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Inconsistencies of interannual variability and trends in long-term satellite leaf area index products

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017年第10期23卷 4133-4146页

作者： Jiang, Chongya Ryu, Youngryel Fang, Hongliang Myneni, Ranga Claverie, Martin Zhu, Zaichun Seoul Natl Univ Brain Korea Plus Team 21 Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Chinese Acad Sci LREIS Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China Boston Univ Dept Earth & Environm Boston MA 02215 USA Univ Maryland Dept Geog Sci College Pk MD 20742 USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr Greenbelt MD USA Peking Univ Coll Urban & Environm Sci Sino French Inst Earth Syst Sci Beijing Peoples R China

Understanding the long-term performance of global satellite leaf area index (LAI) products is important for global change research. However, few effort has been devoted to evaluating the long-term time-series consistencies of LAI products. This study compared four long-term LAI products (GLASS, GLOBMAP, LAI3g, and TCDR) in terms of trends, interannual variabilities, and uncertainty variations from 1982 through 2011. This study also used four ancillary LAI products (GEOV1, MERIS, MODIS C5, and MODIS C6) from 2003 through 2011 to help clarify the performances of the four long-term LAI products. In general, there were marked discrepancies between the four long-term LAI products. During the pre-MODIS period (1982-1999), both linear trends and interannual variabilities of global mean LAI followed the order GLASS>LAI3g>TCDR>GLOBMAP. The GLASS linear trend and interannual variability were almost 4.5 times those of GLOBMAP. During the overlap period (2003-2011), GLASS and GLOBMAP exhibited a decreasing trend, TCDR no trend, and LAI3g an increasing trend. GEOV1, MERIS, and MODIS C6 also exhibited an increasing trend, but to a much smaller extent than that from LAI3g. During both periods, the R-2 of detrended anomalies between the four long-term LAI products was smaller than 0.4 for most regions. Interannual variabilities of the four long-term LAI products were considerably different over the two periods, and the differences followed the order GLASS>LAI3g>TCDR>GLOBMAP. Uncertainty variations quantified by a collocation error model followed the same order. Our results indicate that the four long-term LAI products were neither intraconsistent over time nor interconsistent with each other. These inconsistencies may be due to NOAA satellite orbit changes and MODIS sensor degradation. Caution should be used in the interpretation of global changes derived from the four long-term LAI products.

关键词： GLASS GLOBMAP intercomparison LAI3g leaf area index (LAI) TCDR time series

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Mobility is in the eye of the beholder: A comparison of travel patterns and urban spatial use between migrants and the original residents of Danang, Vietnam

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CITIES 2017年 67卷 63-73页

作者： Won, Sehyung Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 220-3471 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst 82-4101 Gwanak Ro Seoul 151742 South Korea

The development of an arterial road named the Nguyen Tat Thanh Road along the Danang Bay in Vietnam shows how changes in mobility can influence the transformation of the urban landscape in a formerly residential neighborhood. The road opened along the coastal lines of the city in 2003. In this study, approximately 460 residents, including migrants who moved to the area after the road development and the original residents who live near the road, were interviewed. The survey was designed to identify the travel routes, mode of transportation, and location of jobs, shopping, leisure, education, and religious activities of residents before and after the road development. The research found that the original residents endured longer commutes than the migrants, which was associated with a greater dispersion of jobs after the road development. Compared to the original residents, migrants often lived in a newly available parcel close to the new road and formed a mixed use community with a good jobs-housing balance. However, migrants traveled farther to non-job-related destinations. For the use of urban space, the original residents attempted to improve the quality of their daily lives through small-scale transformations of privately owned outdoor spaces, which were often shared by their neighbors and other family members. Migrants largely contributed to the formation of commercialized streets that were scattered with fairly large accommodations and high-end residential buildings.

关键词： Road infrastructure Mobility Commuting pattern Jobs-housing balance Street commercialization

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Multi-scale evaluation of global gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration products derived from Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS)

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REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT 2016年 186卷 528-547页

作者： Jiang, Chongya Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Several global gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) remote sensing products exist, mainly provided by machine-learning (e.g. MPI-BGC) and semi-empirical (e.g. MODIS) approaches. Process-based approaches have the advantage of representing the atmosphere-vegetation-soil system and associated fluxes as an organic integration, but their sophistication results in a lack of high spatiotemporal resolution continuous products. Targeting this gap, we reported a new set of global 8-day composite 1-km resolution GPP and ET products from 2000 to 2015, using a simplified process-based model, the Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS). BESS couples atmosphere and canopy radiative transfer, photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, and uses MODIS atmosphere and land data and other satellite data sources as inputs. We evaluated BESS products against FLUXNET observations at site scale (total of 113 sites, 742 site years), and against MPI-BGC products at global scale. At site scale, BESS 8-day Products agreed with FLUXNET observations with R-2 = 0.67 and RMSE = 2.58 gCm(-2) d(-1) for GPP, and R-2 = 0.62 and RMSE = 0.78 mm d(-1) for ET, respectively, and they captured a majority of seasonal variability, about half of spatial variability, and a minority of interannual variability in FLUXNET observations. At global scale, BESS mean annual sum GPP and ET maps agreed with MPI-BGC products with R-2 = 0.93 and RMSE = 229 gC m(-2) y(-1) for GPP, and R-2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 118 mm y(-1) for ET, respectively. Over the period of 2001-2011, BESS quantified the mean global GPP and ET as 122 +/- 25 PgC y(-1) and 65 x 10(3) +/- 11 x 10(3) km(3) y(-1), respectively, with a significant ascending GPP trend by 0.27 PgC y(-2) (p < 0.05), similar to MPI-BGC products as well. Overall, BESS GPP and ET estimates were comparable with FLUXNET observations and MPI-BGC products. The process-based BESS can serve as a set of independent GPP and ET products from official MODIS GPP and ET products

关键词： Gross primary productivity Evapotranspiration BESS Global MPI-BGC MODIS

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Stakeholder Subjectives Toward Ecotourism Development using Q methodology: The Case of Maha Ecotourism Site in Pyeongchang, Korea

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ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2016年第8期21卷 931-951页

作者： Lee, Jae-hyuck Son, Yong-hoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Ecotourism needs ecological sensitivity and respect for the ecological culture of local residents. From this perspective, listening to the opinion of local residents, collaborating with the local residents in conjunction with an appropriate governance structure, is of prime importance in ecotourism. However, many ecotourism sites have numerous problems because of conflicts among stakeholders such as local government and local residents. This study investigates the conflicts and the stakeholders' subjectives in the case of Maha ecotourism site in Pyeongchang-gun, the site of the 2018 Winter Olympic games. Before the analysis, the conflicts seem to be caused by the different attitudes of government officials and local residents' representatives. From the analysis of subjectives, the difference in attitudes is caused by generation gaps. Young people show relatively uniform attitudes, where different occupation sectors exert little influence. It means that conflicts can be decreased if more opportunities for council participation are allowed. Young people have few consideration about ecology and tradition. The ecological and traditional lessons of the older generation are needed for young people. This study shows that conflicts between development and conservation are caused by the different attitudes represented in different generation, and hence plans for harmonizing different generation should be considered.

关键词： ecotourism conflict management Q methodology Pyeongchang

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Mapping riparian habitat using a combination of remote-sensing techniques

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING 2016年第5期37卷 1069-1088页

作者： Jeong, Seung Gyu Mo, Yongwon Kim, Ho Gul Park, Chong Hwa Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea

Light detection and ranging (lidar) and object-oriented classification (OOC) can be used to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional pixel-based classification (PBC) of coarse spatial resolution data, such as Landsat data, for habitat mapping in riparian zones. The purposes of this study were to investigate methods to classify multispectral data and lidar for riparian habitat mapping, and to identify major habitat components for two target species. The mapping of riparian habitat based on OOC and Decision Tree Classification (DTC) was carried out by merging vertical data from lidar and spectral data of high-resolution imagery. Our results showed an overall classification accuracy of 88.2%. In particular, small and continuous habitat types, such as short and tall grasses, rock outcrop and gravel, and riffles, improved the classification accuracy compared with the pixel-based methods. The habitat patches and paths for each target species were identified by incorporating the point data from the field survey and the outcomes of image classification. Our study demonstrated that the proposed methodology can be successfully used for the identification and restoration of fragmented riparian habitats, and can offer an opportunity to obtain high classification accuracies for micro-habitat components in dynamic riverine areas.

关键词： Biological surveys Classification Habitat improvement Ecological distribution Microhabitats Mapping Habitat LIDAR Methodology Lidar applications Remote sensing LANDSAT Remote Sensing Habitats Gravel Grasses Trees Aquatic Habitats Riffles

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Applying Topographic Classification, Based on the Hydrological Process, to Design Habitat Linkages for Climate Change

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FORESTS 2017年第12期8卷 466-466页

作者： Mo, Yongwon Lee, Dong Kun Song, Keunyea Kim, Ho Gul Park, Soo Jin Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Coll Agr Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Univ Nebraska Sch Nat Resources Lincoln NE 68588 USA Incheon Dev Inst Urban Data & Informat Ctr Incheon 22711 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Geog Seoul 08826 South Korea

The use of biodiversity surrogates has been discussed in the context of designing habitat linkages to support the migration of species affected by climate change. Topography has been proposed as a useful surrogate in the coarse-filter approach, as the hydrological process caused by topography such as erosion and accumulation is the basis of ecological processes. However, some studies that have designed topographic linkages as habitat linkages, so far have focused much on the shape of the topography (morphometric topographic classification) with little emphasis on the hydrological processes (generic topographic classification) to find such topographic linkages. We aimed to understand whether generic classification was valid for designing these linkages. First, we evaluated whether topographic classification is more appropriate for describing actual (coniferous and deciduous) and potential (mammals and amphibians) habitat distributions. Second, we analyzed the difference in the linkages between the morphometric and generic topographic classifications. The results showed that the generic classification represented the actual distribution of the trees, but neither the morphometric nor the generic classification could represent the potential animal distributions adequately. Our study demonstrated that the topographic classes, according to the generic classification, were arranged successively according to the flow of water, nutrients, and sediment;therefore, it would be advantageous to secure linkages with a width of 1 km or more. In addition, the edge effect would be smaller than with the morphometric classification. Accordingly, we suggest that topographic characteristics, based on the hydrological process, are required to design topographic linkages for climate change.

关键词： connectivity topographic classes species distribution morphometric topographic classification generic topographic classification

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Assessment of the vulnerability of industrial parks to flood in South Korea

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NATURAL HAZARDS 2016年第2期82卷 811-825页

作者： Ryu, JiEun Lee, Dong Kun Park, Chan Ahn, Yoonjung Lee, Seehyung Choi, Kwanglim Jung, TaeYong Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Coll Agr Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Univ Seoul Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Korea Environm Inst Seoul South Korea Korea Chamber Commerce & Ind Business Inst Sustainable Dev Seoul South Korea Yonsei Univ Grad Sch Int Studies Seoul 120749 South Korea

Since recently, the potential of torrential downpour is increased and the flood damage shows increasing trend, in this study, the method to assess the flood vulnerability was established for the industrial parks, which is the driving power of the economic growth in Korea, and the results were analyzed. The vulnerability of each industrial parks was analyzed using three indicators: climate exposure, sensitivity and the adaptation ability, and the indicator value was calculated by selecting the proxy variable by each indicator. Among the primarily indicators, the final indicators were selected through the site investigation and in-dept. interview. The vulnerability assessment was performed not only for the present but for the future (2020s, 2050s and 2100s). In the analysis results, Ulsan Mipo National Industrial Park was the most vulnerable for the present but in 2020s, Gwangyang National Industrial Park and Myeongji-Noksan National Industrial Park in 2050s and 2100s were assessed as most vulnerable. In the results of flooding vulnerability assessment, south coast industrial parks are the most vulnerable region during baseline and future. In addition, such industrial parks mostly built in the early phase of industrialization and they have advantage in import and export but were represented to be highly vulnerable due to aged infrastructures. In the industrial parks, as the enterprises are concentrated, it is easy to exchange the information and logistics, but the damage of natural disasters due to flooding can be aggravated due to the characteristics of the concentration. Actually, there are some cases that the industrial parks and the enterprises received the flooing damage in the highly vulnerable area by the torrential downpour. In this study, the vulnerability assessment was performed for the flooding damage by the torrential downpour for the industrial parks and the potential that the this study can be used as a useful decision-making tool in deciding the priori

关键词： Climate change Flooding Vulnerability assessment Adaptation Climate exposure Heavy rain Industrial parks

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Inferring CO2fertilization effect based on global monitoring land-atmosphere exchange with a theoretical model

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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020年第8期15卷

作者： Ueyama, Masahito Ichii, Kazuhito Kobayashi, Hideki Kumagai, Tomo'omi Beringer, Jason Merbold, Lutz Euskirchen, Eugenie S. Hirano, Takashi Marchesini, Luca Belelli Baldocchi, Dennis Saitoh, Taku M. Mizoguchi, Yasuko Ono, Keisuke Kim, Joon Varlagin, Andrej Kang, Minseok Shimizu, Takanori Kosugi, Yoshiko Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia Machimura, Takashi Matsuura, Yojiro Ohta, Takeshi Takagi, Kentaro Takanashi, Satoru Yasuda, Yukio Osaka Prefecture Univ Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci Naka Ku 1-1 Gakuen Cho Sakai Osaka 5998531 Japan Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Inage Ku 1-33 Yayoi Cho Chiba 2638522 Japan Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Change 16-2 Onokawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058506 Japan Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol Inst Arctic Climate & Environm Change Res Kanazawa Ku 3173-25 Showa Machi Yokohama Kanagawa 2360001 Japan Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci Bunkyo Ku 1-1-1 Yayoi Tokyo 1138657 Japan Nagoya Univ Inst Space Earth Environm Res Chikusa Ku Furo Cho Nagoya Aichi 4648601 Japan Univ Western Australia Sch Agr & Environm 35 Stirling Hwy Perth WA 6009 Australia Int Livestock Res Inst ILRI Mazingira Ctr POB 3070900100 Nairobi 30709 Kenya Univ Alaska Fairbanks Inst Arctic Biol 311 Irving 1 Bldg Fairbanks AK USA Hokkaido Univ Res Fac Agr Kita Ku Kita 9Nishi 9 Sapporo Hokkaido 0608589 Japan Fdn Edmund Mach Res & Innovat Ctr Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources San Michele All Adige Italy RUDN Univ Agr Technol Inst Dept Landscape Design & Sustainable Ecosyst Miklukho Maklaya Str 8-2 Moscow 117198 Russia Univ Calif Berkeley Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management 345 Hilgard Hall Berkeley CA 94720 USA Gifu Univ River Basin Res Ctr 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 5011193 Japan Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst Hokkaido Res Ctr Toyohira Ku 7 Hitsujigaoka Sapporo Hokkaido 0628516 Japan Natl Agr & Food Res Org Inst Agroenvironm Sci 3-1-3 Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058604 Japan Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea AN Severtsov Inst Ecol & Evolut RAS Leninsky Pr 33 Moscow 119071 Russia Natl Ctr AgroMeteorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst 1 Matsunosato Tsukuba Ibaraki 3058687 Japan Kyoto Univ Grad Sch Agr Sakyo Ku YoshidahonmachiKitasyirakawa Oiwake Cho Kyoto 6068502 Japan Osaka Univ Grad

Rising atmospheric CO(2)concentration ([CO2]) enhances photosynthesis and reduces transpiration at the leaf, ecosystem, and global scale via the CO(2)fertilization effect. The CO(2)fertilization effect is among the most important processes for predicting the terrestrial carbon budget and future climate, yet it has been elusive to quantify. For evaluating the CO(2)fertilization effect on land photosynthesis and transpiration, we developed a technique that isolated this effect from other confounding effects, such as changes in climate, using a noisy time series of observed land-atmosphere CO(2)and water vapor exchange. Here, we evaluate the magnitude of this effect from 2000 to 2014 globally based on constraint optimization of gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration in a canopy photosynthesis model over 104 global eddy-covariance stations. We found a consistent increase of GPP (0.138 0.007% ppm(-1);percentile per rising ppm of [CO2]) and a concomitant decrease in transpiration (-0.073% 0.006% ppm(-1)) due to rising [CO2]. Enhanced GPP from CO(2)fertilization after the baseline year 2000 is, on average, 1.2% of global GPP, 12.4 g C m(-2)yr(-1)or 1.8 Pg C yr(-1)at the years from 2001 to 2014. Our result demonstrates that the current increase in [CO2] could potentially explain the recent land CO(2)sink at the global scale.

关键词： CO(2)fertilization effect photosynthesis evapotranspiration eddy covariance sun shade model

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Identifying CO₂ advection on a hill slope using information flow

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2017年 232卷 265-278页

作者： Kang, Minseok Ruddell, Benjamin L. Cho, Chunho Chun, Junghwa Kim, Joon Natl Ctr Agrometeorol 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea No Arizona Univ Sch Informat Comp & Cyber Syst S San Francisco St Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA Natl Inst Meteorol Res 33 Seohobuk Ro Seogwipo Si 63568 Jeju South Korea Natl Inst Forest Sci Dept Forest Conservat 57 Hoegi Ro Seoul 02455 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Pyeongchang Campus Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol 1447 Pyeongchang Daero Deahwa Myeon 25354 Pyeongchang South Korea

In hilly terrain affected by drainage flow, the horizontal advection of CO2 makes it difficult to accurately observe the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 by the eddy covariance technique. Downslope drainage can result in an overestimation of respiration at the bottom of a hill slope and an underestimation at the top, resulting in discrepancies among different flux corrections using filters based on the friction velocity, light response curve, and timing of advection. Vertical profiles of the CO2 concentration from the ground to above the canopy were measured along with above-canopy EC flux measurements at the top and bottom of a hill slope at the Gwangneung KoFlux sites from 2008 to 2010. To infer the timing, direction, temporal scale, and structure of CO2 advection from uphill to downhill, we constructed an information flow dynamical process network (DPN) based on the observed multi-level CO2 concentrations. A site specific quality control filter was developed to eliminate data strongly affected by CO2 advection, which identifies the observations when strong downslope information flow exists in the DPN. This site-specific filter considerably reduced the discrepancies among different traditional flux corrections. This research provides a method for the general characterization of advection using information flow, and application of the method as a site-specific filter for eddy covariance observations in hilly and complex terrain. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nighttime CO2 flux correction CO2 advection Forest hill slope Eddy covariance measurement Information flow Dynamical process network

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Correction for light scattering combined with sub-pixel classification improves estimation of gap fraction from digital cover photography

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AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2016年 222卷 32-44页

作者： Hwang, Yorum Ryu, Youngryel Kimm, Hyungsuk Jiang, Chongya Lang, Mait Macfarlane, Craig Sonnentag, Oliver Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 151921 South Korea Tartu Observ EE-61602 Toravere Tartumaa Estonia CSIRO Land & Water Flagship Private Bag 5 Wembley WA 6917 Australia Univ Montreal Dept Geog Montreal PQ H2V 2B8 Canada

Digital cover photography (DCP) has emerged as an indirect method to measure gap fraction of vegetation canopies. However, as with other photographic methods, determining camera relative exposure value (REV) and threshold for pixel classification, cause substantial uncertainties in gap fraction estimates. Here we propose a new method to improve the measurement of gap fraction under various solar zenith angles (SZAs), sky conditions, and canopy structures. This method computes gap fractions of ambiguous vegetation or sky pixels using an unsaturated raw image from DCP and a reconstructed sky image from the raw image, thus taking full advantage of the potential of raw image processing. This is combined with pre -classification of pixels that are unambiguously canopy and sky to greatly reduce light scattering effects that are likely to be present within the canopy. To test the sensitivity of the new method, we acquired images at one -hour intervals between 20 and 85 degrees of SZAs under closed, half-closed, and open canopies with REV settings from 0 to -5. The new method showed little variation in gap fractions across the diverse SZAs in closed, half-closed, and open canopies. A perforated panel experiment, which was used to test the accuracy of the estimated gap fractions, confirmed that the new method accurately estimated gap fractions across a range of hole size, gap fractions and SZAs. We conclude that the new method opens new opportunities to estimate gap fractions accurately regardless of solar positions from open to closed canopies, and is a significant advance for accurate and precise monitoring of canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI), and for calibrating and evaluating satellite remote sensing [Al products. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Leaf area index Gap fraction Digital cover photography Light exposure Remote sensing

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