factors of other parcels, respectively. Our new dispersion index confirmed that disconnection or fragmentation of farmland is associated with farmland abandonments. The finding of this research will help in establishing rural policies, focusing on the community-level cooperation system to prevent future occurrence of the farmland abandonments.

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SLACK IN CONSTRUCTION - PART 1: CORE CONCEPTS 29

SLACK IN CONSTRUCTION - PART 1: CORE CONCEPTS

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29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 2021

作者： Formoso, Carlos Tommelein, Iris D. Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu Koskela, Lauri Fireman, Marcus Barth, Karina Bataglin, Fernanda Viana, Daniela Coelho, Rafael Singh, Vishesh Zani, Carolina Ransolin, Natália Disconzi, Claudia RS Porto Alegre Brazil University of California BerkeleyCA United States Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department UFRGS Brazil School of Art Design and Architecture University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield United Kingdom Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure UFRGS Porto Alegre90035-190 Brazil LDConsulting Interdisciplinary Department NORIE UFRGS Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. University of California BerkeleyCA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9786124802546

Construction projects are known to be complex, due to being subject to uncertainty and variability. The use of buffers to protect them from the detrimental impact of variability has been well-researched. A key managerial choice is not whether or not to buffer variability, but rather how to define the necessary combination of buffers. Slack is a concept related to buffers but has been used in the literature to describe a broader range of strategies for coping with complexity. It allows an organisation to adapt to internal pressures for adjustment or to external pressures for change in policy. This paper aims to further develop the concept of slack and to unveil its relationships with other concepts and ideas that are partly overlapping such as buffers, resilience, robustness, flexibility, and redundancy. A concept map was devised in order to articulate the nature of the slack concept. This paper explores in detail this concept map and proposes a conceptual role for slack in the realm of Lean. © Prof. Luis F. Alarcón and Assoc. Prof. Vicente González, IGL2021 All rights reserved.

关键词： buffer complexity concept map Slack uncertainty variability waste

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