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Who remained happy despite the pandemic?: the impact of changed life situations and mobility and perceptions and attitudes toward the altered lifestyle during COVID-19

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2025年第2期24卷 985-999页

作者： Park, Yunmi Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Seoul Natl Univ Inst Construct & Environm Engieering Dept Civil & Environm Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Grad Sch Environm Studies Integrated Major Reg Studies & Spatial Analyt Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies 222 Bldg 82Gwanak Ro 1 Seoul 08826 South Korea

This study explored the determinants of happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic by emphasizing a broad range of factors, including individual (i.e. socio-demographic status, life situations, attitudinal and perceptual characteristics) and policy restrictions. In particular, the study delved into the impact of changes in life situations and mobility, as well as perceptions and attitudes toward the altered lifestyle during COVID-19, on happiness. By analyzing data with 75 items from a U.S. nationwide survey in 2020, this study found that socio-demographic factors played a significant role in increasing happiness specifically when income increased and individuals transitioned from unemployment to employment or sustained employment during the pandemic. Happiness was also significantly reduced by COVID-19 altered attitudinal and perceptual changes such as restricted social interactions and activities, perception of infection risk, avoidance of online alternatives, perceived infection risk from close relationships, and a preference for compactness. Individuals who were users of public transportation before COVID-19 reported lower levels of happiness during the pandemic. This comprehensive exploration underscores the multifaceted nature of happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the intertwined roles of socio-demographic factors, changes in life circumstances, and attitudes and perceptions to new life style.

关键词： COVID-19 happiness attitudes perception life changes PLS-SEM

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Airborne multi-seasonal LiDAR and hyperspectral data integration for individual tree-level classification in urban green spaces at city scale

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION 2025年 136卷

作者： Kim, Daeyeol Song, Youngkeun Kim, Hansoo Kwon, Ohsung Yeon, Young-Kwang Lim, Taiyang Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul South Korea Gyeonggi Res Inst 1150 Gyeongsu Daero Suwon Gyeonggi Do South Korea Ulsan Res Inst 6Samsanjung Ro Ulsan South Korea Korea Inst Geosci & Mineral Resources 124 Gwahak Ro Daejeon South Korea Asia Aero Survey Corp Res Inst Goyang Si Gyeonggi Do South Korea

Accurate identification and classification of tree species on a large scale are crucial for the effective management of urban green spaces;however, previous research combining airborne sensors such as LiDAR and hyperspectral imaging for tree classification has generally focused on smaller areas or specific sites, with limited studies applying this approach at the city-wide scale. This study focuses on the utilization of multi-temporal airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data for the classification of 10 species of urban trees at the city scale, which collectively cover over 95 % of the tree-covered areas within the city. Our objective is to evaluate the utility of metrics and indices derived from LiDAR (leaf-on/leaf-off) and HSI (peak growing season/autumn senescence) data in a 35.86 km2 urban green space in Gwacheon, Republic of Korea. A comprehensive set of 15 independent variables was extracted from preprocessed and calibrated airborne LiDAR data (footprint size: 0.46 m, density: 42.7 points/m2) and HSI data (127 bands, 400-970 nm range, spatial resolution: 0.68 m) to train seven machine learning classifiers. The model was trained on a stratified random sample of 21,826 tree crown polygon samples collected from individual trees surveyed. The results showed that the combination of airborne LiDAR and HSI data from two seasons achieved the highest classification accuracy with the light gradient boosting machine (LGBM) classifier (90.6 %;Kappa: 0.895) for all 10 major tree species across the entire city, especially for Ginkgo, American sycamore, and Yoshino cherry. Among all variables, the maximum tree height (Hmax) and the intersection symmetric difference ratio index (ISDRI) were among the top influential factors for tree species classification accuracy. Hmax, with an importance value of 0.490, is particularly effective due to the characteristics of urban green spaces. ISDRI, with an importance value of 0.336, highlights sea

关键词： Tree species classification Airborne hyperspectral image Airborne LiDAR Data integration Light gradient boosting machine (LGBM)

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Modeling supports the implementation of urban greening as a response to the challenges of sustainable spatial planning

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Journal of Environmental Management 2025年 386卷 125648页

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Hyun, Jung Hee Kim, Na Yeon Heo, Su Jeong Kim, Da Seul Lee, Dong Kun Low-Carbon and Climate Impact Research Centre School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Ave Hong Kong Kowloon Tong China Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Forest Disaster & Environment Department National Institute of Forest Science Seoul Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Urban greening is critical for sustainable urban development, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation. However, the effectiveness of urban greening varies depending on the specific goals (e.g., enhancing biodiversity, reducing urban heat, or both) and their spatial implementation. To address the spatial variability in the effectiveness of greening, we propose a spatial decision support model based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). This model aims to optimize urban greening locations to maximize biomass density, mitigate urban heat stress, and improve landscape connectivity. Applied to Suwon City, South Korea, the model's effectiveness was evaluated against a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario across four scenarios: connectivity-based, biomass density-based, heat stress-based, and an integrated-based scenario. The integrated approach, balancing trade-offs between ecological benefits and implementation costs, outperformed the BAU scenario by 8.84 %. Despite highlighting a weaker correlation with heat stress mitigation, this outcome indicates significant improvements in biomass density and landscape connectivity. Our findings underscore the necessity of an integrated planning approach to urban greening, as it can contribute toward attaining urban development goals. Additionally, by proposing an app-based model for policymakers, our outputs should enable the reconciliation of multiple environmental objectives in urban landscapes. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Biotic

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Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services in urban green spaces: A case study in Gwacheon, Republic of Korea

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ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS 2018年 91卷 299-306页

作者： Ko, Hajung Son, Yonghoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Green spaces provide a variety of ecosystem services. Urban green spaces have particular value because they offer the benefits of cultural services to those living in urban areas. This study analyzed perceptions of cultural ecosystem services in the urban context of Gwacheon, Republic of Korea. We analyzed the cultural services provided by green space by surveying 240 residents of Gwacheon about which green spaces they frequently visit and what their major activities are in these green spaces, in order to find out how green spaces are utilized by urban residents. Since forests and large parks in Gwacheon are easily accessible from downtown areas because of the city structure, they play major roles in providing cultural ecosystem services. This study suggests that people find diverse cultural value in their everyday surroundings, not just in spaces with excellent ecosystems. This study has significant implications because of its quantification of current cultural services by a survey approach.

关键词： Cultural ecosystem services Urban ecosystems Urban parks Urban green spaces

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Comparing tree structures derived among airborne, terrestrial and mobile LiDAR systems in urban parks

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GISCIENCE & REMOTE SENSING 2022年第1期59卷 843-860页

作者： Choi, Heejoon Song, Youngkeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Measuring tree structure using three-dimensional (3D) mapping tools such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing is needed to provide well-managed and designed green spaces. The metrics used to estimate tree structure could be different depending on which LiDAR systems are used. This may lead to confusion and reduce confidence when evaluating tree structures and their derived products, such as plant area index (PAI). Therefore, studies that can determine similarities among measurements derived from different LiDAR systems are needed. In this study, structural canopy metrics in airborne laser scanning (ALS), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and mobile laser scanning (MLS) were compared to seek consistencies among the three LiDAR systems. The specific objectives were to test whether the estimates made by the metrics differed depending on single or clustered trees and to test whether LiDAR-derived errors in the metrics are related to tree structures. Tree point clouds were manually classified into single and clustered trees. Heights-related metrics, Rumple Index, area, and PAI were calculated for comparison analysis. Root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were calculated to evaluate the consistencies in each metric among the LiDAR systems. The results showed that the maximum height of the point clouds (ZMAX) and max and mean heights derived from the canopy height models (minCHM and maxCHM) demonstrated good consistency (RMSE% < 10%, Bias% < 10%, and r > 0.900). Moreover, the biases from the ZMAX- and CHM-derived metrics comparisons among the LiDAR systems did not show strong linear relationships with the tree heights and canopy complexities (i.e. Pearson's correlation coefficient r < |0.29|). On the contrary, the 95th percentile (Zq95) height and mean z height (ZMEAN) differed depending on the tree classes and showed significant linear relations with canopy heights and complexity. The configurations of LiDAR system

关键词： Airborne laser scanning terrestrial laser scanning mobile laser scanning canopy structure SLAM

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Multi-objective planning model for urban greening based on optimization algorithms

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URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 2019年 40卷 183-194页

作者： Yoon, Eun Joo Kim, Bomi Lee, Dong Kun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea

Green space is fundamental to the quality of life of residents, and as such, urban planning or improvement projects often include strategies directly or indirectly related to greening. Although green space is well established to generate positive effects such as cooling, runoff reducing, and ecological corridor, a few studies have examined the comprehensive process of greening in the urban planning context. To fill this gap in the literature, this study seeks to identify a planning model that determines the location and type of greens based on its multiple effects (e.g., cooling and enhancement of connectivity) and calculates the implementation cost using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. We obtained 30 Pareto-optimal plans by applying our model to the hypothetical landscape at a neighborhood scale. The results showed a synergistic relationship between cooling and enhancement of connectivity, as well as a trade-off relationship between greenery effects and implementation cost. We also defined critical lots for urban greening that are commonly selected in various plans. We expect our model to contribute to the improvement of existing planning processes by repeating the positive feedback loop: from plan modification to quantitative evaluation and selection of better plans. These optimal plans can also be considered as options for "co-design" by related stakeholders.

关键词： Neighborhood scale Cooling effect Connectivity Implementation cost NSGA II

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Optimization of Geofoam Shape for Earth Pressure Reduction on Debris Flow Barriers

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SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 2024年第4期61卷 308-316页

作者： Kim, Jaekyoung Lee, Jihoon Kang, Junsuk Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ Dept Environm Landscape Architecture Kangnung South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul South Korea

A debris flow barrier is a structure used to prevent erosion caused by debris flow, and is typically installed in countries with mountainous areas, such as Korea. However, owing to earth pressure, several debris flow barriers become damaged. Geofoam is a reinforcement material widely used in the design of debris flow barriers, not only in dams/retaining walls but also in bridges and landscaping. The purpose of this study was to examine the lateral earth pressure reduction effect of geofoam on debris flow barriers, and to find an optimized geofoam shape that satisfies specific conditions. In this study, the debris flow barrier, backfill, geofoam, and foundation were modeled using ABAQUS, a two-dimensional finite element method program. Models A-C were simulated and compared at backfill lengths of 10, 20, and 40 m. The debris flow barrier model was used at a mountain slope of 25 degrees. To determine the geofoam shape and analyze the stability coefficients for sliding and overturning, ten diverse scenarios were considered. According to the results, Scenario 10, with a reversed triangle shape of geofoam, was the most effective in all cases, which reduces the earth pressure significantly. In the case of Model C, a reversed triangle geofoam reinforcement reduces the lateral earth pressure on the backside of the structure by an average of 34.43%.

关键词： ABAQUS

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Comparison between point cloud and mesh models using images from an unmanned aerial vehicle

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MEASUREMENT 2019年 138卷 461-466页

作者： Park, Haekyung Lee, Dongkun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea

Structure from motion (SfM) is a well-known algorithm used for the generating of three-dimensional (3D) spatial information using images. The objective of this study is to compare the measurements of objects ascertained from point cloud and mesh models derived from the SfM algorithm. In particular, we analyze a single tree to determine the correlation between the number of acquired images from the UAVs and the object measurement for each model. The results indicate that the number of images does not have a critical impact on surveys and the point cloud is approximately 2% more accurate than mesh models for individual tree measurement. Our results will be useful in terms of selecting the data acquisition method as well as the data itself for measuring objects based on SfM 3D data. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： SfM 3D spatial data Tree measurement Point cloud Mesh Unmanned aerial vehicles

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Complex spatiotemporal changes in land-use and ecosystem services in the Jeju Island UNESCO heritage and biosphere site (Republic of Korea)

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 2022年第4期49卷 272-279页

作者： Kim, Jihwan Choi, Heejoon Shin, Wonhyeop Yun, Jiweon Song, Youngkeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdiscipiinary Program Smart City Global Conve Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea

Jeju Island, designated by UNESCO as a world heritage site, continues to face the anthropogenic pressures of reckless development for regional tourism and economic revitalization purposes. Because land use/land cover (LULC) affects ecosystem services and human well-being, it is crucial to comprehensively identify the causes of changes in LULC based on long-term analyses. This study examined LULC changes on Jeju Island over 47 years from 1973 to 2019 and quantified changes in four ecosystem services: habitat quality, carbon stock, water yield and cumulative viewshed. From 1973 to 1998, forest land increased from 22% to 56%, but these restoration efforts were conducted in grassland, reducing that land type from 42% to 17%. This process increased the areas of highest habitat quality from 68% to 73%, and carbon stock increased from 20 to 30 million tonnes. Between 1998 and 2009, the area of cropland more than doubled from 21% to 44%. As a result, the areas of highest habitat quality decreased from 73% to 49%, and carbon stock decreased from 3.0 million tonnes to 2.3 million tonnes. Our analysis could help stakeholders and policymakers to develop their management planning and improve ecosystem services through restoration and conservation policies on Jeju Island.

关键词： ecosystem management forest restoration InVEST model land-cover change

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Spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration among different land cover types under wet and dry years in an urban park

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landscape AND URBAN PLANNING 2017年 167卷 378-385页

作者： Bae, Jeehwan Ryu, Youngryel Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 151921 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Agr & Forest Meteorol Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul South Korea

Soil respiration (R-s) determines land surface carbon balance;however, there have been few studies that measured R-s in heterogeneous urban landscapes. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in R-s in six land cover types (mixed forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, lawn, wetland, and bare land) in Seoul Forest Park, Republic of Korea, between March 2013 and September 2014, which included a wet (2013) and an extremely dry (2014) summer. Spatially, there was a three-fold difference (0.48-1.45 kgC m(-2)) in annual R-s among the six land cover types. The soil organic carbon stock at a dept. of 0.1 m explained 72% of the spatial variation in the annual R-s across the land cover types. During the entire study period, the soil temperature explained 82-97% of the temporal variation in R-s among different land cover types. Comparing the two summers, the 2014 drought only resulted in a decrease in R-s in the lawn plots (25%), which was driven by a reduction in the leaf area index and the fine root density. The temperature sensitivity of R-s in 2014 (dry summer) compared to 2013 (wet summer) was significantly lower in mixed forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, and lawn, and did not change in evergreen needleleaf forest, wetland, or bare land. The differences in R-s in these drought responses highlight the importance of the careful selection of land cover type during park planning to better manage carbon cycles.

关键词： Soil respiration Land cover type Urban drought Urban park

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